We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZ. S, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.r The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide. ; The results of a search for pair production of supersymmetric partners of the Standard Model third-generation quarks are reported. This search uses 20.1 fb−1 of pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The lightest bottom and top squarks (˜b1 and t˜1 respectively) are searched for in a final state with large missing transverse momentum and two jets identified as originating from b-quarks. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background is found. The results are used to set upper limits on the visible cross section for processes beyond the Standard Model. Exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level on the masses of the third-generation squarks are derived in phenomenological supersymmetric R-parityconserving models in which either the bottom or the top squark is the lightest squark. The ˜b 1 is assumed to decay via ˜b1 → bχ˜0 1 and the t˜1 via t˜1 → bχ˜± 1 , with undetectable products of the subsequent decay of the ˜ χ± 1 due to the small mass splitting between the ˜ χ± 1 and the ˜ χ0 1. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWF, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; EPLANET ; European Research Council (ERC) ; NSRF ; European Union (EU) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; GNSF, Georgia ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; HGF ; Max Planck Society ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/G006717/1 ST/K501840/1 GRIDPP ST/J004944/1 ST/J500641/1 ST/I000186/1 ST/H001042/2 PP/E003699/2 ST/F00754X/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/H00095X/1 PP/E003087/1 ST/F007337/1 PP/E000487/1 ST/H001093/1 ST/J005576/1 ST/K000659/1 ST/K501840/1 ST/K003496/1 GRIDPP ST/J005460/1 ST/I006080/1 ST/K001248/1 ST/K003437/1 GRIDPP ST/K50208X/1 ST/L001144/1 ST/L00352X/1 ST/K001388/1 ST/K003496/1 ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP ST/L001004/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/K003658/1 ST/I505756/1 ATLAS ST/F007418/1 ST/H001093/2 ST/J004936/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/K001337/1 ST/K00073X/1 PP/E003699/1 ST/J005568/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/K003437/1 ST/K00140X/1 ST/J002798/1 PP/E000347/1 GRIDPP ST/K001329/1 ATLAS ST/J004928/1 ST/K001337/1 ATLAS ST/M001431/1 ST/M000761/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/I005803/1 ST/J005541/1 ST/M000664/1 ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP PP/E002757/1 ST/J501074/1 ST/H001069/2 ST/G502320/1 ST/L00335X/1 ST/K00140X/1 ATLAS ST/J004804/1 ST/L003325/1 ST/H001042/1 ST/H00095X/2 ST/K000713/1 ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I005811/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K000195/1 ST/K001361/1 ST/L000970/1 ; ICREA
В сентябре 2008 года были опубликованы результаты четырехлетнего проекта ОЭСР «Тематический обзор по высшему образованию», в котором приняли участие 24 страны, в том числе Российская Федерация. Итогом проекта стала публикация обзора «Роль высшего образования в экономике знаний» (Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society), представляющего собой комплексное и широкомасштабное исследование ключевых тенденций и направлений политики в области высшего образования в странах-членах и странах-партнерах ОЭСР. По сути, публикация результатов проекта является своего рода «международной энциклопедией высшего образования», поскольку охватывает все основные направления политики в области высшего образования, а также обобщает опыт стран, существенно различающихся как по уровню социально-экономического развития, так и по подходам к образовательной политике. Особую ценность для специалистов, занимающихся разработкой и реализацией образовательной политики, представляют практические рекомендации, выработанные экспертами ОЭСР на основе проведенного сравнительного межстранового исследования и выявления наиболее успешных политических практик, позволяющих странам эффективно отвечать на современные вызовы, с которыми сталкиваются их образовательные системы. В то же время, представляя результаты проекта, эксперты ОЭСР подчеркивают, что использование всего комплекса предложенных рекомендаций, а также конкретных инструментов их реализации на национальном уровне, требует тщательного анализа и обсуждения с участием различных заинтересованных сторон: общенациональных и региональных органов управления образованием, агентств по обеспечению качества образования, вузов, ассоциаций работодателей, студенческих союзов, с учетом особенностей национального контекста, традиций и особенностей развития образования. Анализ приоритетов и наиболее успешных практик образовательной политики стран ОЭСР и оценка возможностей их использования для развития российского образования было одной из задач проекта «Аналитическое исследование возможностей использования опыта образовательной политики стран ОЭСР на основе анализа «дорожной карты» в свете поставленной задачи присоединения к ОЭСР», реализованного Институтом международных организаций и международного сотрудничества в 2008 году по заказу Федерального агентства по образованию. Мы представляем нашим читателям первый аналитический материал из серии материалов, подготовленных в рамках проекта на основе анализа результатов проекта ОЭСР. Неслучайно этот материал посвящен теме качества образования, поскольку именно обеспечение качества образования, в том чисел высшего образования на различных уровнях (международном, национальном, институциональном) сегодня становится одним из основных направлений текущей аналитической работы Директората ОЭСР по образованию, что обусловлено растущими масштабами, диверсификацией систем высшего образования и усиливающейся конкуренцией на рынке образовательных услуг. В публикуемом материале, в том числе, представлена оценка возможностей использования рекомендаций ОЭСР в части обеспечения качества высшего образования для развития образования в России. ; The results of four-year OECD project Thematic review of tertiary education, in which took part 24 countries, including the Russian Federation, were published on September 2008. The outcome of the project was publication of the review Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society which represents a full-scale and combined research of the key tendencies and directions of tertiary education policy in the member and partner countries of OECD. The publication of the project's results is per se international encyclopedia of tertiary education, because it covers all the fundamental directions of the tertiary education policy and summarizes the experience of countries which have not only different levels of socio-economic development, but also different approaches to educational policy. The particular interest for specialists responsible for elaboration and realization of educational policy, represent the practical recommendations, worked out by OECD experts on the basis of conducted comparative international research and revelation of the most successful political practices, which permit countries to respond effectively to the contemporary challenges faced by their educational systems. In the same time, while representing the project's results, the OECD experts emphasize, that the use of the entire set of proposed recommendations as well as the specific instruments of their realization on the national level, requires the careful analysis and discussion with the involvement of different stakeholders: national and regional government authorities, quality assurance agencies, TEIs, employers and students associations, taking into account the features of national context, traditions and peculiarities of country's education system development. The analysis of priorities and national case-studies of OECD countries' educational policy and the estimation of possibilities of their usage for Russian education development was one of the main objectives of the project «Analytical review of the OECD member states education policy and analysis of the Education policy committee strategic priorities to respond to the Roadmap for the Russian Federation accession to the OECD Convention requirements», realized by International Organizations Research Institute in 2008 by request of the Federal Agency of Education. We present to our readers first analytical article form the series of materials, prepared in the framework of the Project on the basis of the OECD project results analysis. It is no coincidence that this article is devoted to the theme of educational quality, as far as the educational quality assurance, including tertiary education, on different levels (international, national, institutional) today becomes one of the main directions of the current analytical work of OECD Directorate on Education, which is conditioned by the growing scale and diversification of higher education systems and increasing concurrence on the educational services market. In the published material is also presented the estimation of the possibilities to use the OECD recommendations on the tertiary education quality assurance for the development of education in the Russian Federation.
Ziehen Sie am 1. Oktober 1961, ehemaliges Französisch-sprechenden Gebiet von Kamerun, La République du Cameroun, wiedervereinigt mit ehemaligem Englisch-sprechendem Gebiet, britischen Südlichen Kameruns, ab ein zweisprachiges und bicultural Nation zu werden, nämlich Die Föderative Republik von Kamerun. Englisch und Französisch wurden die offiziellen Sprachen vom Staat anerkannt, die linguistischen und kulturellen Erbschaften von der neuen Nation zu reflektieren, und seine nationale Einigkeit zu schützen. Solch Zuruf ist auch fortan der offizielle Sprachengrundsatz vom Staat örtlich hat gerufen offizielle Zweisprachigkeit geworden. Jedoch, der Grundsatz hat nicht gemacht, und ist noch, sorgfältige Definition, Beschreibung zu bezeugen, und Entwurf im linguistischen Sinn. Folglich ist die Ausführung vom Grundsatz in Begriffen von Sprachenplanung geübt innerhalb des "Rahmens" von einem allgemeinen politischen Plan der Handlung, mit sehr kleiner Aufmerksamkeit geworden, die zu interlanguage, intralanguage, und anderen soziolinguistischen Ausgaben bezahlt worden ist. Gegenwärtig offizielle Zweisprachigkeit beide Gestelle für Sprachengrundsatz und Sprachenplanung. Jedoch, die de facto Ausführung vom Grundsatz ist irgendetwas aber gerecht für die zwei Sprachen gewesen. Dieses Studium untersucht den offiziellen Sprache Grundsatz von Kamerun innerhalb des Rahmens von Sprachenwartung, und bewertet den Status von Englisch innerhalb des Kontextes von der Beförderung offizieller Zweisprachigkeit und biculturalism. Von der einleitenden Beobachtung, die die Beförderung offizieller Zweisprachigkeit mehr ein politischer Plan der Handlung als ein Sprachengrundsatz ist, erforscht das Studium systematisch sein Thema durch eine methodologische Triangulation qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden, die von den Sozialwissenschaften geliehen werden. Drei Verfahren denken die Triangulation aus: eine Vermessung, die ein verwickelt, hat Umfrage strukturiert, die entworfen ist, herauszubekommen und Erwiderungen quantitativ zu bewerten, und ein unstrukturiertes langes Interview, das in der Tradition der Phänomenologie entworfen wird; text oder befriedigt Analyse; und visuelle Bildnisanalyse. Trotz der Triangulation der Methoden ist das ganze Verfahren von dieser Untersuchung von der Konzeptualisierung vom Problem zu Schreiben der Erzählung auf der Theorie der Phänomenologie im Allgemeinen, aber besonders auf der symbolischen interactionism Variante von der Theorie basiert. Es wurde gefunden, dass 1) offizielle Zweisprachigkeit in Kamerun eine politische Tagesordnung anstatt eines linguistischen Programms von Sprachenbehandlung vertritt. 2) Es ist erdacht und ist hauptsächlich auf dem Parteigänger, dem demografischen, und die linguistischen Verhältnisse ausgeführt ist basiert, die die anglophone Francophone Dichotomie reflektieren. 3) Basiseinstellungen nach offizieller Zweisprachigkeit im Allgemeinen, und Englisch vor allem, reflektiert die oberen Empfindungen und die folgenden Ideologien. Die Summe von allen von dies ist die Bewahrung, socio-politische Einstellungen nach Anglophones oder den zu verunglimpfen, die Englisch sprechen, als eine linguistische und demografische Minderheit, obwohl es Bewusstsein vom internationalen Prestige von der Sprache wächst. Das Studium beendet, dass es offene und weit verbreitete Herabsetzung von Englisch in offiziellen Domänen in unterschiedlichen feinen Wegen trotz einiger echten Regierungshandlungen nach Sprachenanweisung in den zwei offiziellen Sprachen gibt. Während viel von der Herabsetzung unbeabsichtigt unter dem Fußvolkmilitär und zivilem Personal ist, gibt es auch eine absichtliche Tendenz unter einigen Entscheidungsträgern nach einer Einschränkung von den Funktionen von Englisch in offiziellen Kreisen. Dies wird indirekt effektiv durch sidelining und Einschränkung Englisch-sprechenden Personal in offiziellen Domänen gemacht, und direkt durch ein bevorzugt und Fördern eines frenchification von den administrativen System und bürokratischen Verfahren in Staatsdienstendomänen. ; Abstract On October 1, 1961, former French-speaking region of Cameroon, La République du Cameroun, reunited with former English-speaking region, British Southern Cameroons, to become a bilingual and bicultural nation, namely The Federal Republic of Cameroon. English and French were acclaimed the official languages of the state to reflect the linguistic and cultural heritages of the new nation and to safeguard its national unity. Such acclamation also became henceforth the official language policy of the state locally called official bilingualism. However, the policy did not, and is yet to witness elaborate definition, description, and design in the linguistic sense. Thus the implementation of the policy in terms of language planning became practised within the 'framework' of a general political plan of action, with very little attention paid to interlanguage, intralanguage, and other sociolinguistic issues. Presently, official bilingualism both stands for language policy and language planning. However, the de facto implementation of the policy has been anything but equitable for the two languages. This study examines Cameroon's official language policy within the framework of language maintenance, and evaluates the status of English within the context of the promotion of official bilingualism and biculturalism. From the preliminary observation that the promotion of official bilingualism is more a political plan of action than a language policy, the study systematically explores its subject through a methodological triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods borrowed from the social sciences. Three techniques make up the triangulation: a survey involving a structured questionnaire designed to elicit and evaluate responses quantitatively, and an unstructured long interview designed in the tradition of phenomenology; textual or contents analysis; and visual images analysis. In spite of the triangulation of methods, the whole process of this investigation from the conceptualization of the problem to writing the narrative is based on the theory of phenomenology in general, but particularly on the symbolic interactionism variant of the theory. It was found that 1) official bilingualism in Cameroon represents a political agenda rather than a linguistic programme of language treatment. 2) It is conceived and implemented primarily based on the partisan, the demographic, and the linguistic ratios that reflect the Anglophone-Francophone dichotomy. 3) Grassroots attitudes towards official bilingualism in general, and English in particular, reflect the above perceptions and consequent ideologies. The sum of all of this is the perpetuation of disparaging socio-political attitudes toward Anglophones or those who speak English as a linguistic and demographic minority, although there is growing awareness of the international prestige of the language. The study concludes that there is overt and widespread disparagement of English in official domains in varying subtle ways despite some genuine government actions towards language instruction in the two official languages. While much of the disparagement is inadvertent among the rank and file military and civil personnel, there is also a deliberate tendency among some decision makers towards a restriction of the functions of English in official circles. This is made indirectly effective by sidelining and restricting English-speaking personnel in official domains, and directly by a preferring and promoting a frenchification of the administrative system and bureaucratic procedures in public service domains.
Prepared for the European Conference of Ministers of Transport In 1995, the average American spent 56 minutes a day in a car, a 14 percent increase from only five years earlier. The average American household drove over 33,000 kilometers per year, and the average American car was driven over 19,000 kilometers per year. The growth in total vehicle-kilometers-traveled in the U.S. has continued unabated for decades, far exceeding the growth in population. The U.S. is clearly the most auto-dependent society on earth, but other parts of the world are catching up. By 2000, there were more cars per person in Germany than in the U.S., and nearly as many in Sweden, France, and Canada. The average vehicle in the United Kingdom was driven over 17,000 kilometers per year, just 11 percent behind the average in the U.S. Automobile dependence is growing throughout the world. Growth in automobile travel has been well supported by public investments in roads. Total capital outlays for roads in the U.S. by all levels of government have totaled between $30 billion and $50 billion per year (in constant 2000 dollars) for decades and have approached $60 billion per year in recent years. By 2000, the U.S. had over 3.9 million miles of roads, including over 21,000 miles of freeways in urban areas, and the annual cost of maintaining this system had reached nearly $30 billion per year. From the beginning, the mission of the U.S. Department of Transportation has been to accommodate the growing demand for vehicle travel. Today, the department has established "mobility" as one of its strategic goals and uses trends in vehicle travel as an indicator of progress towards this goal. In its 2001 "Report to the American People," the Federal Highway Administration said, "we must continue to invest in America's highways in order to achieve our national goals". But the investments in roads have not kept up with the growth in vehicle travel. Between 1941 and 2000, total kilometers of roads in the U.S. increased by 145% but vehicle-kilometers-traveled increased by 724%. The gap is significant even when accounting for population growth: kilometers of roads per person increased by 16% while vehicle-kilometers-traveled per person increased by 290% between 1941 and 2000. As demand has outpaced supply, levels of congestion have increased. The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) calculates that in the 68 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. the average annual hours of delay per person grew from 11 in 1982 to 36 in 1999, an increase of 227%. The estimated cost of this delay reached $77.8 billion in 1999. How much more road building would it take to eliminate this delay? TTI estimates that metropolitan areas added only 48% of the roads they needed to keep up with the growth in vehicle travel in 1999. At the same time, the environmental consequences of this steady growth in automobile use are well known. Although air quality is better now in places like Los Angeles than it has been in decades, the problem is far from solved. In the U.S., emissions of volatile organic compounds from transportation have been decreasing steadily for the last three decades, but emissions of nitrogen oxides have been going up, and 36 areas that are home to a total of 85 million people still fail to officially meet the national standards for ozone. The transportation sector dumped 513 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere in 2000, a 3.43% increase from the year before. In 1999, the U.S. consumed 19.5 million barrels of oil per day, 26.5% of the world's consumption; 68% of oil consumption in the U.S. was for transportation, and consumption of oil in the U.S. for transportation alone exceeded total production of oil in the U.S. by 50%. These statistics and others seem to provide ample justification for policies to reduce automobile use. That leads to something of a dilemma for policy makers. Should policies focus on accommodating growing levels of vehicle travel because driving more is apparently what the public wants to do? Or should policies focus on limiting driving so as to reduce environmental and other costs? The former strategy has so far been more politically palatable, at least in the U.S., but it is also becoming increasingly unaffordable. The latter strategy means reversing a trend that has slowed only for wars and recessions and goes against American traditions of freedom of movement. So what's the right thing to do? One obvious approach is to push for further improvements in vehicle and fuel technologies that will reduce the environmental impacts of driving without in anyway limiting driving. But that leaves the problem that driving is growing faster than capacity possibly can. It also leaves the problem that a significant share of the population cannot drive or does not have access to a car, for reasons of income, age, or ability. An alternative approach that is gaining wide support in the U.S. is to reduce the need for driving by bringing activities closer to home, by improving the quality of transit, bicycling, and walking – by enhancing accessibility. Such an approach represents a fundamental shift from a traditional focus on enhancing mobility through road building. This report looks at what it means to focus on enhancing accessibility rather than enhancing mobility, first by defining these concepts then by reviewing the U.S. experience with mobility-enhancing strategies, accessibility-enhancing strategies, and others.
This study seeks to understand the mechanisms of evolution of different types of agriculture in a pioneer frontier. Its main aim is to verify the chances for the stabilisation of family agriculture. Rich in mineral and forestry products, Marabá region is located at the interface of the economical and industrial centre of Brazilian Centre-South, the work force basin of the Northeast and the dense forests of the interior where some Indian groups find refuge. The historical analysis enables the comprehension of the region colonisation process before the arrival of the roads and, after that, to come across the national context, the social groups in place and their respective advantages along the entire frontier. The reconstruction of changes in the social and geographical landscape over a a 30 000-km2 zone, since road building in the seventies until the recent year is made. Three levels of analysis are highlighted: the regional, the local and the farm, taking into account their own dynamics and articulation with their respective environments. Appropriated lands increase their value in different ways over space and time; the innumerable conditions and states of farms, localities and region form together a rich mosaic that offers a large range of alternatives to both poorer well as better off families. During the first 25 years, the political environment, equally at the regional and national level did not allow the family agriculture to face the traditional ranch holdings and capitalist sectors. Despite the general improvement in the standards of living of the families, only a few well establish farms can survive. At the same time, numerous underused properties of the capitalist sector pass to the control of the family sector; the recent government support to the family agriculture of the last few years in a new regional context offers a framework more propitious to the stabilisation of the peasantry. ; Cette étude vise à comprendre les mécanismes d'évolution des agricultures sur un front pionnier afin notamment d'y apprécier les chances de pérennisation de l'agriculture familiale. Riche en produits de la forêt et en minerais, la région de Marabá est située à une position de contact entre les pôles économiques du Centre-Sud brésilien, le bassin de main-d'œuvre du Nord-Est et les denses forêts de l'intérieur où se sont réfugiés certains peuples amérindiens.L'histoire nous permet de connaître la colonisation de la région avant la construction des routes, puis de resituer, tout au long du front pionnier, contexte national, groupes sociaux en présence et avantages respectifs. Sur une zone de 30 000 km2 on reconstitue la transformation de l'espace depuis la construction des routes (1970) jusqu'aux années récentes. Trois niveaux d'organisation sont privilégiés, le régional, le local et l'exploitation agricole, en prenant en compte pour chacun d'eux dynamiques et articulations avec leurs environnements respectifs. La terre appropriée se valorise de façon différenciée dans l'espace et dans le temps ; les innombrables situations et états des exploitations, des localités, et de la région forment ensemble une riche mosaïque offrant une gamme étendue d'alternatives aux plus démunis comme aux mieux pourvus. Durant les 25 premières années, l'environnement politique tant régional que national ne permet pas à l'agriculture familiale de tenir tête aux secteurs patronal et capitaliste. Malgré une amélioration générale du niveau de vie des familles, seules quelques exploitations bien dotées se maintiennent. Dans le même temps, de nombreuses terres sous-exploitées du secteur capitaliste passent sous le contrôle du secteur familial ; l'appui récent de l'État fédéral à l'agriculture familiale de ces dernières années dans un contexte régional autre offre un cadre plus favorable à la pérennisation de la paysannerie. ; Este estudo busca compreender os mecanismos de evolução das agriculturas em uma frente pioneira buscando principalmente verificar as chances de perenização da agricultura familiar. Rica em produtos minerais e florestais, a região de Marabá está situada numa posição de contato entre os pólos econômicos do centro-sul brasileiro, a bacia de mão de obra do nordeste e as densas florestas do interior onde se encontram refugiados alguns grupos indígenas. A história nos permite conhecer a colonização da região antes da construção de estradas e então ressituar, ao longo da frente pioneira, o contexto nacional, grupos socias presentes e respectivas vantagens. Sobre uma zona de 30 000 km2 é reconstituída a transformação do espaço desde a construção das estradas (1970) até os anos recentes. Três níveis de organização são privilegiados : o regional, o local e o estabelecimento agrícola, levando-se em consideração para cada um deles dinâmicas e articulações com seus meio-envolventes respectivos. A terra apropriada se valoriza de maneira diferenciada no espaço e no tempo ; as incontáveis situações e estados dos estabelecimentos, das localidades, e da região, formam em conjunto um rico mosaico que oferece uma larga gama de alternativas tanto aos mais desprovidos quanto àqueles em melhores condições. Durante os 25 primeiros anos, o ambiente político tanto regional quanto nacional não permite à agricultura familiar de fazer face aos setores patronal e capitalista. Apesar de uma melhoria geral do nível de vida das famílias, apenas alguns estabelecimentos bem dotados se mantêm. Ao mesmo tempo, numerosas propriedades sub-exploradas do setor capitalista passam para o controle do setor familiar ; o apoio recente do governo federal à agricultura familiar nestes últimos anos em contexto regional diferente oferece um quadro mais favorável à perenização do campesinato.
In: The economic history review, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 154-214
ISSN: 1468-0289
Books reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINJ. M. Holden. The History of Negotiable Instruments in English Law.W. G. Hoskins. The Midland Peasant: The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village.H. R. Schubert. History of the British Iron and Steel Industry from c. 450 B.C. to A.D. 1775.N. J. M. Kerling. Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the late Thirteenth Century to the close of the Middle Ages.G. R. Elton. England Under the Tudors.Joan Thirsk. English Peasant Farming. The Agrarian History of Lincolnshire from Tudor to Recent Times.M. W. Beresford. History on the Ground.G. D. Ramsay. English Foreign Trade During the Centuries of Emergence.L. Stone. An Elizabethan: Sir Horatio Palavicino.M. E. Finch. The Wealth of Five Northamptonshire Families 1540–1640.StephenB. Baxter. The Development of the Treasury 1660–1702.K. G. Davies. The Royal African Company.Hudson's Bay Copy Booke of Letters Commissions Instructions Outward 1688–1696. Edited by E. E. Rich, assisted by Miss A. M. Johnson, with an introduction by K. G. Davies.Joseph Stassert. Malthus et la Population.L. Radzinowicz. A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750.Leslie Jones. Shipbuilding in Britain, Mainly Between the two World Wars.A History of the County of Oxford. Ed. Mary D. Lobel. Vol. V, Bullingdon Hundred.B. Wilkinson. Constitutional History of Medieval England 1216–1399, vol. III, The Development of the Constitution 1216–1399.J. Conway Davies (Ed.). Studies presented to Sir Hilary Jenkinson.Frank W. Jessup. A History of Kent.H. P. R. Finberg (Ed.). Gloucestershire Studies.E. W. W. Veale (Ed.). The Great Red Book of Bristol. Text (Part III).Calendar of Kent Feet of Fines to the end of Henry III's reign. Prepared by Irene J. Churchill, R. Griffin and F. W. Hardman, with an introduction by F. W. Tessup.H. J. Hewitt. The Black Prince's Expedition of 1355–1357.A. F. Cirket (Ed.). English Wills, 1408–1526; and Bette Stitt (Ed.). Diana Astry's Recipe Book, c. 1700.K. L. Wood‐Legh (Ed.). A Small Household of the XVth Century.W. G. Hoskins (Ed.). Exeter in the Seventeenth Century: Tax and Rate Assessments, 1602–1699.J. P. M. Fowle (Ed.). Wiltshire Quarter Sessions and Assizes, 1736.F. H. Maud. The Hockerill Highway: the story of the origin and growth of a stretch of the Norwich road.T. Balston. James Whatman, Father and Son.Kurt Samuelsson. Ekonomi och religion.Birgitta Odén. Rikets uppbörd och utgift. Statsfinanser och finansjorvaltning under senate 1500‐talet.Ingrid Hammarstrom. Finansförvaltning och varuhandel 1504–1540. Studier i de yngre Sturarnas och Gustav Vasas statshushdllning.Gunnar Fridlizius. Swedish Corn Export in the Free Trade Area. Patterns in the Oats Trade 1850–1880.H. van der Linden. De Cope, Bijdrage tot de Rechtsgesckiedenis van de openlegging der Hollands‐Utrecktse Laagvlakte.Christiane Pierard. Les douaires de Jeanne de Brabant en Hainaut.Lewis Hanke. The imperial city of Potosi. An unwritten chapter in the history of Spanish America.The short but excellent study by L. Hanke on Potosi, which has already become a classic in the Spanish edition (Sucre, 1954), has at last been published in English with all the desirable wealth of illustrations.Rudolf Rezsohazy. Histoire du Mouvement Mutualiste Chrétien en Belgique.J. A. P. G. Boot and A. Blonk. Van smiet‐ tot snelspoel. De opkomst van de Twents‐Gelderse textielindusirie in het begin van de negentiende eeuw.Gedenkboek 150 jaren Hollandsche Sociëteit van Levensverztkeringen, N.V., 1807–1957.E. A. B. J. Ten Brink. De Rotterdamsche Telegraafmaatschappij 1854–1884. Een episode uit de begintijd van de electrische telegrqfie in Nederland.Ger. H. Knap. Gekroonde Koopvaart. Reisresultaat van honderd jaar zeevaart door de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Stoombootmaatschappij, 1856–1956.Compagnie du Ckemin de Far du Bas–Congo au Katanga, 1906–1956.R. B. Harteveld and H. R. Wortman under the editorial supervision of Prof. H. J. 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Magazine article in Home Life magazine ; When Brooks and Marion Hays entered politics, they determined to stand by those principles learned in their Christian homes. It has proved to be a wise choice. have brought them, there's nothing "showy" about Congressman Hays and his wife, Marion. They live in a three-story row house two blocks from his office on Capitol Hill. It is tastefully decorated in period furniture, and on the walls are pictures painted by the Congressman himself. Incidentally, they also have an apartment permanently reserved at the Sam Peck Hotel, just across the street from his office in Little Rock's federal building. It's a necessity for a family that must divide the year between two cities. Marion, petite and gracious, is her husband's loyal supporter and sympathetic counselor. She attends few social events, and like most housewives enjoys an occasional shopping trip. Much of her time outside the house is spent at Calvary Baptist Church where she teaches a Sunday school class. Brooks usually brings a brief case of work home with him at dark and never seems satisfied that he is getting all his work done. He likes to tell jokes (the Washington Evening Star says he's the best storyteller in Congress since Chauncey Depew) and draw pencil caricatures of his colleagues. Too busy for many social engagements, he finds time-or makes it-to teach a Washington Sunday school class or to serve as a lay preacher. Their Home Is Quieter The Hayses' Washington home is much quieter now that the children are grown. Betty and Steele have started families of their own. Betty is married to William E. Bell, a sanitation engineer in Cincinnati. When she came to Washington for two weeks last summer, Brooks acted just like all other grandfathers-making monkey faces and telling riddles to his grandchildren. One Saturday during her visit the Congressman passed a law just for his own household. He declared that Mother and Grandmother must stay home while he and the grandchildren went visiting. Away they went, eleven-year-old Keith on one hand, nine-year-old Caroline on the other. They spent the day at Washington zoo, a day complete with popcorn and ice cream and more than the usual time at the monkey cages. Steele Hays, Jr., named for his grand-father, is a Little Rock attorney. He and his pretty wife also have two children, Andrew Steele, four, and Melissa, two. These youngsters got their share of spoiling last fall after Congress adjourned and Grandpa and Grandma Hays were able to visit in Arkansas. Close ties linked parents and children when Betty and Steele were growing up. Brooks' now-famous bent for a peaceful solution to problems was first seen in family discipline cases. The children recall that it was Mother, not Dad, who usually administered punishment. A ready sense of humor, a trait shared by the entire family, has held the Hayses together through wars, depressions, and political defeats. "Of the many things said about Brooks since he was made president of the Convention," said Marion, "I believe the one that pleased him most was that he is a happy individual. We have always found life good, no matter what the condition of the family cupboard, and we have tried to rear our children in that philosophy. "I think we must have succeeded," she adds thoughtfully. "I have heard the children say, for instance, that they were not conscious of the depression as a depressing time at all. One evening, though, Betty saw a huge electric bill of something like $50. It was not our bill, but we had to pay it. Brooks was sponsoring some down-and-out acquaintance. He never could say no to a hard luck story. Betty was horrified. She went around turning out all the lights, and frantically insisted we sit in the dark till bedtime." Betty recently told an aunt: "I wish all married people could be as happy as my mother and daddy. They don't agree on everything and they have some personality differences, but instead of taking their differences seriously they have always laughed about them. Some of them have become our favorite family jokes." Father Taught Him How His father Steele Hays, a country schoolteacher in London, Arkansas, first impressed Brooks that there is a place for Christians in public service. The conviction grew as his father moved to Russellville to practice law, and Brooks watched the law at work in courts and government. At the same time the youngster heard the Bible read in his home and joined with the others in family prayers. Young Brooks Hays made his debut as an orator in the B.Y.P.U. at Russellville Baptist Church. "I was to speak on William Carey," he recalls. "I worked hard getting ready and carried some notes with me, just in case I forgot. But when I got up in front of those people, I forgot everything. I couldn't even read my notes." APRIL, 1958 9
Many production firms use intermediary trading firms to export indirectly. This paper uses Chinese export data at the transaction level to investigate the tax evasion motive through indirect trade. The paper provides strong evidence that, under Chinas partial export value-added tax rebate policy, production firms can effectively evade value-added taxes by underreporting their selling prices to domestic intermediary trading firms, especially when they sell differentiated products. Even for a moderate level of underreporting, the revenue loss is close to one billion U.S. dollars. The paper also finds that such underreporting behavior through domestic intermediaries may be associated with cross-border evasion through underreporting export values to foreign partners. In addition, the results indicate that the evasion motive is stronger for larger transactions.
The Horn of Africa, which is situated in the north-east Africa, comprises mainly Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea and Djibouti which cover region of the Somali peninsula. It is one of the area of the world belonging to the most affected by natural disasters, poverty, famine, conflicts and crime. Due to its geographical location on point of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean as well the close position to the Arabian peninsula it is the most geo-strategically important regions of the world in terms of military and economic significance. That is why the world powers were and are still interested in it.The main topic of this article is the fragile state - Somalia. It was selected here in terms of its geographical location, high level of instability, civil war, famine and piracy problem or terrorist groups activities as an example of difficult political situation of the Horn of Africa and the attempts of the main economic competitors in Africa - The European Union, China and The United States of America - in order to achieve stabilization in the region.The prime aim of this analysis based on the source materials, subject reading matters and media news, is the presentation the most essential current activities of the above international actors that lead them to rise in the level of security in Somalia and neighbouring sea, straits, ocean and strengthening the Federal Government of Somalia and its security structure. The present condition of the Somali National Army and its future transformation are also presented in this work. Taking all above into consideration it was hard not to give attention to peacekeeping African Union Mission in Somalia AMISOM active since 2007 with approval of the United Nations Security Council. Despite the deep criticism of its activities by the nongovernmental organization Human Rights Watch, AMISOM has taken over most areas of central and south Somalia until now. What is more, the research points also the main legal framework that make possible foreign security aid in Somalia. In case of the EU - The Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign and Security Policy (2016) and the Strategy for the Horn of Africa (2011). In the case of the US - the New National Security Strategy announced by president Trump in December 2017. Additionally, the article is focused on the growing presence of China in the Horn of Africa what is highly visible in the creation of the first foreign military Chinese base opened in July2017 in the neighbouring to Somalia - Djibouti.As a result of the analysis of the current activities of AMISOM, pointed American or Chinese actions and the European External Action Service (EEAS) in Somalia: European Union Naval Force ATALANTA (EUNAVFOR ATALANTA Somalia), European Union Training Mission (EUTM Somalia) and European Union Capacity Building Mission (EUCAP Somalia) a few essential conclusions can be made:the regular trade competitors in the race for their impacts in modern Africa - EU, China, US - are able to cooperate in taking care about either own and the Horn of Africa benefits if it is necessary,the level of security and democracy in Somalia has risen significantly in the last decade and a threat of piracy has fallen definitely in region of the Aden Gulf, The Red Sea and the Indian Ocean as an effect of activities of AMISOM, the Combined Task Forces, the EU peace missions and separate states. Nevertheless, the level of security which has been reached is really fragile and it may be disturbed easily when international security aid services will be over,the foreign peace missions active nowadays will be continued but with the tendency to their limitation in the next few years,the tasks of the peacekeeping African Union Mission in Somalia AMISOM, that is step by step limited and it is planned to stop in 2020, will be taken over by the transformed Somali national Army and Police,it is highly impossible to become self-supporting and to reach full independence of the Somali security structure from foreign peacekeeping assistance just in 2 years so that Somalia itself can guarantee own security and take over the prior AMISOM tasks,the full security and saving the political and economic stability in Somalia in the future may be possible not only by temporary military and humanitarian aid but also by so called fundamental work. So both of them are necessary at this stage of development of Somalia;Key words: Somalia, the Horn of Africa, piracy, Al-Shabaab, international security, maritime security, peace missions, terrorism ; Znajdujący się w północno-wschodniej części kontynentu afrykańskiego Róg Afryki, obejmujący głównie położone na Półwyspie Somalijskim Etiopię, Somalię, Erytreę, Dżibuti, jest jednym z regionów w tej części świata należących do najbardziej dotkniętych naturalnymi katastrofami, ubóstwem, głodem oraz konfliktami i przestępczością. Region ten ze względu na swoje położenie geograficzne na styku Morza Czerwonego, Oceanu Indyjskiego i Zatoki Adeńskiej, jak również ze względu na bliskość Półwyspu Arabskiego stanowi strategicznie ważne miejsce pod względem gospodarczym jak i militarnym. Stąd znajdował się i znajduje wciąż w strefie zainteresowania światowych mocarstw. Tematem niniejszego artykułu jest państwo upadłe - Somalia, która ze względu na swoje położenie geograficzne, wysoki poziom niestabilności, wojnę domową, problem głodu i piractwa morskiego oraz aktywność grup terrorystycznych na jej terenie została wybrana jako przykład ilustrujący trudną sytuację polityczną Rogu Afryki i wysiłki konkurujących ze sobą o wpływy ekonomiczne w Afryce Unii Europejskiej, Chin i Stanów Zjednoczonych podejmowane w celu ustabilizowania sytuacji w regionie rogu Afryki.Celem niniejszego analizy opartej o dokumenty źródłowe, literaturę przedmiotu i doniesienia medialne jest zaprezentowanie najważniejszej bieżącej aktywności w/w międzynarodowych aktorów prowadzące do podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa w Somalii i otaczających ją wodach oraz wzmocnienia Federalnego Rządu Somalii i jego struktur bezpieczeństwa. Zaprezentowano również stan bieżący Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych Somalii oraz plany ich restrukturyzacji w najbliższych latach. Analizując w/w kwestie nie pominięto również zaangażowania Unii Afrykańskiej w postaci operacji pokojowej AMISOM prowadzonej w Somalii od 2007 roku posiadającej autoryzację Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ. Operacji, która choć w ostatnich latach krytykowana przez pozarządową organizację Human Rights Watch za łamanie praw człowieka przejęła kontrolę nad znaczną częścią środkowej i południowej części Somalii. W artykule wskazano również ramy prawne, w oparciu o które opisywana pomoc pokojowa może być udzielana. W przypadku UE - Globalną Strategię na Rzecz Polityki Zagranicznej i Bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej (2016) oraz Strategię dla Rogu Afryki (2011). W przypadku USA - Nową Strategię Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Stanów Zjednoczonych ogłoszoną przez prezydenta D. Trumpa w grudniu 2017r. Artykuł odnosi się również do rosnącej obecności Chin w tym rejonie Afryki wyraźnie widocznej przez otwarcie w lipcu 2017 roku pierwszej chińskiej zagranicznej bazy wojskowej w sąsiadującym z Somalią kraju - Dżibuti.Analiza bieżącej działalności AMISOM oraz aktywnych obecnie misji Europejskiej Służby Działań Zewnętrznych w Somalii: European Union Naval Force ATALANTA (EUNAVFOR ATALANTA Somalia), European Union Training Mission (EUTM Somalia) czy European Union Capacity Building Mission (EUCAP Somalia) doprowadziła do kilku istotnych wniosków:rywale handlowi zabiegający o wpływy w Afryce - UE, Chiny, USA - potrafią w razie potrzeby współpracować dla dobra swoich interesów i krajów Rogu Afryki, w tym Somalii,poziom bezpieczeństwa i demokracji w Somalii w ostatniej dekadzie znacznie wzrósł a zagrożenie piractwem zdecydowanie zmalało w rejonie Zatoki Adeńskiej, Morza Czerwonego i Oceanu Indyjskiego w efekcie działań podejmowanych przez AMISOM, międzynarodowe siły zadaniowe, misje pokojowe UE oraz pomoc poszczególnych państw. Osiągnięty poziom bezpieczeństwa jest jednak bardzo kruchy i po zakończeniu wspierających działań międzynarodowej społeczności może łatwo powrócić do stanu poprzedniego,w najbliższych kilku latach zagraniczne misje pokojowe działające od wielu lat w Somalii będą kontynuowane z tendencją do ich ograniczania,zadania misji pokojowej Unii Afrykańskiej AMISOM, która jest stopniowo ograniczana i formalnie planuje się jej zakończenie w 2020r., zostaną przejęte przez zreformowane Narodowe Siły Zbrojne Somalii,wątpliwym jest by w ciągu najbliższych 2 lat struktury bezpieczeństwa Somalijskiej Republiki Federalnej były w pełni samodzielne i mogły przejąć w pełni zadania AMISOM oraz zapewnić krajowi bezpieczeństwo,do osiągnięcia pełnego bezpieczeństwa oraz zachowania stabilizacji politycznej w Somalii potrzebna jest nie tylko doraźna pomoc wojskowa i humanitarna ale tzw. praca od podstaw;Słowa kluczowe: Somalia, Róg Afryki, piractwo, Al-Shabaab, bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, bezpieczeństwo morskie, operacje pokojowe, terroryzm; ; Розташований в північно-східній частині африканського континенту Африканський Ріг, який охоплює розміщені на Сомалійському півострові Ефіопію, Сомалі, Еритрею, Джибуті, є одним з регіонів в цій частині світу, який належить до найбільш постраждалих від стихійних лих, убогості, голоду, конфліктів і злочинності. Цей регіон через своє географічне розташування на стику Червоного моря, Індійського океану і Аденської затоки, а також через близькість до Аравійського півострова є стратегічно важливим місцем з економічної та військової точки зору. З огляду на це даний регіон знаходився і продовжує знаходитися в зоні уваги світових держав. Предметом дослідження даної статті є неспроможна держава – Сомалі, яка через своє географічне положення, високий рівень нестабільності, громадянську війну, проблеми голоду і морського піратства та діяльність терористичних груп на своїй території була обрана в якості прикладу, що ілюструє складну політичну ситуацію в районі Африканського Рогу і демонструє зусилля щодо економічних впливів в Африці конкуруючих між собою Європейського Союзу, Китаю та Сполучених Штатів, спрямованих на стабілізацію ситуації в даному регіоні.Метою даного аналізу, який ґрунтується на основі первинних джерел, спеціалізованої літератури і повідомлень засобів масової інформації, є представлення найбільш важливих аспектів діяльності провідних міжнародних гравців, спрямованих на підвищення рівня безпеки в Сомалі та навколишніх водах і зміцнення федерального уряду Сомалі та його безпекових структур. Представлено також сучасний стан національних збройних сил Сомалі та плани їх реструктуризації на найближчі роки. Аналізуючи названі вище проблеми, не залишено без уваги участь Африканського Союзу у формі миротворчої операції AMISOM, яка проводиться з 2007 року відповідно до рішення Ради Безпеки ООН. Операції, яка в останні роки зазнала критики з боку неурядової організації Human Rights Watch через порушення прав людини, дала змогу взяти під контроль більшу частину центральної та південної частини Сомалі. У статті також вказується правова база, на підставі якої може бути надана описана допомога по встановленні миру. З боку ЄС це Глобальна стратегія зовнішньої політики і політики безпеки Європейського Союзу (2016) та Стратегія Африканського Рогу (2011). З боку США – Стратегія нової національної безпеки Сполучених Штатів, оголошена президентом Д. Трампом у грудні 2017 року. У статті також йдеться про зростаючу присутність Китаю в цьому регіоні Африки, що чітко видно через розміщення в липні 2017 року першої іноземної військової бази Китаю в сусідній з Сомалі країні – Джібуті.Аналіз поточної діяльності AMISOM та місій Європейської служби зовнішньої діяльності в Сомалі: European Union Naval Force ATALANTA (EUNAVFOR ATALANTA Somalia), European Union Training Mission (EUTM Somalia) та European Union Capacity Building Mission (EUCAP Somalia) дав змогу зробити такі важливі висновки:• конкуренти, які прагнуть впливати на торгівлю в Африці – ЄС, Китай, Сполучені Штати Америки за необхідності можуть працювати разом на благо своїх інтересів і країн Африканського Рогу, включаючи Сомалі;• рівень безпеки і демократії в Сомалі за останнє десятиліття суттєво зріс, а загрози піратства в Аденській затоці, Червоному морі та Індійському океані значно зменшилися в результаті заходів, вжитих AMISOM, міжнародної цільової групи, миротворчих місій ЄС і допомоги окремих країн. Однак досягнутий рівень безпеки є дуже крихким і після завершення підтримуючої діяльності міжнародного співтовариства ситуація може легко повернутися до попереднього стану;• іноземні миротворчі місії, що діяли протягом багатьох років в Сомалі, будуть продовжені протягом наступних декількох років з тенденцію до їх обмеження;• завдання миротворчої місії Африканського Союзу АМІСОМ, яка поступово згортається і має бути офіційно завершена в 2020 році, будуть перейняті реформованими Національними збройними силами Сомалі;• викликає сумніви те, що в найближчі два роки безпекові структури Федеративної Республіки Сомалі стануть повністю незалежними і будуть здатними взяти на себе повністю завдання АМІСОМ і забезпечити країні безпеку;• для досягнення повної безпеки та збереження політичної стабільності в Сомалі необхідна не тільки екстрена військова та гуманітарна допомога, але так звана робота з початків.Ключові слова: Сомалі, Африканський Ріг, піратство, Аль-Шабааб, міжнародна безпека, безпека на морі, миротворчі операції, тероризм.
Author's introductionIndigenous peoples are racialized, but this is not the only defining element of their identity. The sociological study of indigenous peoples informs political sociology, as indigenous peoples are a type of non‐state actor with a distinct perspective on the state and international governing organizations. The colonial power structure forced indigenous peoples to the margins of their homes and territories, which then changed rapidly around them without consideration of their voices. Today, indigenous peoples are recapturing the space to speak and they are challenging the societies that nearly overtook them and their lifeways.Author recommendsS. James Anaya 1996. Indigenous Peoples in International Law. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.This book examines the historical and contemporary issues regarding indigenous peoples and international law. Key topics include human rights, self‐determination, and negotiations with states and international institutions. The appendix includes the text of selected international doctrine related to indigenous rights. Anaya now serves as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous peoples.Roxanne Dunbar‐Oritz 2006. 'The First Decade of Indigenous Peoples at the United Nations.'Peace and Change 31: 58–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0130.2006.00342.xThis explores the role of indigenous peoples at the United Nations from 1974 to 1984. During this decade, the United Nations commissioned a study of the status of the world's indigenous peoples, a Conference on Indigenous Peoples of the Americas was held in Geneva, and the drafting of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (approved by the General Assembly in 2007) began.Alexander Ewen 1994. Voice of Indigenous People. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light Publishers.A publication including speeches by indigenous leaders to open the International Year of the World's Indigenous People at the United Nations on Human Rights Day in 1993. These speeches were given to a nearly empty General Assembly chambers.Ronald Niezen 2003. The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Indigenous forms of resistance are distinguished from ethnic groups due to their political status. Niezen explores the emergence of the concept of indigenism, the international movement of indigenous peoples. The book examines the international response to indigenous peoples' assertions of sovereignty, diversity and commonalities across indigenous peoples, how assertions of self‐determination influence indigenous‐state and indigenous‐international governing organization relations, and the political implications of indigenous peoples' assertions of self‐determination. A brief concluding chapter names the key projects of indigenism: affirming local claims of difference, using the language and symbols of states in claims of self‐determination, and embracing the universal concept of human rights to protect and develop identity.Y. N. Kly and D. Kly 2001. In Pursuit of the Right to Self‐Determination: Collected Papers and Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Right to Self‐Determination and the United Nations. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press.This book is a collection of conference papers from the First International Conference on the Right to Self‐Determination and the United Nations. It includes explorations of self‐determination in many political contexts: internal autonomy, secession, assimilation, restorative justice, nomadic, and international law. It also includes papers on interventions in a diverse array of cases. Conference resolutions and the titles and web addresses of pertinent documents are included.Franke Wilmer 1993. The Indigenous Voice in World Politics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Writing from a world‐systems theory perspective, Wilmer explores indigenous perspectives on development, colonization, and civilization. She contrasts this with the priorities of indigenous peoples, particularly self‐determination, and concludes with a consideration of indigenous voices in world politics. The book also includes many resources in its appendices, including a chronology of events related to indigenous activism, a list of international documents pertaining to indigenous peoples, and the organizations participating in the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations meetings.Online materialsUN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/ This is the official website of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. It includes links to all of the forums held, along with the extensive documentation produced by each series of meetings. News headlines are posted regarding indigenous issues within the UN system, and the organization's newsletter The Message Stick, is available here. Films and webcasts can be viewed, which document indigenous participation in the UNPFII.International World Group for Indigenous Affairs http://www.iwgia.org This organization publishes extensive reports on the status of indigenous peoples globally. There are annual reports and topical reports, as well, exploring political, social, and economic issues. The page also features a news blog which offers updates on indigenous issues, particularly political issues.The Indian Law Resource Center http://www.indianlaw.org The Indian Law Resource Center is a news blog about the latest legal issues on indigenous lands around the world. It features many resources available regarding key legal decisions and publications by the Resource Center on their work to gain justice for indigenous peoples, along with the annual report of their current work.International Indian Treaty Council http://www.treatycouncil.org One of the first organizations to work with the United Nations, the International Indian Treaty Council's website offers a host of documentation regarding indigenous peoples and the United Nations, including multiple drafts of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It also includes documentation on the many cases examined and fought by the International Indian Treaty Council. This website is an extensive reference for global indigenous claims. It also offers content in Spanish.Sample syllabusStudies of indigenous peoples and politics might contribute to units on justice or the state. This segment might also fit in a course on racial or ethnic diversity. I explore self‐determination in greater detail as it is a key issue to many indigenous peoples and it encompasses everything from the right to territory to linguistic rights to rights to traditional medicine, and more. This segment might also fit into more advanced courses analyzing rights or inequality. I do not recommend readings for the Examining Self‐Determination section as the readings will vary depending on your focus (topic or geography).Topics for lecture or DiscussionWeek I: Introduction and OverviewDefinitions, Problems, and Issues: who are indigenous peoples? What is their role in national and international politics?Reading:Keri Iyall Smith, 'A Review of the study of the Political Status of Indigenous Peoples in the Global Context', Sociology Compass 1/7 (2007), pp. 756–774.Week II–IV: Examining Self‐DeterminationExplore case studies of self‐determination at the local and global level. Exemplars might include: Native Hawaiians (Kanaka Maoli), Zapatistas, Inuit of Canada and the formation of the Nunavut Territories, and the role of indigenous peoples in the United Nations.Films and videosHomeland: four portraits of native actionThis film looks at the protection of American Indian homelands as a human rights issue and explores four different movements in Native America to protect the environment and indigenous lands: Penobscot, Gwich'in, Northern Cheyenne, and the Dine/Navajo people. The Penobscots are struggling with the state of Maine to sanction a polluting paper mill, the Gwich'in fight drilling in ANWR, the Northern Cheyenne are seeking to stop methane gas wells, and the Dine/Navajo are fighting to stop uranium mining.Peyote roadThis film explores the use of peyote by the Native American Church and the American perspective on the use of peyote. It follows the case of the landmark decision, Employment Devision v. Smith, along with the legislative change that followed this decision. The film also offers a look into the Native American Church with depictions of the role of peyote in ceremonial life.In the light of reverenceThis film explores sacred sites and the conflicts that American Indians face when trying to gain access to these sites to practice their religious beliefs. The film explores four different cases, including the Wintu seeking to gain access to Mt. Shasta and fighting the New Age believers who desecrate ceremonial lands, the Hopi dispute with private land‐owners over a peak in the Four Corners region, and Lakota Sioux seeking to gain access to Mato Tipila/Devil's Tower.Adoption of the U.N. declaration on the rights of indigenous peoplesThis is a brief film that documents the occasion of the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azVhsiLNDZkFocus Questions
What are political challenges to indigenous peoples – locally and globally? What might be political opportunities for indigenous peoples – locally and globally? What strategies will allow indigenous peoples to attain their claims? Who are the indigenous peoples in your area? What are their claims? How has your community responded?
Project idea1. Socratic Dialogs. I use this technique to discuss complex problems from many perspectives. During the Socratic Dialog, the students do all of the talking, with minimal intervention on the part of the professor to referee the conversation as needed.During the term, we will often debate topics in Socratic Dialogs. In Socratic Dialogs, the class will respond to a well‐formulated question that requires personal responses from participants. The responses to the question will lead to a broader discussion, allowing the class to arrive at a consensus. You will be graded on your participation in Socratic Dialogs, both as Respondents and Questioners. Active participation will be rewarded! Respondents: Respondents will work in pairs to respond to a general question posed by the professor. They must also study the text closely and research the issue at hand in order to be prepared for follow up questions from the professor and classmates. Respondents will be assigned a question one week in advance to allow them to prepare. Each student will act as a Respondent twice during the semester. Questioners: When you are not a respondent, your role is to contribute to the conversation actively by asking questions, offering additional responses to questions, etc ... Use your own experiences to guide you in offering responses or asking questions.Some sample Socratic Dialog Questions include:Are tribal courts − in their contemporary or historical forms – an exercise of tribal sovereignty?Are Native Americans sovereign, even as domestic dependent nations?Is tradition a relevant source of legal doctrine for tribal law in contemporary times?How can sacred sites be preserved and sacred practices remain legal, given that American Indians exist within a foreign culture and state?Land has been called an engine of sovereignty. How can land – scarred by colonial history – also be an engine of justice for American Indians?2. Take Home Exam QuestionsIn my classes on indigenous issues I have used take‐home exams in the past. I find this to be a good way to keep the students thinking about issues as they are working, which is always my goal when writing examinations. These exams are designed to help students think creatively and critically about course readings, using them in a way that is different than what we did in class. These two questions focus on American Indian tribes and the American legal system, and the conflicts between these two political bodies. A. Why do we have a course that examines the clash between American Indian and American criminal justice systems? Provide at least three reasons. Use citations to support your claims and examples to illustrate your points. Be sure that you always explain why or how – do not assume that I know what you mean.B. As we learned at the beginning of class, legal structures are very important tools for communities, allowing them to express and protect their values. How does the clash of cultures continue to threaten sovereignty and simultaneously empower the authority of the American federal government? What can tribes do to escape the 'clash' with their sovereignty intact?
Pakistan is vulnerable to a number of adverse natural events and has experienced a wide range of disasters over the past 40 years, including floods, earthquakes, droughts, cyclones, and tsunamis. The World Bank is supporting the Government of Pakistan (GoP) in building capacity in the area of disaster risk management (DRM) in order to build resilience from both humanitarian and fiscal shocks associated with natural disasters. The World Bank is providing technical assistance to the GoP for the development of a national disaster risk financing strategy. This non-lending technical assistance aims to: (i) assess the fiscal exposure of the GoP to natural disasters; (ii) present options for the development of a national strategy to improve financial response capacity for natural disasters; and (iii) promote property catastrophe risk insurance for both public and private dwellings. Disaster risk financing and insurance (DRFI) is one of the five pillars in the proactive and strategic framework for DRM promoted by the World Bank. The World Bank has been promoting a proactive and strategic framework for DRM based on five pillars: (i) risk identification; (ii) risk reduction; (iii) preparedness; (iv) financial protection; and (v) resilient recovery. Chapter one is introduction. Chapter two presents an overview of the budget processes for the financing of natural disaster losses during each of the three post-disaster phases. Chapter three provides a preliminary financial disaster risk assessment for Pakistan, focusing particularly on the fiscal impact of natural disasters. Chapter four presents an overview of the private catastrophe insurance market; and chapter five reviews the options for future financing of natural disaster recovery and reconstruction expenditures.
J.M.O. acknowledges financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/131700/2017. The work leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2021 ERC grant Agreement nffi 669416 "Lucky Star". We thank S. Para who supported some travels to observe the 5 October 2017 occultation. T.B. was supported for this research by an appointment to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post-Doctoral Program at the Ames Research Center administered by Universities Space Research Association (USRA) through a contract with NASA. We acknowledge useful exchanges with Mark Gurwell on the ALMA CO observations. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium).Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. J.L.O., P.S.-S., N.M. and R.D. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), they also acknowledge the financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-2017-84637-R and the Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucia J.A. 2012-FQM1776. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no. 687378, as part of the project "Small Bodies Near and Far" (SBNAF). P.S.-S. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 "LEO-SBNAF". The work was partially based on observations made at the Laboratorio Nacional de Astrofisica (LNA), Itajuba-MG, Brazil. The following authors acknowledge the respective CNPq grants: F.B.-R. 309578/2017-5; R.V.-M. 304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8; J.I.B.C. 308150/2016-3 and 305917/2019-6; M.A. 427700/20183, 310683/2017-3, 473002/2013-2. This study was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001 and the National Institute of Science and Technology of the e-Universe project (INCT do e-Universo, CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). G.B.R. acknowledges CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016 and CAPES-PRINT/UNESP grant 88887.571156/2020-00, M.A. FAPERJ grant E26/111.488/2013 and A.R.G.Jr. FAPESP grant 2018/11239-8. B.E.M. thanks CNPq 150612/2020-6 and CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05 grants. Part of the photometric data used in this study were collected in the frame of the photometric observations with the robotic and remotely controlled telescope at the University of Athens Observatory (UOAO; Gazeas 2016). The 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope is operated on Helmos Observatory by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. Observations with the 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope were carried out under OPTICON programme. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730890. This material reflects only the authors views and the Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The 1. 2m Kryoneri telescope is operated by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. The Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA) is managed by the Fondazione Clement Fillietroz-ONLUS, which is supported by the Regional Government of the Aosta Valley, the Town Municipality of Nus and the "Unite des Communes valdotaines Mont-Emilius". The 0.81 m Main Telescope at the OAVdA was upgraded thanks to a Shoemaker NEO Grant 2013 from The Planetary Society. D.C. and J.M.C. acknowledge funds from a 2017 'Research and Education' grant from Fondazione CRT-Cassa di Risparmio di Torino. P.M. acknowledges support from the Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia ref. PTDC/FISAST/29942/2017 through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE 2020 (ref. POCI010145 FEDER007672). F.J. acknowledges Jean Luc Plouvier for his help. S.J.F. and C.A. would like to thank the UCL student support observers: Helen Dai, Elise Darragh-Ford, Ross Dobson, Max Hipperson, Edward Kerr-Dineen, Isaac Langley, Emese Meder, Roman Gerasimov, Javier Sanjuan, and Manasvee Saraf. We are grateful to the CAHA, OSN and La Hita Observatory staffs. This research is partially based on observations collected at Centro Astronomico HispanoAleman (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucia and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IAA-CSIC). This research was also partially based on observation carried out at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada (OSN) operated by Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC). This article is also based on observations made with the Liverpool Telescope operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Partially based on observations made with the Tx40 and Excalibur telescopes at the Observatorio Astrofisico de Javalambre in Teruel, a Spanish Infraestructura Cientifico-Tecnica Singular (ICTS) owned, managed and operated by the Centro de Estudios de Fisica del Cosmos de Aragon (CEFCA). Tx40 and Excalibur are funded with the Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel (FITE). A.R.R. would like to thank Gustavo Roman for the mechanical adaptation of the camera to the telescope to allow for the observation to be recorded. R.H., J.F.R., S.P.H. and A.S.L. have been supported by the Spanish projects AYA2015-65041P and PID2019-109467GB-100 (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19. Our great thanks to Omar Hila and their collaborators in Atlas Golf Marrakech Observatory for providing access to the T60cm telescope. TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant PDR T.0120.21. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, and performed in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh. E.J. is a FNRS Senior Research Associate. ; Context. A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. Aims. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of the lower atmosphere from central flash analysis. Methods. We used Abel inversions and direct ray-tracing code to provide the density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the altitude range similar to 8 km to similar to 190 km, corresponding to pressure levels from 9 mu bar down to a few nanobars. Results. (i) A pressure of 1.18 +/- 0.03 mu bar is found at a reference radius of 1400 km (47 km altitude). (ii) A new analysis of the Voyager 2 radio science occultation shows that this is consistent with an extrapolation of pressure down to the surface pressure obtained in 1989. (iii) A survey of occultations obtained between 1989 and 2017 suggests that an enhancement in surface pressure as reported during the 1990s might be real, but debatable, due to very few high S/N light curves and data accessible for reanalysis. The volatile transport model analysed supports a moderate increase in surface pressure, with a maximum value around 2005-2015 no higher than 23 mu bar. The pressures observed in 1995-1997 and 2017 appear mutually inconsistent with the volatile transport model presented here. (iv) The central flash structure does not show evidence of an atmospheric distortion. We find an upper limit of 0.0011 for the apparent oblateness of the atmosphere near the 8 km altitude. ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology SFRH/BD/131700/2017 ; European Social Fund (ESF) SFRH/BD/131700/2017 ; European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2021 ERC grant 669416 ; Spanish Government SEV-2017-0709 AYA-2017-84637-R AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 ; Junta de Andalucia 2012-FQM1776 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, as part of the project "Small Bodies Near and Far" (SBNAF) 687378 ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) ; Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) 309578/2017-5 304544/2017-5 401903/2016-8 308150/2016-3 305917/2019-6 427700/2018-3 310683/2017-3 473002/2013-2 ; Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) 001 ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) 465376/2014-2 CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016 CAPES-PRINT/UNESP grant 88887.571156/2020-00 ; Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) E26/111.488/2013 ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2018/11239-8 ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) 150612/2020-6 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme 730890 ; Regional Government of the Aosta Valley ; Town Municipality of Nus ; Unite des Communes valdotaines Mont-Emilius ; Planetary Society ; Fondazione CRT-Cassa di Risparmio di Torino ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology PTDC/FISAST/29942/2017 ; FEDER through COMPETE 2020 POCI010145 FEDER007672 ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel (FITE) ; Spanish Government AYA2015-65041P PID2019-109467GB-100 ; Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19 ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS PDR T.0120.21 ; University of Liege ; CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05
Amid heightened global uncertainties, Russia is experiencing a bumpy recovery. Domestic demand is rising, but unemployment remains high, and credit and investment remain limited. The budget has benefited from higher oil prices, but fiscal consolidation remains important in the medium term. Crumbling infrastructure, especially in transport, could hamper the economy's competitiveness and longer-term growth prospects. The debt crisis in Western Europe sharpens the downside risks to global recovery and oil prices. But the effects on Russia are likely to be blunted by its stronger fiscal and debt positions and by limited trade and financial links with the affected countries. Russia is likely to grow by 4.5 percent in 2010, followed by 4.8 percent in 2011, as domestic demand expands in line with gradual improvements in the labor and credit markets. Employment is expected to improve gradually, however, enabling some further reductions in poverty.
South Asia emerged as the fastest growing region in the world in 2015, posting GDP growth of 7 percent. Weak oil and commodity prices, slowing capital flows and shrinking global trade contributed towards a deceleration of growth in most of the world's economies. South Asia - as a net importer of oil - was an anomaly, growing significantly on the back of higher private consumption and public investment. Higher remittances and reserve buffers throughout the region offset the fall in exports caused by the drop in global demand. The region is set to maintain real GDP growth above 7 percent over the next few years. However, the tailwinds are now fading - capital flows have declined and remittances are starting to feel the reality of low oil prices. Pakistan, while not growing as quickly as its neighbors, has continued its steady growth recovery in H1FY16. Strong growth in consumption, rising foreign exchange reserves, fast-growing workers' remittances and a lower import bill compensated for a significant fall in exports. Low oil prices generated a significant boost, driving a 9.1 percent fall in the import bill and reducing inflation significantly, in turn creating scope to reduce the policy rate. Private sector consumption, propelled by higher remittances and a loosened monetary policy, is expected to account for over half of FY16 GDP growth.
"Among postwar political leaders, West German Chancellor Willy Brandt played one of the most significant roles in reconciling Germans with other Europeans and in creating the international framework that enabled peaceful reunification in 1990. Based on extensive archival research, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of Brandt's Ostpolitik from its inception until the end of the Cold War through the lens of reconciliation. Here, Benedikt Schoenborn gives us a Brandt who passionately insisted on the interdependence of German history, a gradual reduction of Cold War hostility and a lasting European peace, while remaining strategically and intellectually adaptable in a way that exemplified the 'imaginativeness of history'"--
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