Suchergebnisse

Las democracias andinas han sucumbido frente a graves crisis institucionales con diversas manifestaciones. Entre ellas se encuentran la salida abrupta de mandatarios, los cambios constantes de sus Cartas magnas y el reformismo de sus normas más básicas con el fi n de reforzar el poder del ejecutivo en detrimento de la democracia sustancial. Las crisis son tan sólo el refl ejo de un problema mayor y profundo: el desfase profundo entre el establecimiento formal de la democracia y su efectiva consolidación. Es decir, aunque la implantación de la democracia data de hace varias décadas, no existe una apropiación ciudadana del sistema, los niveles de inclusión sociales son precarios y los Estados no cuentan con mecanismos para la gestión efectiva de crisis. Para abordar esta problemática, el artículo se divide en tres partes. En primer lugar, se dará cuenta de la región andina, es decir, ¿en qué consiste el término? ¿Es tan sólo geográfi co o tiene elementos que van más allá de ese campo? En segundo lugar, se explorará el desfase entre el establecimiento formal y la consolidación democrática. Finalmente, se analizarán los avances teóricos en materia de consolidación que pueden aplicarse a la región en cuestión. ; The Andean democracies have succumbed facing the grave institutional crisis with diverse manifestations. The abrupt departure of heads of state, the constant changes in their Constitutions and the reform of basic norms in order to strengthen the Executive power to the detriment of a substantial democracy are some of the issues.These crisis are the mere reflection of a bigger and deeper problem: The profound gap between democracy's formal establishment and its effective consolidation. In other words, even though the implementation of democracy exists decades ago, there is no citizen appropriation of the system, the levels of social inclusion are precarious and the States don't have effective management mechanism for the effective management of crisis.To deal with this problem, this article is divided into three parts. In the first place: will the Andean Region be noticed? Meaning, what does the term mean? Is it only geographical or does it have elements beyond that field? Second: will the gap between the formal establishment and the democratic consolidation be explored? Finally: will the theoretical advances in consolidation matters that can be applied in the region be analyzed? ; As democracias andinas têm sucumbido frente a graves crises institucionais com diversas manifestações. Entre elas se encontram a saída abrupta de mandatários, as mudanças constantes de suas Cartas magnas e o reformismo de suas normas mais básicas com o fim de reforçar o poder do executivo em detrimento da democracia substancial.As crises são somente o reflexo de um problema maior e profundo: a defasagem profunda entre o estabelecimento formal da democracia e sua efetiva consolidação. Ou seja, ainda que a implantação da democracia data de várias décadas, não existe uma apropriação cidadã do sistema, os níveis de inclusão sociais são precários e os Estados não contam com mecanismos para a gestão efetiva de crises.Para abordar esta problemática, o artigo divide-se em três partes. Em primeiro lugar, dar-se-á conta da região andina, a dizer: Em que consiste o termo? É somente geográfico ou tem elementos que vão além desse campo? Em segundo lugar, explorar-se-á a defasagem entre o estabelecimento formal e a consolidação democrática. Finalmente, analisar-se-ão os avanços teóricos em matéria de consolidação que podem aplicar-se à região em questão. ; Les démocraties andines ont succombé à la crise institutionnelle sérieuse avec de nombreuses manifestations. Parmi eux, le brusque départ des agents, en constante évolution de sa Constitution et la réforme de ses règles les plus élémentaires en vue de renforcer le pouvoir exécutif au détriment de la démocratie substantielle. Les crises ne sont que le reflet d'un problème plus large et plus profond: l'écart entre la création officielle de la démocratie profonde et sa consolidation efficace. C'est, bien que l'introduction de la démocratie remonte à plusieurs décennies, il ya la propriété publique du système, les niveaux d'inclusion sociale sont faibles et les Etats n'ont pas de mécanismes efficaces de gestion des crises.Pour répondre à cette question, l'article est divisé en trois parties. D'abord, savoir à s'agit le terme? S'agit-il seulement d'éléments géographiques ou il y a des éléments qui vont au-delà du champ? Deuxièmement, nous allons explorer l'écart entre la création officielle et la consolidation de la démocratie. Enfin, nous discuterons des avancées théoriques dans la consolidation qui peut être appliqué à la région en question.

The role of livestock production within the European society has changed much in recent years. In the future, this change is set to continue not only for the beef supply chains (competitiveness) but also for animal research: new strategies and revised objectives are necessary to meet the challenges. The demand for animal products including meat is increasing, notably in developing countries. In the 27 Member States of the EU, beef production declines slowly and the trade balance has been negative since 2003. The quantity of beef meat will remain closely linked to the dynamics of the dairy sector (number of dairy cows), public policies and price relationships between crop and livestock production. The context in which beef is produced has changed considerably over time. Some issues (e.g., animal welfare, protection of the environment, pasture-based systems) concern not only cattle but also all types of ruminants. Recent developments in animal genetics and genomics will help to investigate the regulation of phenotypic variation in livestock, including the variation in sustainability traits such as efficiency of nutrient use, emissions (nitrogen, phosphorus, and greenhouse gas), health, product quality, and most important, robustness. Research should be targeted at practical issues, for instance the development of predictive approaches for the development of precision livestock farming, which has proven to be efficient at increasing, step by step, the efficiency of production and consequently competitiveness of the beef supply chain. Focusing on efficiency of nutrition is also an important challenge to limit the production cost and to reduce potentially harmful emissions such as carbon, methane, or nitrogen (this suggests notably to improve our knowledge of forage intake and digestion). There is also an increasing demand to evaluate feeds based on multiple criteria including nutrition, product quality, animal health and welfare, traceability, and sustainability. Due to the scarcity of natural resources, we should analyze in more details the performance of livestock systems based on pasture, while studying the ecological footprint of animals. ; Le rôle des productions animales au sein de la société européenne a déjà beaucoup évolué au cours des dernières années. A l'avenir, les changements devraient se poursuivre non seulement au niveau de la filière bovine (compétitivité), mais aussi au niveau des champs de recherche : de nouvelles stratégies et des objectifs révisés doivent être fixés pour relever les défis du futur. La demande pour les produits d'origine animale (dont la viande) est en augmentation, notamment dans les pays en développement. Dans les 27 Etats membres de l'Union européenne, la production bovine diminue lentement et la balance commerciale est négative depuis 2003. La quantité de viande bovine produite restera étroitement liée à la dynamique du secteur laitier (effectif de vaches laitières), aux politiques publiques et aux rapports de prix entre les productions végétales et les productions animales. Le contexte dans lequel la viande bovine est produite a considérablement changé au fil du temps. Certaines questions (comme par exemple le bien-être animal, la protection de l'environnement, les systèmes basés sur les pâturages) ne concernent pas seulement les bovins mais aussi tous les types de ruminants. Les développements récents en génétique animale et en génomique permettent d'étudier la régulation de la variation phénotypique, y compris la variation des caractères de durabilité tels que l'efficacité de l'utilisation des nutriments, les émissions (azote, phosphore et de gaz à effet de serre), la santé, la qualité du produit et la robustesse. Des recherches devraient être ciblées sur des questions pratiques, par exemple le développement d'approches prédictives pour le développement de l'élevage de précision, qui a prouvé son efficacité à augmenter, étape par étape, l'efficacité de la production et par conséquent la compétitivité de la filière bovine. Une recherche centrée sur l'efficacité alimentaire constitue également un enjeu important pour limiter les coûts de production et pour réduire les émissions potentiellement nocives telles que le carbone, le méthane, ou l'azote (cela implique d'améliorer notre connaissance sur l'ingestion et la digestion des fourrages). Il existe aussi une demande croissante pour évaluer les aliments en fonction de critères multiples, dont la nutrition, la qualité des produits, la santé animale, le bien-être, la traçabilité et la durabilité. En raison de la raréfaction des ressources naturelles, il convient d'analyser plus en profondeur la performance des élevages basés sur le pâturage, tout en étudiant l'empreinte écologique des animaux.

El presente trabajo de sistematización enseña como producto la reconstrucción histórica de los hechos y procesos correspondientes a la creación de la Vicerrectoría de Responsabilidad Social y Bienestar Universitario de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Desarrollado mediante el método del Árbol, el cual incluye la reflexión, descripción, análisis y documentación de dichos procesos, permitiéndole determinar las actividades formales, informales y estructuradas que desde la participación y la abstracción de fenómenos se han dado para generar el resultado de la primera experiencia de creación de una Vicerrectoría con este enfoque en América Latina, que integra dos conceptos filosóficos a uno organizacional, como lo son el individualismo y el holismo a la gestión administrativa por procesos, dando forma a una nueva estructura administrativa. Por ende el trabajo presenta algunas miradas conceptuales del bienestar universitario, la responsabilidad social y la responsabilidad social universitaria, permitiendo visibilizar y evidenciar el modelo teórico de gestión en responsabilidad social universitaria que subyace a ésta Vicerrectoría. La justificación del proyecto se centra en un creciente interés por parte de las universidades de avanzar en cuanto a la responsabilidad social; tema que ha sido liderado en esta región por la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, obligando a la institucionalidad en pleno a cumplir y rendir cuentas a la ciudadanía, referentes a los derechos humanos, la anticorrupción, la equidad, las garantías laborales, el servicio de la educación en el marco del desarrollo local y nacional sostenible, la inclusión social y la dignificación del ser humano con calidad de vida y bienestar. En el desarrollo del estudio se hizo acopio de información, sistematización de reuniones estratégicas con actores y un seguimiento longitudinal histórico del proceso que incluye los aportes de involucrados, gestores y expertos que participaron en la construcción de la propuesta. La innovación del proyecto se centra en la integración elementos, la alineación con las políticas institucionales, la prevalencia de la responsabilidad y el impacto, que se ubican en el nivel estratégico y el quehacer social de la Universidad. ; This systematization work shows the historical reconstruction as a result of the events and processes for the creation of the Vice Presidency of Social and Welfare University of Pereira Technological University. Developed by the method of tree, which includes reflection, description, analysis and documentation of these processes, allowing you to determine the formal, informal and activities structured from the participation and the abstraction of phenomena that have been taken to generate the result of the first experience of creating a Vicerrectoría in Latin America, which integrates two organizational to one philosophical concept, such as individualism and holism to the administrative management processes, shaping a new administrative structure. Thus this work presents some conceptual points of view about university welfare, social responsibility and socially responsible university, allowing visualize and show the theoretical model of university management in social responsibility Vicerrectoría behind it. The justification of the project focuses on a growing interest from universities to advance in terms of social responsibility issue that has been led in this region by the Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira , forcing institutions to comply fully and and answer to the citizenship, relating to human rights, corruption, equity, job guarantees, the service of education in the context of sustainable national and local development, social inclusion and dignity of the human quality of life and wellbeing. In developing the study was we did information gathering, systematization of strategic meetings with actors and a longitudinal historical process that includes the contributions of stakeholders, managers and experts involved in the construction of the proposal. The innovation of the project focuses on the integration elements, alignment with institutional policies, responsibility prevalence and impact, which are located at the strategic level and the social activity of the University. The paper concludes that this model does not maintain the traditional welfare paradigm, but it complements and strengthens from the relationship with the environment, with the business, government and society as a whole, leading to a cultural change that can be slow and involves new learning and new relationship demands on institutional capacity from the ethical and job skills, creating internal conflicts and forcing him to the University to continuously monitor their consistency in all institutional activities as it becomes a pattern examples for other institutions of higher education, is thus under continuous observation of the community.

El complejo proceso de transformación de la industria avícola zuliana y la amplitud de su cadena de valor exigen la adopción de políticas gerenciales destinadas a la gestión de inventarios, como elemento fundamental para garantizar la continuidad de las operaciones. En tal sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la gestión de inventarios en la empresa Avícola La Rosita S.A. (AVIROSA). Con este fin se identifican, en primer lugar, los tipos de inventarios utilizados, para luego estudiar las políticas implementadas para la planificación y el control de estos activos. La metodología es de tipo descriptiva, bajo un enfoque no experimental. Está basada en fuentes secundarias y primarias de información; estas últimas corresponden a la aplicación de un cuestionario en forma de encuestas, profundizadas con entrevistas a personas clave que laboran en la organización. Los principales resultados indican que la empresa utiliza inventarios de materias primas, de productos en proceso y de productos terminados en las distintas fases de su cadena de valor. Además, las políticas de planificación y control para este rubro son flexibles, es decir, se definen en función de dos factores: 1) las variaciones internas presentadas en el proceso productivo y, 2) las exigencias externas demandadas por el mercado. Se concluye que existe una gestión irregular de los inventarios de materias primas, de productos en proceso y de productos terminados durante la cadena productiva; adicionalmente, las políticas de inventarios no están sistematizadas de forma precisa para su cumplimiento, sino que están determinadas por la experiencia del personal en la actividad avícola. ; The complex process of transformation of poultry industry in the Zulia region of Venezuela and the amplitude of this value chain require determining management policies oriented to management of stocks (inventories), as a key element to ensure continuity on its operations. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to analyze the inventory management in the poultry company La Rosita S.A. (AVIROSA) case. Thus, first of all, the authors identified all the types of inventory used by the organization; and, afterwards, the policies implemented for planning and control of these assets were studied. A descriptive methodology under a non-experimental approach was used, based on secondary sources and also primary data collection; this latter were obtained through a questionnaire in the form of surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with key people working inside the organization. Main results indicate that the company uses raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods inventories in various stages of the value chain; moreover, planning policies and control to this area are flexible and defined in terms of two factors: 1) internal changes made in the production process, and 2) external requirements demanded by the market. It concludes that an irregular management of inventories of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods has been applied during the supply chain; additionally, the inventory policies are not accurately systematized for compliance; instead, these policies are determined by personal experience in the poultry industry. ; Résumé Le processus complexe de transformation de l'industrie avicole zuliana (Venezuela) et l'amplitude de sa filière exigent l'adoption de politiques destinés à la gestion d'inventaires, comme élément fondamental pour garantir la continuité des opérations. Dans tel sens, l'objectif de cette recherche est d'analyser la gestion d'inventaires dans l'entreprise Avicole La Rosita S.A. À fin d´identifié en premier lieu, les types d'inventaires utilisés, pour étudier après les politiques mises en application pour la planification et le contrôle de ces actifs. La méthodologie est descriptive, sous une approche non-expérimentale. Il est basé sur des sources d'information primaires et secondaires, ces informations correspondant à un questionnaire sous forme de sondages, des interviews en profondeur avec des responsables qui travaillent dans l'organisation. Les principaux résultats indiquent que l'entreprise utilise des stocks de matières premières, produits en cours et produits finis à des stades différents dans la filière. En outre, les politiques de planification et de contrôle de ce secteur sont flexibles, c'est à dire défini en fonction de deux facteurs: 1) des changements internes réalisés dans le processus de production et 2) les exigences externes exigées par le marché. On conclut par l´existence d'une gestion irrégulière des stocks de matières premières, produits en cours et de produits finis tout au long de la chaîne de production, en plus, les politiques d'inventaires ne sont pas systématisées d'une forme précise pour son accomplissement, mais elles sont déterminées par l'expérience du personnel du secteur avicole. ; 99-112 ; rafaeljose21@gmail.com ; rosanamelean@gmail.com ; mebonomie@yahoo.com ; semestral

Financial and legal constraints on nonprofit public interest organizations have focused attention on possibilities for pursuing public interest goals from within market-driven private practice. In this context, the private public interest law firm has been held out as an alternative site for "doing well" and "doing good," allowing lawyers to take on large-scale social change litigation that nonprofit groups cannot because of resource limits—and big-firm pro bono programs will not because of business conflicts—while also addressing other deficits associated with nonprofit practice, such as low salaries, lack of training, and high turnover. Yet there is little research on how such firms operationalize their conception of public interest advocacy and what tradeoffs are required by the need to generate attorney's fees. This Article examines these tradeoffs through a case study of a nationally prominent private public interest law firm, Hadsell & Stormer, which is located in the Los Angeles area. It focuses on how the relationship between Hadsell & Stormer's private form and public mission plays out across three key axes: principle (how the lawyers understand their obligations to causes, clients, and communities); power (how the lawyers make decisions about firm governance); and profit (how the lawyers build case portfolios, staff matters, and co-counsel with other firms). Across each dimension, we see that the firm's hybrid form (part public, part private) is reflected in a set of hybrid ideals and practices (neither entirely public-oriented nor market-driven), which are continuously negotiated by the lawyers. I make three general observations based on the data. First, Hadsell & Stormer's effort to merge profit and principle results in a distinctive notion of professionalism, in which broad obligations to society, such as pro bono service, are generally viewed as inconsistent with firm radicalism, while micro-obligations to clients, such as zealousness, are embraced as part of the firm's commitment to litigation excellence. Lawyer autonomy in defining organizational culture and selecting cases is highly valued, which (in combination with the firm's strong client-centered ethos) results in a relatively weak sense of firm accountability to a well-defined external political constituency. Second, with respect to internal power relations, Hadsell & Stormer works to balance its commitment to egalitarian values—creating an internal firm culture that matches its vision of the outside world—with the reality of running a financially viable firm built upon litigation success. In general, firm governance tends to track the public-private divide, with broad decisions relating to firm politics, such as whether to pursue new categories of cases for political impact, made in accord with democratic ideals, and specific questions relating to firm economics, such as staffing and case management, made in a more hierarchical manner. Finally, although Hadsell & Stormer is categorically not driven by profit, it must make one in order to survive. To do so, the firm deploys three main strategies. (1) It spreads risk through case selection by (a) choosing cases across different categories based on double-bottom line considerations, and (b) cross-subsidizing high-risk "righteous" cases with lower-risk, higher-yield "bread and butter" cases and, less frequently, non-PIL cases that can be quickly resolved for predictable fees. (2) It increases productivity and spreads risk through case staffing, by (a) leveraging associate work in a conventional pyramid pattern, and (b) entering into flexible collaborations with other firms that allow it to expand or contract based on the volume of work. (3) It hedges downside risk through fee arrangements that allow it to profit from its comparative expertise (trial work) and recover irrespective of the award of statutory fees; the firm also over-selects damages cases relative to injunctive relief cases, which pose greater risks of no fee recovery. In the end, I conclude that firms like Hadsell & Stormer play a unique role in the broader public interest law field. They are optimally suited to complement their nonprofit counterparts by bringing more legal muscle to bear and filling in substantive gaps in the system of legal representation. They therefore achieve a central aim of the public interest law movement: giving voice to less powerful groups. In this sense, although private PIL firms may not provide more justice in the aggregate, they provide justice when it counts.

AbstractTowards a Theory of Movement Planning PracticebyRobert W. SmithDoctor of Philosophy in City and Regional PlanningUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Emeritus Fred Collignon, ChairThis dissertation is an attempt to understand how planning practice can be utilized by social movements in the city through the experience of the planner. Consequently, it is a work that attempts to bridge three areas--urban redevelopment politics, planning theory, and methodology--in a way that might draw some useful practice tips for what I call "movement planners." In some ways, this is very much a theoretical dissertation. It attempts to address the gap in planning theory that largely ignores the practice of planning outside traditional settings. As such, this work sets out to understand how planning and politics intersect through a study of community organizing around a large urban redevelopment project in which I was a participant. It offers some insights about meaningful methodologies for planning research that incorporate the experience of practice. The core issue in this dissertation is the interaction between city planning and social movements in the city, and what that intersection means for planning theory and methodologies for studying planning practice. As devolution and privatization continues to complicate Peterson's city limits thesis, land use development has become an important locus around which social movements organize to demand policy changes for economic, environmental, and social justice. Through this process the classic conflict between exchange and use values in land has also been complicated. Rather than opposing urban development projects, social movements are organizing to be stakeholders in their formulation and implementation. The debate is then shifted from a stark "capital versus neighborhood" dynamic to one over creating more democratic and inclusive stakeholder tables and using development to address social problems.This dissertation is based on five years of participant-observation in the economic justice movement in Oakland, California (2001-2006). The findings of my research are as follows:1. There is a role for planners inside social movements that planning theory does not currently address. I call the planners who practice within social movements movement planners.2. Community benefits campaigns are specific strategies for economic justice that require movements to obtain and use planning expertise. These strategies are specific to the project level, which Krumholz has observed is often the only real object of city planning (planning at the project level, that is).3. These campaigns, although somewhat decentralized, are increasingly coordinated to create economic justice policy agendas at policy scales superior to the project level. This coordination is evidence that the project level campaigns are a response to the project of devolution and privatization.4. Community benefits campaigns are not not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) campaigns. The activists are arguing for equitable development, not for no- or even slow-growth policies. The activists are also not arguing for relocation of locally unwanted land uses (LULUs). NIMBYism is the unfortunate and somewhat defamatory response planners often make to demands for project outcomes and meaningful community participation in project decision-making. This helps explain the context for finding number 1.Practice is the key mediator between theory and policy. Planning theory traditionally attempts to explain practice; and practice is the evidence used to periodically re-think theory. Planning theory has little direct interaction with public policy. Planning practice, however, can have a serious impact on policy, particularly in the context of movement planning. And policy certainly has an impact on planning practice. This is seen in the campaigns examined in this dissertation where policy barriers forced activists to use planning expertise to put pressure directly on the developers, which in turn created calls for new policy solutions.The dissertation is organized as follows. The first chapter discusses the context of urban redevelopment politics, how redistribution has been forced to the municipal scale, how this has impacted development politics, and how this relates to planning practice. The second chapter outlines the conceptual framework for procedural interventions in the urban planning process at the city level. I call this the procedural fix, an environment in which movement planners operate. The third chapter explores how planning expertise was utilized by two community benefits campaigns in Oakland to further their agendas between 2003 and 2005. The fourth chapter addresses the methodological questions I both faced and now raise. The fifth chapter concludes with a discussion of traditional equitable planning theory and how a movement planning theory would be situated in the tradition, including suggestions for planning practice and next steps for a movement planning research agenda.

Although sociologists have increasingly abandoned the assumption that secularization is an inevitable byproduct of modernity, they have yet to develop a compelling account for why similar modern countries nevertheless accord religion substantially different roles in public life. This dissertation engages this problem by examining how the United States and Australia came to develop contrasting policies toward religious education in the late twentieth century. Prior to World War II, both countries adopted similar stances on the proper relationship of the state to religion in education: devotional practices were permitted in public schools, while financial support for religious schools was prohibited. Since the late 1940s, however, the two countries have moved in opposite directions. Australia has retained a place for religion in its public schools, while inaugurating generous government support for religious schools. The United States, meanwhile, has retained restrictions on public aid for religious schools while prohibiting devotional practices in its public schools. These changes have occurred, moreover, despite many apparent similarities: both nations are modern, religiously pluralist democracies with common-law legal systems and constitutions with explicit disestablishment clauses.Drawing upon original archival research, as well as a wide array of other primary and secondary sources, this dissertation accounts for these divergent "secular settlements" by detailing how each country's administrative, judicial, and electoral institutions advanced or constrained three common secularizing processes: state-building, professionalization, and religious conflict. In brief, it argues that American political institutions constituted a "permeable state" which facilitated the progress of these processes, while Australian institutions constituted an "insulated state" which inhibited them. The first part of the dissertation describes the genesis of the parallel secular settlements of the nineteenth century, focusing on how the state-building process generated public educational systems with similar policies toward religion, but divergent administrative structures. This prologue sets the stage for the second part, which examines how those administrative institutions affected the fate of religious education in state schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. America's decentralized system of educational administration advanced two long-term secularizing processes, professionalization and religious conflict, between 1880 and 1945, while Australia's centralized administrative system constrained them. The permeable American state facilitated challenges to pan-Protestant religious exercises in the public schools by religious minorities and educational professionals, leading to a slow attenuation of religion's position in public education over the early twentieth century. By contrast, the insulated Australian state made these kinds of challenges much more difficult, reducing the leverage religious minorities could bring to bear on policies they opposed, and actively suppressing professionalization among Australian teachers--both of which helped to sustain traditional religious instruction into the third quarter of the twentieth century.The third part of the dissertation demonstrates how courts and parties provided contrasting opportunities and obstacles for concerted campaigns by religious minorities who sought to renegotiate each country's policy toward religion after 1945. Taxpayer standing and a realist hermeneutic made the American courts accessible and open to sustained litigation in ways that Australia's restrictive standing rules and legalist hermeneutic did not allow. By contrast, Australia's system of preference-voting and flexible party structure facilitated Catholics' political campaign to obtain state support for their school system--a campaign that foundered in the United States thanks to unfavorable coalition dynamics within a rigid two-party system. This dissertation makes a number of contributions to contemporary debates about secularization. First, it develops a new, "political-institutional" approach to the study of secularization. Drawing on insights from institutional theory and historical sociology, this approach asserts that secular settlements emerge, not simply from broad modernizing trends or the self-interested calculations of political leaders, but instead from the interaction of general secularizing processes (such as state-building, religious conflict, and professionalization) and each country's specific political institutions. This approach offers increased explanatory power relative to four existing formulations. Second, it reveals that the state, as an institutional structure, has both mediating and constitutive effects on secularization. Both by conditioning the political and professional activities of would-be secularizing actors, and by actively calling into being the very actors who subsequently seek more secular outcomes, the state is a key factor in explaining variation in secularization. Finally, it demonstrates that the actors advancing more secular outcomes are animated by a wider variety of motivations than has typically been acknowledged. Although most existing studies focus on anticlerical or self-interested motives, this study reveals that practical administrative considerations and religious commitments have also been important forces driving the development of new secular settlements.

During the last ten years education for social work underwent deep changes due to the new references generated by the Bologna process. In Switzerland, these transformations are answers to a policy of valuation of the professionaleducation and of the adaptation of contents to the needs of economic circles and to the need to increase international mobility. Thus, the creation of the High Specialised Schools (HSS) convey the ambition to answer the needs of profesional practices through high level missions in the domains of education, research and service performance. Since the implementation of the bachelor system in the HSS, the multiplication of education levels results in a newhierarchical organization of the professions in the field of social intervention and entails the risk of a division of the professional acting. Our thesis project hence joins these major transformations by empahsyzing, primo, the contents of curricula to be given in a university of professions - the first mission of which is to answer the needs of the employment market - and, secundo, the joining of tacit skills and acquisition of know-how belonging to the professional practices, in a perspective of formalization of the incorporated knowledge, of its modalities and its limits, which, from our standpoint, constitutes the major concern of the profesional education at the university level. Concretely, our investigation is about the acting of social educators who are involved in situations allowing the apprehension of the complexity of these situations where institutional, profesional and personal elements are interfused in daily actions. Having paid attention to thedialectics between social control and development of the person, we have tried to understand the consequences of such positions in the accompanying of the youths placed in a shelter. The analysis of the empirical data is the core of the thesis. Starting from indirect methods, we explore three profesional situations in order to reach the hart of the activity and, thus, allow the readability of the action's complexity. Taking into account situations wherein the educators are involved, then, enriching them by theoretical contributions, we have particularly seeked to maintain a coherence between the epistemology of the clinical approach to activity and the methodological building of our approach, in order to grasp the key dimensions of the acting. [.] ; Au cours des dix dernières années, la formation en travail social a subi de profondes mutations en raison des nouvelles références engendrées par le processus de Bologne. En Suisse, ces transformations répondent à une politique de valorisation de la formation professionnelle, d'adaptation des contenus de formation aux besoins des milieux économiqueset d'ouverture à la mobilité internationale. Ainsi, la création des Hautes écoles spécialisées (HES) a pour ambition de répondre aux besoins des pratiques professionnelles via des missions de haut niveau dans les domaines de l'enseignement, de la recherche et des prestations de service. Depuis la mise en place du bachelor dans les HES, la multiplication des échelons de formation débouche sur une nouvelle hiérarchisation des professions dans lechamp de l'intervention sociale et entraîne le risque d'un morcellement de l'agir professionnel.Notre projet de thèse s'inscrit de fait dans le cadre de ces transformations majeures en mettant l'accent primo sur les contenus de formation à dispenser dans une université des métiers dont la mission première est de répondre aux besoins du marché de l'emploi et secundo sur l'articulation entre connaissances et acquisition d'un savoir-faire tenu par les pratiques professionnelles, dans une perspective de formalisation des savoirs incorporés, de leursmodalités et de leurs limites; ce qui constitue, de notre point de vue, la préoccupation majeure de la formation professionnelle de niveau universitaire. Sur un plan concret, notre questionnement porte sur l'agir d'éducateurs sociaux en prise avec des situations au quotidien qui rendent compte de la complexité de l'agir où se mêlent les aspects institutionnels, professionnels et personnels. Après avoir porté notre attention sur la dialectique entre contrôle social et développement de la personne, nous avons cherché à saisir les incidences de tels positionnements dans l'accompagnement de jeunes placés en foyer. L'analyse du matériel empirique constitue la part centrale de la thèse, nous explorons trois situations professionnelles à partir de méthodes indirectes pour accéder au réel de l'activité etmettre ainsi en lisibilité la complexité de l'agir. Nous avons tout particulièrement cherché à tenir une cohérence entre l'épistémologie de la clinique de l'activité et la construction méthodologique de notre démarche - pour saisir les dimensions clés de l'agir à partir des situations dans lesquelles sont engagés les éducateurs, puis, les enrichir d'apports théoriques. [.]

El propósito de este trabajo es realizar el análisis de la producción de conocimiento desarrollada, durante quince años (1990 – 2005), en una universidad pública, la Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires a fin de caracterizar cómo se produce conocimiento en su ámbito, en tanto éste posee la particularidad de ser un espacio localizado en el interior de una provincia de un país periférico. Para ello se intentará identificar los cambios operados en cuanto al modo de producción de conocimiento en el campo de Física, como resultado de la creciente internacionalización acontecida en esos 15 años, tomando en cuenta las particularidades del campo, del espacio institucional, de los distintos actores, participación en redes, origen del financiamiento, selección de temas, definición de objetivos y destinatarios de los resultados de la investigación. Además del análisis las vinculaciones centro - periferia para identificar la trama de relaciones internacionales, se hace necesario pensar el problema desde una perspectiva dinámica y relacional referida a la dinámica interna de los grupos locales de investigación pero sin dejar de tener en cuenta el peso que los vínculos externos han tenido en la composición de las tradiciones de las comunidades científicas locales. Desde perspectivas constructivistas de la sociología, los procesos de producción de conocimiento fueron ubicados en un espacio de determinaciones que hacían que las dinámicas presentes en la sociedad local atravesaran el campo del trabajo científico tanto como atravesaban todo otro espacio de interacción social, simbólica y material. Esto implica ingresar a los espacios donde el conocimiento es efectivamente producido, negociado, certificado y validado, como forma para identificar actores, contenido de sus prácticas y recursos que movilizan. A su vez, la perspectiva neoinstitucional, que permite analizar los factores económicos, políticos y posicionales tanto como factores intelectuales referidos a la selección de tópicos de investigación, instrumentación, procesos de razonamiento y de evaluación, en tanto toma en cuenta la el papel de las restricciones en la práctica científica y analiza a la investigación científica según dos dimensiones: los condicionamientos cognitivos que están asociados al logro de la trayectoria intelectual y los condicionamientos socio-estratégicos que están asociados con el mantenimiento o el crecimiento de la reputación profesional. The intention of this work is to realise the analysis of the production of knowledge developed, during fifteen years (1990 - 2005), in a public university, the National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires in order to characterize how knowledge in its scope takes place, in as much this one owns the particularitity of being a space located inside a province of a peripheral country. For it will be tried to identify the changes operated as far as the way of production of knowledge in the field of Physics, as a result of the increasing internationalization occurred in 15 years, taking into account the particularitities of the field, of the institutional space, of the different actors, participation in networks, origin of the financing, selection of subjects, definition of objectives and adressees of the results of the investigation. Besides the analysis the entailments centro-periphery to identify the plot of international relations, become necessary to think the problem from referred a dynamic and relational perspective to the dynamic intern of the local groups of investigation but without stopping considering the weight that the external bonds have had in the composition of the traditions of the local scientific communities. From constructivist perspective of sociology, the processes of knowledge production were located in a space of determinations that made that the dynamic presents in the local society crossed the field of the scientific work as much as they crossed all other space of social interaction, symbolic and material. This implies to enter to the spaces where the knowledge indeed is produced, negotiated, certificate and validated, as it forms to identify actors, content of his practices and resources that mobilize. As well, the neoinstitutional perspective, that allows to analyze the economic, political and positional factors as much as intellectual factors referred the selection of investigation topics, instrumentation, processes of reasoning and evaluation, in as much take into account the paper of the restrictions actually scientist and analyzes to the scientific research according to two dimensions: the mental agreements that are associate to the partner-strategic profit of the intellectual trajectory and agreements that they are associate with the maintenance or the growth of the professional reputation.

Osnovni cilj projekta FP7 Biomass Energy Europe – BEE je poboljšati točnost i mogućnost usporedbe budućih procjena potencijala biomase za proizvodnju energije, uz smanjenje heterogenosti, povećanje harmoniziranosti te razmjenu znanja. Jedan od glavnih rezultata projekta je razvoj priručnika (handbook) o metodologijama za procjenu potencijala biomase, koji sadrži detaljan opis predložene metodologije u ovisnosti o vrsti biomase i tipu analize (statistički, prostorno eksplicitni, integrirani i drugi). Glavni cilj Ilustrativnog primjera (Illustration Case) za Hrvatsku, a koji je proveden u sklopu BEE projekta, je izvršiti procjenu potencijala brzorastućih nasada na napuštenom zemljištu, odnosno zemljištu gdje poljoprivredna proizvodnja nije profitabilna. Korištena metodologija u skladu je s priručnikom razvijenim u BEE projektu. Osnovni izvor podataka sadržan je u Pedološkoj karti Hrvatske, koja je predstavljala osnovu za procjenu prikladnosti tla za bilo koju vrstu primjene. Teoretski potencijal brzorastućih nasada u Hrvatskoj procijenjen je na sljedeće iznose: • Površina šuma i šumskog zemljišta prikladnog za brzorastuće nasade: ukupno 51 200 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 470 200 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 8,7 PJ • Površina poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa srednje prikladnim i neprikladnim tlom – ukupno 617 000 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 7 404 000 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 136,2 PJ. Tehnički potencijal brzorastućih nasada u Hrvatskoj procijenjen je na sljedeće iznose: • Površina šuma i šumskog zemljišta prikladnog za brzorastuće nasade: ukupno 46 850 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 430 000 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 7,9 PJ • Površina poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa srednje prikladnim i neprikladnim tlom – ukupno 235 650 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 2 827 800 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 52,1 PJ. Unatoč značajnom potencijalu brzorastućih nasada, trenutno se koristi vrlo mali iznos raspoložive površine. Problemi i prepreke koje je potrebno ukloniti kako bi se iskorištavanje brzorastućih nasada povećalo, uključuje promjene u cjelopnoj politici, posebice prema malim zemljoposjednicima, uvođenje financijskih poticaja, nedostatak znanja i iskustva u uzgoju brzorastućih nasada te općenito nedostatak suradnje između relevantnih dionika. ; The overall objective of the FP7 Biomass Energy Europe – BEE project is to improve the accuracy and comparability of future biomass resource assessments for energy by reducing heterogeneity, increasing harmonisation and exchanging knowledge. One of the main results within the project is the development of the Methods Handbook for biomass potential assessment, which contains detailed description of the proposed methodology based on type of biomass and type of analysis (statistical, spatially explicit, integrated and others). The main objective of the Illustration case for Croatia performed within the BEE project is to estimate the energy and technical potential of fast-growing broadleaved species energy plantations on abandoned land or on land where agricultural production is not profitable. The methodology utilised is based on the BEE Methods Handbook. The main source of data used is contained within the Basic pedological map of the Republic Croatia, which forms the basis for the estimation of soil suitability for any kind of designated utilization. The theoretical potential for short rotation energy crops production in Croatia was estimated as following: • Forest area suitable for energy crops – a total of 51 200 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing in total 470 200 t DM/y or 8,7 PJ • Agricultural areas with moderately suitable soils and limited soil suitability – a total of 617 000 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing a total of 7 404 000 t DM/y or 136,2 PJ The technical potential for short rotation energy crops production in Croatia was estimated as following: • Forest area suitable for energy crops – a total of 46 850 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing in total 430 000 t DM/y or 7,9 PJ • Agricultural areas with moderately suitable soils and limited soil suitability – a total of 235 650 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing a total of 2 827 800 t DM/y or 52,1 PJ In spite of the considerable potential for short rotation energy crops production, currently a very small amount of the available area is utilised in Croatia. The issues and problems to be addressed in order to increase this production include a change in policy approach, especially aimed at small landowners, introduction of incentives and subsidies, lack of knowledge and experience in growing energy crops and generally a lack of cooperation between relevant stakeholders.

Índice Introducción: 'las amenazas'. Historia de la formación urbanística en Alemania. Centros y programas de formación. Los retos. Bibliografía utilizada y recomendada. ResumenEl desarrollo de la vida académica de la planificación urbana y regional en Alemania se inscribe en un marco de cohabitación disciplinaria. Proveniente originalmente de la arquitectura, la profesión del planificador hubo de esperar hasta los años setenta para lograr la autonomía de sus tareas. La historia de esta disciplina tiene su punto de partida en cinco universidades que ofrecían programas de planificación, antes de la reunificación alemana, en el oeste del país. Aun no siendo programas perfectos, hay que señalar una cualidad esencial: incitaban a la 'interdisciplinariedad' y a combinar el pensamiento técnico, el sociológico, el económico y el ecológico. En los años noventa se produjo un importante cambio, pues la clase política utilizó la reunificación para establecer estructuras importadas de otros países con consecuencias para la planificación: liberación económica, desregulación, dominancia de proyectos sobre planes integrales del desarrollo del territorio urbano, etc. Posiblemente se puede considerar el proceso de la unificación europea como el más importante para el desarrollo de los programas de la planificación en las universidades. Se puede identificar una serie de tendencias que integran los eslabones restantes del proceso; la primera es la internacionalización de los programas mismos. La invención del 'Master' y del 'Bachelor' cambia los esquemas tradicionales y permite a muchas universidades y escuelas superiores profesionales (Fachhochschulen) ofrecer programas especiales en el contexto de la planificación. Se multiplican las posibilidades de los estudiantes, pero la autonomía que la planificación había obtenido en los años setenta está seriamente en peligro por las facilidades del nuevo sistema para obtener Masters de planificación, por ejemplo con Bachelor de Arquitectura, Sociología o Geografía. La segunda tendencia es el restablecimiento de la dominancia del pensamiento "Design" como reacción de la profesión de los arquitectos a un punto central de debilidad de la planificación. Otras tendencias son la de dar una mayor importancia a la economía inmobiliaria en los programas y de reducir la de la teoría. El futuro de los programas es problemático: podemos observar la multiplicación de cursos y programas, pero también una crisis profunda, porque en una época de reducción de la población y de las posibilidades financieras del sector público muchos políticos quieren cerrar universidades enteras y programas de planificación.AbstractThe academic development of Town and Country Planning in Germany falls within a framework of disciplinary cohabitation. Originally arising from architecture, the Planning profession had to wait until the seventies before achieving autonomy in its work.The history of this discipline began in five universities that offered Planning courses in West Germany, prior to the country's reunification. Although they were not perfect courses, we must highlight one essential quality: they encouraged 'interdisciplinarity' and a combination of technical, sociological, economic and environmental thinking. In the nineties, an important change took place because the politicians used the reunification to introduce structures that were imported from other countries and had consequences upon planning: economic liberalisation, deregulation, the dominance of projects over comprehensive urban development plans, etc. One could possibly consider the European unification process to be the most important process in the development of university Planning courses. One can identify a series of tendencies that form the remaining links in the process: the first is the internationalisation of the courses themselves.The introduction of 'Master's' and 'Bachelor' qualifications has changed traditional methods and allowed many universities and higher technical colleges (Fachhochschulen) to offer special courses within the context of Planning.The options for students have greatly increased but the autonomy that Planning had achieved in the seventies is seriously threatened because the new system offers the possibility, for example, of obtaining a Master's in Planning with a Bachelor's Degree in Architecture, Sociology or Geography. The second tendency is the reestablishment of the dominance of 'design' thinking as the architectural profession's reaction to an essential weak point in Planning. Another tendency is for the courses to give greater importance to the real-estate economy, whilst reducing the importance of theory. The future will be problematic: we can see a proliferation of courses and programmes but also a far-reaching crisis because, at a time of decreasing population and public financing capacity, many politicians want to close entire universities and Planning courses.

Almost ten years after the political closing of the neoliberal cycle that framed educational reforms in Latin America in the 90s, this paper assesses their success in three countries – Argentina, Brazil and Chile. The analysis is supported by the theoretical framework developed by Martin Carnoy in his text 'Are educational reforms working in Latin America? New perspectives' (2002) and spin-off texts, as an alternative model to classical analysis of educational reforms and quality assurance of its various educational systems. As regards methodology, several indicators, weighted by Carnoy for consideration of success of Latin American reforms, will be used to analyze educational systems of Argentina, Brazil and Chile: (a) expansion of system access, (b) performance of the most disadvantaged intake and (c) improvement of factors associated to educational achievement. Data focus, mainly, on secondary school education since it is at this stage that the greatest difficulty is encountered. Primary education coverage is practically universal and diminishes rapidly when secondary education is considered. In its analysis, this study compares not only the impact of reforms within and across the countries mentioned above but also on Carnoy's proposal for analysis and traditional models of reform assessment (basically, through the study of changes in effectiveness –learning results- and internal efficiency of systems – repeat students and drop-outs). Finally, this paper raises questions about the true capacity for improvement that reform processes have had for the population of those countries –specially for Argentina- not just in educational terms but also with respect to its democratization and, considering the Conference theme: decrease in vulnerability, injustice and inequity. ; A casi diez años del cierre político del ciclo neoliberal que enmarcó las reformas educativas en América Latina de los años '90, este trabajo evalúa su éxito en tres países latinoamericanos –Argentina, Brasil y Chile-. El análisis se apoya en el planteo teórico-conceptual desarrollado por Martin Carnoy en su texto "¿Están funcionando las reformas educativas en Latinoamérica? Nuevas perspectivas" y en otros derivados de aquél, como modelo alternativo a los análisis clásicos de las reformas educativas y de evaluación la calidad de sus sistemas educativos. Metodológicamente, se utilizarán diversos indicadores, ponderados por Carnoy para la consideración del éxito de las reformas latinoamericanas: (a) la expansión del acceso al sistema, (b) el desempeño de los sectores más desfavorecidos y (c) el mejoramiento de factores asociados a logros educativos. Los datos se centran, principalmente, en el nivel de educación secundaria, el nivel en donde se presenta la mayor dificultad. La cobertura del nivel primario es prácticamente total y disminuye, rápidamente, cuando se considera el nivel medio. Analíticamente, el estudio compara el impacto de las reformas en los países mencionados, y entre la propuesta de análisis de Carnoy y los modelos tradicionales de evaluación de reformas. Finalmente, interroga acerca de la verdadera capacidad de mejoramiento que los procesos de reforma han tenido para la población de esos países -especialmente para Argentina- no sólo en términos educativos sino también respecto de su democratización y, en función de la temática de la Conferencia: la disminución de la vulnerabilidad, injusticia e inequidad social. ; Há quase 10 anos do fechamento político do ciclo neoliberal, que teve como marco as reformas educacionais dos anos 90. Este trabalho avalia seu êxito em três países latino americanos - Argentina, Brasil e Chile. Esta análise se fundamenta no plano teórico conceitual desenvolvido por Martin Carnoy em seu texto: "Estão Funcionando as reformas educacionais na América Latina? Novas Perspectivas", e outros derivados que, como modelo alternativo para uma análise clássica das reformas educacionais e avaliação da qualidade do Sistema Educacional.Metodologiamente, se utilizaram diversos indicadores, poderados por Carnoy para a consideração do êxito das reformas latino americanas: (a) A expansão do acesso ao Sistema, (b) O desempenho dos setores mais desfavorecidos e (c) O melhoramento de fatores associados a realizações educacionais. Os dados se concentram, principalmente, no nível da educação secundária, o nível onde se apresenta a maior dificuldade. A Cobertura do nível primário é praticamente total e reduz, rapidamente, quando se considera o nível médio. Analiticamente, o estudo compara o impacto das reformas nos países mencionados, entre a proposta de análise de Carnoy e dos modelos tradicionais de avaliação das reformas. Finalmente, questiona acerca da verdadeira capacidade de melhorias que os processos da reforma tiveram para a população destes países, especialmente para Argentina, não só em termos educacionais como também a respeito de sua democratização, e em função da temática da conferência: A redução da vulnerabilidade, injustiça e desigualdade social.

Thèse de Doctorat soutenue publiquement le 16 septembre 2011 à 14 H, Salle de Conférences de l'UMR-CNRS 6143 M2C, Département de Géologie, Université de Rouen, FRANCE ; Located at the Petite Côte of Senegal, Somone is a small coastal river that flows into the Atlantic Ocean by a microtidal lagoonal-estuarine ecosystem. Today, the contribution of the watershed is absent due to a combination of several factors including the dam of Bandia. The only freshwater inputs are from precipitation and groundwater. Somone is a lagoonal-estuarine system characterized by an inverse hydrological functioning where marine influences predominate. Mangrove, dominated by Rhizophora, is the main characteristic unit of this coastal system. The diachronic evolution of 60 years shows a significant change for all the morphological units of the ecosystem. The mobility of the sandy spit, which caused the closures of the mouth in 1967-1969 and in 1987, is related to meteorological variations. The regressive surface of mangroves between 1954 and 1989 is the result of the combined effect of these closures of the mouth, drought and traditional uses of mangroves. The restoration of the mangrove is mainly due to reforestation policies administered in the 2000s. The annual and seasonal trend shows that the internal reworking is the main hydro-sedimentary processes. Sedimentation rate of the mud flats is 2 to 3 mm/year. The dynamics of the sandy spit of the Somone plays an important role in the development and quality of internal units, the mangroves in particular. The permanent opening of the mouth allows a twice-daily renewal of water in the lagoon, which is essential for regulating the high salt content. The low content of sediment in total organic carbon, reflect the low organic matter production of the mangrove because it is a young and stunted mangrove. Diagenetic processes are anaerobic and mostly in the top 10 cm of the sediment, on the recent deposit. The contribution of young mangroves, like Somone, in the carbon storage process, is low. The lagoonal-estuarine ecosystem of the Somone is fragile and highly reactive and his evolution is fast and linked to the cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic factors. ; Située sur la Petite Côte du Sénégal, la Somone est une petite rivière côtière qui se jette dans l'océan atlantique par un écosystème laguno-estuarien à régime microtidal. Aujourd'hui, les apports du bassin versant sont inexistants du fait de la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs dont le barrage de Bandia. Les seuls apports en eau douce se font par les précipitations et la nappe. Le système laguno-estuarien de la Somone est caractérisé par un fonctionnement hydrologique inverse où les influences marines prédominent. La mangrove, à dominance de Rhizophora, est l'unité caractéristique de ce système côtier. L'évolution diachronique sur 60 ans montre une modification importante de tous les faciès, internes et externes, de l'écosystème. La mobilité de la flèche sableuse d'embouchure, qui s'est traduite par deux comblements en 1967-1969 puis en 1987, est liée à des variations climatiques et météorologiques. L'évolution régressive des surfaces de mangrove, entre 1954 et 1989, est le résultat de l'effet conjugué de ces périodes de comblements, de la sécheresse et des usages traditionnels de la mangrove. La restauration de la mangrove est essentiellement due aux politiques de reboisement administrées dans les années 2000. L'évolution annuelle et saisonnière montre que le remaniement interne est le processus hydro-sédimentaire dominant. Le taux de sédimentation moyen des vasières est de 2 à 3 mm/an. La dynamique de la flèche sableuse à l'embouchure de la Somone joue un rôle fondamental sur l'évolution et la qualité des faciès internes, notamment la mangrove. L'ouverture permanente de l'embouchure permet un renouvellement biquotidien des eaux dans le système laguno-estuarien, essentiel pour réguler les fortes teneurs en sels. Les faibles teneurs des sédiments en carbone organique total, témoignent de la faible production de la mangrove en matière organique car il s'agit d'une mangrove jeune et de forme rabougrie. Les processus diagénétiques se font en anaérobiose et essentiellement dans les 10 premiers cm du sédiment, sur du dépôt récent. La contribution des mangroves jeunes, comme celles de la Somone, au processus de stockage du carbone organique est faible. L'écosystème laguno-estuarien de la Somone est un système fragile et très réactif dont l'évolution, à l'échelle humaine, est rapide et liée à des effets cumulés de facteurs naturels et anthropiques.

Hablar de la filosofía de la tecnología aplicada a la educación es un reto y una urgencia para el mundo contemporáneo. el artículo que presentamos es un abordaje a la temática que recoge el significado originario de la palabra -téchne- Aristóteles- en relación estrecha con la -epistémecomo parte del conocer en sentido amplio; desde el hacer salir de lo oculto y cómo lo hacen, hasta como un saber de verdad –alétheia- Heidegger, un saber que busca la virtud para un adecuado gobierno-Platón. Se aborda la tecnología en su origen, buscamos su relación con la ciencia, cuestionando su incidencia y dependencia del sistema capitalista de consumo. Desde aquí se plantean algunas ilusiones planteadas por el sistema como la ilusión de que la ciencia y la tecnología resolverían todos nuestros problemas. O la ilusión que la producción indefinida de nuevos productos tecnológicos no tiene límites; donde se evidencia las incongruencias y las desilusiones que se plantean cuando miramos el horizonte del ser de la tecnología y de la sociedad, enfocado a lo humano. A partir de estos elementos se desarrolla la búsqueda del significado de educar, de educación, desde sus raíces hasta las distintas concepciones que han tomado en la historia. Se plantea, de igual modo, algunas ilusiones de la educación como "la ilusión de que uno enseña y otro aprende, o la ilusión de que la educación libera; la ilusión de que la educación nos haría iguales". Finalmente, se aborda a la educación y la tecnología desde su relación en la búsqueda del saber, del descubrir la verdad –alétheia-, evidenciando la ilusión de que poseer mayor tecnología mejoraría el proceso educativo, así proponer una serie de cuestionamientos que nos ayuden a cambiar la mirada de las ilusiones a realidades para concluir diciendo que deberíamos impulsar el uso de las tecnologías educativas en el aula, pero sin ilusionarnos que ellas resolverán el problema educativo; deberíamos propender la humanización de la educación y del uso de la ciencia y la tecnología; transformar el ejercicio de la política; volviendo a descubrir a la persona como un fin en sí mismo. ; To speak about the philosophy of the technology applied to the education is a challenge and an urgency for the contemporary world; for what the article presents a boarding to the subject matter that Aristotle gathers the original meaning of the word -téchne- - in narrow relation with her -epistéme- as part of to know in wide sense; from to make go out of the secret thing and since they it make, up to like one be able 59 indeed -alétheia- Heidegger, one know that it looks for the virtue for a suitable government – Platon. The technology is approached in his origin, we look for his relation with the science, questioning his incident and dependence of the capitalist system of consumption. From here there appear some illusions raised by the system as the illusion of which the science and the technology would solve all our problems. Or illusion that the indefinite production of new technological products does not have limits; where there are demonstrated the incongruities and the disappointments that appear when we look at the horizon of the being of the technology and of the company, focused on the human thing. From these elements the search of the meaning develops of educating, of education from his roots up to the different conceptions that have taken in the history. One raises of equal way some illusions of the education as the illusion of which it teaches one and learns other one, or the illusion of which the education liberates, the illusion of which the education would make us equal. Finally it is approached to the education and the technology, from his relation in the search of to know, of to discover the truth -alétheia- demonstrating the illusion of which to possess major technology, it would improve the educational process, to propose a series of questions, which help us to change the look of the illusions to realities, to end up by saying that we should stimulate the use of the educational technologies in the classroom, but without having unfounded hopes that they will solve the educational problem; we should tend the humanization of the education and of the use of the science and the technology; to transform the exercise of the politics; returning to discover the person as an end in yes same.

Maģistra darba "Tiesības uz nekustamo īpašumu un to ierobežojumu iespējamība Satversmē" mērķis ir novērtēt tiesību uz nekustamo īpašumu nozīmi, to īstenošanas problemātiku, kā arī atrisināt jautājumu, kā pēc iespējas efektīvāk nodrošināt minēto tiesību īstenošanu. Lai sasniegtu izvirzīto mērķi, darba pirmajā nodaļā ir atspoguļots tiesību uz nekustamo īpašumu saturs un regulējums Latvijas un starptautiskajos tiesību aktos, kā arī šo tiesību vēsturiskais apskats. Ņemot vērā Latvijas pievienošanos Eiropas Cilvēktiesību un pamatbrīvību aizsardzības konvencijai, kā arī Satversmes tiesas praksē piemēroto Eiropas Cilvēktiesību tiesas sniegto interpretāciju, ir sniegts ieskats Eiropas Cilvēktiesību tiesas nozīmīgākajās lietās. Tiesu prakses ietvaros detalizētāk ir pētīts tādu jēdzienu kā "sabiedrības intereses", "taisnīga atlīdzība", "samērīguma princips" saturs, izpratne un pielietošanas robežas, ierobežojot tiesības uz nekustamo īpašumu. Darba otrā un būtiskākā nodaļa ir koncentrēta uz Satversmē noteikto tiesību uz nekustamo īpašumu ierobežojumu veidu izpēti un analīzi. Tiesības uz nekustamo īpašumu var ierobežot gan saskaņā ar likumu, gan uz atsevišķa likuma pamata. Apskatot Satversmes tiesas spriedumos konstatētās problēmas un galvenos iemeslus minēto tiesību īstenošanā, Maģistra darbā tiek izteikts priekšlikumiem redakcionāli precizēt Satversmes 105.panta regulējumu. Analizējot visbūtiskāk ierobežojošo īpašumtiesību veidu, ir apskatīts 2010.gadā pieņemtais Sabiedrības vajadzībām nepieciešamā nekustamā īpašuma atsavināšanas likums, kas papildus nosaka arī nekustamā īpašuma labprātīgas atsavināšanas sabiedrības vajadzībām procesu un citus jautājumus, kas iepriekšējā regulējuma ietvaros būtiski kavēja efektīvu nekustamā īpašuma atsavināšanu sabiedrības vajadzībām. Vienlaikus tiks aplūkoti arī Ministru kabineta noteikumi, saskaņā ar kuriem ir paredzēts atrisināt jautājumu par vienotu kritēriju neesamību, nosakot taisnīgu atlīdzību. Maģistra darba trešā nodaļa ir veltīta tiesību uz nekustamo īpašumu un to ierobežojumu veidu izpētei un analīzei tādu ārvalstu kā Vācijas, Lietuvas un Igaunijas normatīvajos aktos, kā arī minēto valstu konstitucionālo tiesu praksē. Pētījuma mērķis ir izdarīt secinājumus par Latvijas tiesiskā regulējuma īpatnībām un, ievērojot minēto ārvalstu regulējumu un praksi, piedāvāt Latvijai atbilstošus risinājumus, kas pēc iespējas efektīvāk nodrošinātu tiesību uz nekustamo īpašumu ievērošanu tieši Latvijā. ; The goal of the paper "Right to own real estate and the possibility of its restrictions in Constitution" is to assess the role of right to own real estate, it's implementation problems, as well as resolve the issue as efficiently as possible to ensure these rights. To achieve the goal, the first chapter of the paper represents the content of the rights to a real estate, the historical overview of these rights, as well as their normative regulation both in Latvian law and in the international law. In view of the Latvia`s accession to the European convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the European Court of Human Rights interpretation which is found in the practice of the Constitutional Court, the Master's thesis gives insight into the major cases of the European Court of Human Rights. The author of the paper has researched definitions of 'public interest', 'fair compensation', 'proportionality' content, understanding and the use of boundaries within the framework of the jurisprudence. The second chapter is focused on studying and analyzing the constitutional context of the possibility to restrict the basic human rights to own real estate. The right to own real estate may be restricted in accordance with the law or on the basis of a specific law. Analyzing the judgments of the Constitutional Court of Latvia and identifying problems of implementation of these rights, the author in her work also proposes to make editorial changes in the constitutional regulation of an Article one hundred and fifth. The author has closely studied the new law adopted in 2010 "Society needs the required real estate transfer law", which in addition to the previous regulation establishes the process of the voluntary alienation of property for public purposes and other issues, which in the previous framework significantly prevented the effective expropriation of property. At the same the Regulation of the Cabinet of Ministers is analyzed, which is expected to help to resolve the issue of lack of united criteria in determining fair compensation. The third and final chapter is devoted to the study and analysis of right to own real estate and its restrictions in such countries as Germany, Lithuania and Estonia, as well as the materials of case law. The aim of research is to draw conclusions on the features of Latvian legislation and, in accordance with the mentioned foreign constitutional regulations and practices, offer appropriate solutions for Latvia to ensure the right to own real estate in the most efficient way.