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Muhammad Ali, who ruled Egypt between 1805 and 1849, intervened in Egyptian markets in an attempt to foster industrialization, especially between 1812 and 1840. Like a modern marketing board, the state purchased agricultural commodities (cotton and wheat) at low prices and sold them on world markets at much higher prices, a policy equivalent to an export tax. Ali also replaced tax farming with his own land taxes. The revenues so derived were used in part to finance manufacturing investment and to build irrigation canals. In addition, Ali supplied flax and cotton at those cheap purchase prices to domestic textile manufacturing, thus subsidizing the industry. He also used non‐tariff barriers to exclude foreign competition from domestic markets. Were Ali's state‐led policies successful in fostering industry? The answer is no easier to extract from this phase of Egyptian history than from that of other poor countries at that time. This is because Egypt faced the same terms of trade boom typical of most poor commodity exporters, which was causing de‐industrialization everywhere else in the poor periphery. Ali picked a very difficult time to pursue his agenda, but we show that his policies were successful.

This article investigates the distributive impact of public policies in Chile. The economy of this country has expanded, incomes of many households have increased, and poverty has declined. However, the level of income inequality has stagnated at a high level and seems to be virtually unaffected by the economical and social changes experienced by the Chilean society. One finding that emerges from the literature is that although subsidies have, to some degree, played a role in the fight of poverty, their role in the reduction of income inequality is minor. Regarding taxes, several analyses have shown that it is possible to increase the distributive impact of the tax system in Chile, but this potential has not yet been exploited. This is surprising given that the tax system in place in Chile is regressive rather than progressive. Public expenditures in health and education are clearly affecting the distribution of incomes and seem to be the method chosen by Chile's policy makers to achieve a more equal society. However, this ambition seems to have been strongest in the early 1990s and in the period 2006–2010.

Comparing economic development in a regional context both in the South of the United States and in the European Union today raises many fascinating questions. How much money in the form of tax credits and subsidies should communities and states invest to attract foreign investors in the U.S.? Should individual states and communities in the U.S. commit public funds in the form of tax money and tax credits etc. to bring foreign businesses to their shores? Is the argument of bringing "jobs" and more employment home the only argument that should count politically? Or might these generous subsidies doled out to foreign businesses from public funds deprive local populations from improving their infrastructure and public education? What if these foreign investors then locate to other shores if their investments are not profitable enough in the short run? Might foreign investors come to the American South because it has never been unionized like the rest of the country? Is the attraction of the non-union South then only a means to get away from the burdens of stricter worker protection and social programs at home in Germany or Austria or elsewhere?

This thesis aims to analyze aggregate instability due to volatile expectations in a simple OLG model with money. We assume there are two types of goods, necessity and luxury goods, from which agents take utility, with the particularity of having a consumption externality affecting the consumption of the latter. We also assume government to follow a balanced budget rule with public spendings financed exclusively through consumption taxation. Tax rates for each type of good may be different and may to react to the cycle. We verify that the distinction between necessity and luxury goods is not relevant for the emergence of indeterminacy, if there is no government intervention and if the externality has no influence. Then we show that the fiscal policies considered may create local indeterminacy, in the absence of externalities, if tax rates are strongly pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical. We also show that externalities, per se, may create indeterminacy. However, consumption taxation can, in fact, be a stabilizing instrument, by eliminating local indeterminacy, if one of the tax rates is set pro-cyclically (counter-cyclically) for a positive (negative) externality degree.

Mit der Einführung der Abgeltungsteuer zum 1. Januar 2009 hat sich die Besteuerung von Einkünften aus Kapitalbeteiligungen in Deutschland grundlegend verändert. In diesem Beitrag wird analysiert, welche Auswirkungen der Steuersystemwechsel vom Halbeinkünfteverfahren zur Abgeltungssteuer auf die Ausschüttungspolitik von Unternehmen hat. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Vermögenspositionen von Aktionären eines Unternehmens betrachtet, welches liquide Mittel entweder in Form einer Dividende oder in Form eines Aktienrückkaufes ausschüttet, oder diese Mittel alternativ für eine Investition einbehält. Auf der Grundlage dieser Vermögenspositionen werden anschließend für beide Steuersysteme die kritischen Werte für die Rendite einer zusätzlichen Investition bei Einbehaltung abgeleitet und miteinander verglichen. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass nach dem Steuersystemwechsel Unternehmen im Interesse des Großteils ihrer Aktionäre auf Investitionsprojekte verzichten sollten, die das Vermögen der Aktionäre unter dem Halbeinkünfteverfahren noch gesteigert haben. Anstatt in diese Projekte zu investieren ist den Unternehmen heute angeraten diese Mittel auszuschütten. ; Since January 1, 2009 capital gains on equity participations are taxable with a flat tax rate in Germany. This paper examines the impact of the tax system change on the payout policy of corporations. For this purpose the shareholder wealth is examined if the corporation pays out free cash in the form of a dividend or share repurchase or alternatively retains the funds for a company-internal investment. The results suggest that in the interest of most of its shareholders corporations should no longer invest in all projects that were beneficial under the previous tax system. Instead the corporations should pay out these funds.

Исследуется потенциал природных ресурсов регионов России на предмет развития и государственного регулирования такого вида альтернативной энергетики, как производство биотоплива. Изучается взаимозависимость ресурсно-экологической и экономической составляющих в аспекте государственной налоговой политики. Предложена разработка оригинальной методики регулирования отношений в сфере природопользования на основе налоговых инструментов. Результаты исследования будут иметь нормативно-методологическое и прикладное значение для налогообложения использования природных ресурсов в качестве обоснования новых налоговых норм, регламентирующих производство и потребление продукции альтернативного вида энергетики. ; The article is devoted to the study of natural resource potential of Russian regions for development and government regulation of alternative types of energy: biofuels. The main object of study is the interdependence of resource and environmental and economic components in the aspect of state tax policy. Design involves the development of an original method for regulating relations in the sphere of nature on the basis of tax instruments. The results of the study will have regulatory and methodological and practical value for the taxation of natural resources as a justification of the new tax rules governing the production and use of alternative types of energy production.

В статье рассматривается налоговая политика во второй половине XIX в. в Калмыцкой степи. Авторами определены особенности системы налогообложения у калмыков в XIX в., выявлены факторы, влиявшие на сбор налогов в казну государства среди простолюдинов. Правительство пыталось применить в регионе установившуюся в русских селениях систему мирской раскладки повинностей в зависимости от экономического положения отдельных плательщиков. Однако в Калмыцкой степи проведение этого мероприятия встретило определенные трудности. Итогом реформирования налоговой системы в Калмыцкой степи стал закон от 16 марта 1892 г. ; The article deals with tax policy of the Kalmyk Steppe in the late 19th century. The authors define specifics of the Kalmyk taxation system in the 19th century and reveal factors influencing the tax imposition to the state treasury among the common people. The government made attempts to introduce the system of common apportionment of duties in accordance with the economic status of the particular payers formed in the Russian villages, but in the Kalmyk Steppe the realization of this scheme met some difficulties. The law dated March 16, 1892 was an outcome of the tax system reformation in the Kalmyk Steppe.

A Corporate inversion is a process that a company undergoes to change the domicile of the parent corporation in a multinational corporate conglomerate to a country other than the United States. J. S. Barry (2002) quotes U.S. Senator Max Baucus, Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, as saying: "Prominent U.S. companies are literally re-incorporating in off-shore tax havens in order to avoid U.S. taxes. They are, in effect, renouncing their U.S. citizenship to cut their tax bill. This is very troubling, especially now, as we all try to pull together as a nation." Senator Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), the ranking Republican member of the Finance Committee, has called inversions "immoral." Stanley Works, a corporation based in Connecticut, planned to re-incorporate in Bermuda. A Democratic Representative from that state, James Maloney, said, "Connecticut hasn't seen such a shameful day since Benedict Arnold sailed away." Stanley Works buckled under political pressure and did not go forward with the planned inversion. This paper addresses the current practice of corporate inversions, and reviews the current legal and political actions taken to address them.

ABSTRACT
This instructional case presents available facts and circumstances surrounding Fortress Reinsurance (Fortress Re). Fortress Re, an agent securing aviation reinsurance, managed a reinsurance pool that covered all four planes involved in the September 11, 2001 disaster. Fortress Re had engaged in deceptive financial reporting, misleading its business partners to believe they were protected in the event of catastrophic loss. The events on 9/11 led to the discovery of this fraud, resulting in multiple lawsuits against Fortress Re, its owners, and its auditor, Deloitte. The case explores the questionable financial reporting and auditing practices employed, as well as significant charitable contributions made with fraudulent funds. The case can serve as an instructional resource for teaching financial accounting, auditing, tax, ethics, and law. The instructional use of this case has been tested in undergraduate and graduate classes. The case can improve students' research skills, since students must use the Accounting Standards Codification and IASB website to answer the financial accounting questions, and a tax research database to address the tax questions. A survey assessing the case found that students exhibited an understanding of and an interest in the case.

This study essentially discusses the influence of income level, education, and dependent families against society of compliance in paying taxon land and buildings in the district II East Ilir Palembang. In order to produce realiable information to assist the tax office, tax collector officials and other relevant parties, the object of this study is the taxpayer in the district II East Ilir Palembang. Systematic and accurate picture is obtained by collecting by collecting, classifying, assessing, analyzing, and make a confirmation of the hypotheses or draw conclusions objectively some of the problems examined. The method used random sample ( random ). In analyzing the data used multiple regresion analysis, then by looking at the effect of simultaneously (F) or partial ( t ) of the object under study. After the analysis process by using the above method can be concluded there is influence of income level, education, and Dependent Families Against Society of Compliance In Paying Tax on Land and Buildings in the District II East Ilir Palembang.Key words: Rate Income, Education, and Dependent Families In Society of Compliance Againts Paying The United Nations.

"A cross-border pipeline is probably one of the most complex assets to be found, as it can cross several borders and boundaries or even be laid in transit states. Such a unique and complex asset creates very intricate tax issues. This study offers an in-depth discussion of the principal questions: How is a cross-border pipeline currently characterised according to the OECD Model Tax Treaty and its Commentaries? How is income from a cross-border pipeline allocated between the states involved and does the OECD's authorised "functional separate entity approach" apply to income from pipelines? The issues relating to the characterisation and taxation of cross-border pipelines are uncertain, unresolved, inconsistent and unpredictable. No common international approaches for the characterisation and taxation of pipelines exist. Moreover, the fact that the OECD Model Tax Convention and its Commentaries sometimes suggest different definitions of an income or asset without giving clear recommendations does not make the situation any clearer. This lack of uniformity potentially creates significant risks for governments and the petroleum industry" -- P. [4] of cover

This study examines the impact of fiscal policy on output and inflation, along with a look at discretionary fiscal policy and how it impacts the volatility of output and inflation. Model Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied over quarterly data, covering the period 1990 to 2009. Empirical results showed that there is a cointegration relationship between government spending and taxes with respect to output in the long-run. Unlike government spending, in the long-term, taxation has a positive effect on economic growth. Short-term adjustment suggests that an increase in government spending has a positive effect on output, while a tax increase has a negative effect. There is a greater influence of government spending on output in the short term compared to taxation policies. Therefore, government spending is more effective to stimulate economic growth especially in times of recession, compared to taxation policies. While the increase in government spending causes a decrease in inflation, tax increases lead to higher inflation. This study also indicates the absence of discretionary fiscal policy made by the government of Indonesia.

This paper presents an analysis of the simulated fiscal reform package for Thailand on household welfare. Our model assumes that Thai government will introduce two new policy instruments, i.e., property tax to be levied on land, residential and commercial properties and government spending that targeted for poor households and informal workers. The redistributive effects from this scheme is calculated based on household surveys conducted by the National Statistical Office in 2006. The major findings are noted: first, the property tax package will yield an additional revenue of 91.3 billion baht to local governments; secondly, the tax revenue is earmarked for government spending in the form of social assistances that benefit low-income households, own-account workers and informal workers; thirdly, there will be a net welfare gain for households with an assumption of aversion to income inequality of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 respectively. บทความนี้เสนอการวิเคราะห์สวัสดิการสังคม ซึ่งเกี่ยวข้องกับนโยบายการคลังในอนาคต (เชิงสมมติ) แบบจำลองสันนิษฐานว่ามีเครื่องมือการคลัง 2 เครื่องมือ คือ ภาษีทรัพย์สินซึ่งจัดเก็บจากที่ดิน บ้านเรือน และอาคารที่มีใช้ประโยชน์เชิงพาณิชย์ การจัดสรรรายจ่ายภาครัฐเพื่อช่วยเหลือประชาชนสองกลุ่ม ได้แก่ ครัวเรือนที่มีรายได้น้อย ผู้ประกอบอาชีพอิสระหรือผู้ใช้แรงงานไม่เป็นทางการ ต่อจากนั้นวิเคราะห์ผลกระทบการถ่ายโอนรายได้โดยอิงข้อมูลครัวเรือน ที่สำรวจโดยสำนักงานสถิติแห่งชาติในปี พ.ศ. 2549 ผลการศึกษาสรุปได้ว่า หนึ่ง รายได้จากภาษีทรัพย์สินมีมูลค่า 91.3 พันล้านบาทโดยประมาณ สอง รายได้ภาษีถูกนำไปจัดสรรเป็นเงินโอนเพื่อครัวเรือนคนจน ผู้ประกอบอาชีพอิสระ และผู้ใช้แรงงานที่ไม่เป็นทางการ สาม ผลการศึกษาโดยอิงฟังก์ชั่นสวัสดิการพบว่า สวัสดิการสุทธิมีความเปลี่ยนแปลงทางบวก ทั้งนี้โดยอิงข้อสมมติว่าการลดความเหลื่อมล้ำของรายได้เป็นสิ่งที่สังคมพอใจ โดยกำหนดค่าพารามีเตอร์ an aversion to income inequality เท่ากับ 0.3, 0.5 และ 0.8 ตามลำดับ

We examine the optimal taxation problem in a two sector neoclassical economy with workers and capitalists. We show that in a steady state of this economy the optimal policy may involve a capital income tax or subsidy, differential taxation of labour income and redistribution. The level and the direction of the redistribution associated with such an optimal policy depends on the pre tax allocation of capital but not on the social weights attached to the different groups of taxpayers. Excess production of consumption goods creates a difference between the social marginal values of consumption and investment which in turns violates the production efficiency condition. Such a difference can be undone by taxing capital income from the consumption sector, and with this optimal policy the government can implement a redistribution scheme where both workers and capitalists bear the burden of distorting taxes. On the contrary, an optimal policy that involves a capital income subsidy in the production of consumption can implement allocations that minimize the relative price difference between consumption and investment that resulted from the excess production of investment goods.

Malaysia is still perceived as an important destination for foreign direct investment (FDI). Deregulation by the Malaysian government in 1986 with a new round of Pioneer status tax holidays, tax allowances for expansion projects, liberal rules for firms operating in free trade zones (FTZs), and tax exemptions are encouraging stronger FDI inflows (IFDI). IFDI flows reached a peak in 1988-1993 as export-oriented foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) relocated manufacturing production operations to Malaysia to benefit from cheap labor, government incentives and liberal conditions for manufacturing FDI. After 1996, due to the Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, IFDI flows into Malaysia decreased and subsequently recorded the lowest level in 2001 as a result of the world trade recession. Following steady growth in 2002-2007, IFDI in Malaysia fell dramatically in 2008 and 2009 due to the global economic crisis. However, a strong resumption in the first quarter of 2010 and government efforts, including continued liberalization of manufacturing and services, the Government Transformation Programme, promoting new key economic areas, and the active role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), contributed to an increase in inward FDI flows in the second quarter of 2010.