Suchergebnisse

This essay presents some of the most relevant results of a research carried out about women who occupied decision making positions in the public administration of Bogota between 1992 and 2004. In this study the composition by sex of the government teams and second level positions was established. Even though the socio-demographic, educational and labor profiles of 567 women were reconstructed (including the consultants) and the global public agendas were examined, here we are going to center around the women who have directed the most important entities of the Capital District and that along with the mayors have leaded the city's transformation. The following were the objectives which guided this work: to analyze the composition by sex at first and second decision making levels, to explain the high female presence in government cabinets, to find out if women and genre matters were present in public agendas, to establish if there was an all female "critical mass" in favor of their own interests and to account for the influence of international cooperation in the development of women and genre policies. With such purpose, an ample revision of political documents, appointment acts and curriculum vitas was carried out. 31 women were interviewed, 27 of whom worked in first level management positions in the above referred period and under two of the five mayors. ; Este ensayo presenta algunos de los resultados más relevantes de una investigación realizada sobre las mujeres que ocuparon los cargos de mayor decisión en la administración pública en Bogotá entre 1992 y 2004. En el estudio se estableció la composición por sexo de los equipos de gobierno y de los cargos de segundo nivel. Aunque se reconstruyeron los perfiles socio - demográficos, educativos y laborales de 567 mujeres (incluidas las asesoras) y se examinaron las agendas públicas globales, aquí nos hemos centrado en las mujeres que dirigieron las entidades más importantes del Distrito Capital y que, junto con los alcaldes, lideraron la transformación de la ciudad. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: analizar la composición por sexo de los cargos de primer y segundo nivel decisorio, explicar la alta presencia femenina en los gabinetes de gobierno, indagar si los asuntos de mujer y género llegaron a las agendas públicas, establecer si se conformó una 'masa crítica' femenina en favor de sus intereses y dar cuenta de la influencia de la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de las políticas de mujer y género. Para tal efecto, se hizo una amplia revisión de documentos de política, actas de nombramiento y hojas de vida y se entrevistaron 31 mujeres, 27 de las cuales ocuparon cargos directivos de primer nivel en el período de referencia, y dos de los cinco alcaldes.

This essay presents some of the most relevant results of a research carried out about women who occupied decision making positions in the public administration of Bogota between 1992 and 2004. In this study the composition by sex of the government teams and second level positions was established. Even though the socio-demographic, educational and labor profiles of 567 women were reconstructed (including the consultants) and the global public agendas were examined, here we are going to center around the women who have directed the most important entities of the Capital District and that along with the mayors have leaded the city's transformation. The following were the objectives which guided this work: to analyze the composition by sex at first and second decision making levels, to explain the high female presence in government cabinets, to find out if women and genre matters were present in public agendas, to establish if there was an all female "critical mass" in favor of their own interests and to account for the influence of international cooperation in the development of women and genre policies. With such purpose, an ample revision of political documents, appointment acts and curriculum vitas was carried out. 31 women were interviewed, 27 of whom worked in first level management positions in the above referred period and under two of the five mayors. ; Este ensayo presenta algunos de los resultados más relevantes de una investigación realizada sobre las mujeres que ocuparon los cargos de mayor decisión en la administración pública en Bogotá entre 1992 y 2004. En el estudio se estableció la composición por sexo de los equipos de gobierno y de los cargos de segundo nivel. Aunque se reconstruyeron los perfiles socio - demográficos, educativos y laborales de 567 mujeres (incluidas las asesoras) y se examinaron las agendas públicas globales, aquí nos hemos centrado en las mujeres que dirigieron las entidades más importantes del Distrito Capital y que, junto con los alcaldes, lideraron la transformación de la ciudad. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: analizar la composición por sexo de los cargos de primer y segundo nivel decisorio, explicar la alta presencia femenina en los gabinetes de gobierno, indagar si los asuntos de mujer y género llegaron a las agendas públicas, establecer si se conformó una 'masa crítica' femenina en favor de sus intereses y dar cuenta de la influencia de la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de las políticas de mujer y género. Para tal efecto, se hizo una amplia revisión de documentos de política, actas de nombramiento y hojas de vida y se entrevistaron 31 mujeres, 27 de las cuales ocuparon cargos directivos de primer nivel en el período de referencia, y dos de los cinco alcaldes.

This essay presents some of the most relevant results of a research carried out about women who occupied decision making positions in the public administration of Bogota between 1992 and 2004. In this study the composition by sex of the government teams and second level positions was established. Even though the socio-demographic, educational and labor profiles of 567 women were reconstructed (including the consultants) and the global public agendas were examined, here we are going to center around the women who have directed the most important entities of the Capital District and that along with the mayors have leaded the city's transformation. The following were the objectives which guided this work: to analyze the composition by sex at first and second decision making levels, to explain the high female presence in government cabinets, to find out if women and genre matters were present in public agendas, to establish if there was an all female "critical mass" in favor of their own interests and to account for the influence of international cooperation in the development of women and genre policies. With such purpose, an ample revision of political documents, appointment acts and curriculum vitas was carried out. 31 women were interviewed, 27 of whom worked in first level management positions in the above referred period and under two of the five mayors. ; Este ensayo presenta algunos de los resultados más relevantes de una investigación realizada sobre las mujeres que ocuparon los cargos de mayor decisión en la administración pública en Bogotá entre 1992 y 2004. En el estudio se estableció la composición por sexo de los equipos de gobierno y de los cargos de segundo nivel. Aunque se reconstruyeron los perfiles socio - demográficos, educativos y laborales de 567 mujeres (incluidas las asesoras) y se examinaron las agendas públicas globales, aquí nos hemos centrado en las mujeres que dirigieron las entidades más importantes del Distrito Capital y que, junto con los alcaldes, lideraron la transformación de la ciudad. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: analizar la composición por sexo de los cargos de primer y segundo nivel decisorio, explicar la alta presencia femenina en los gabinetes de gobierno, indagar si los asuntos de mujer y género llegaron a las agendas públicas, establecer si se conformó una 'masa crítica' femenina en favor de sus intereses y dar cuenta de la influencia de la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de las políticas de mujer y género. Para tal efecto, se hizo una amplia revisión de documentos de política, actas de nombramiento y hojas de vida y se entrevistaron 31 mujeres, 27 de las cuales ocuparon cargos directivos de primer nivel en el período de referencia, y dos de los cinco alcaldes.

Este ensayo presenta algunos de los resultados más relevantes de una investigación realizada sobre las mujeres que ocuparon los cargos de mayor decisión en la administración pública en Bogotá entre 1992 y 2004. En el estudio se estableció la composición por sexo de los equipos de gobierno y de los cargos de segundo nivel. Aunque se reconstruyeron los perfiles socio - demográficos, educativos y laborales de 567 mujeres (incluidas las asesoras) y se examinaron las agendas públicas globales, aquí nos hemos centrado en las mujeres que dirigieron las entidades más importantes del Distrito Capital y que, junto con los alcaldes, lideraron la transformación de la ciudad. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: analizar la composición por sexo de los cargos de primer y segundo nivel decisorio, explicar la alta presencia femenina en los gabinetes de gobierno, indagar si los asuntos de mujer y género llegaron a las agendas públicas, establecer si se conformó una 'masa crítica' femenina en favor de sus intereses y dar cuenta de la influencia de la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de las políticas de mujer y género. Para tal efecto, se hizo una amplia revisión de documentos de política, actas de nombramiento y hojas de vida y se entrevistaron 31 mujeres, 27 de las cuales ocuparon cargos directivos de primer nivel en el período de referencia, y dos de los cinco alcaldes ; Summary: This essay presents some of the most relevant results of a research carried out about women who occupied decision making positions in the public administration of Bogota between 1992 and 2004. In this study the composition by sex of the government teams and second level positions was established. Even though the socio-demographic, educational and labor profiles of 567 women were reconstructed (including the consultants) and the global public agendas were examined, here we are going to center around the women who have directed the most important entities of the Capital District and that along with the mayors have leaded the city's transformation. The following were the objectives which guided this work: to analyze the composition by sex at first and second decision making levels, to explain the high female presence in government cabinets, to find out if women and genre matters were present in public agendas, to establish if there was an all female "critical mass" in favor of their own interests and to account for the influence of international cooperation in the development of women and genre policies. With such purpose, an ample revision of political documents, appointment acts and curriculum vitas was carried out. 31 women were interviewed, 27 of whom worked in first level management positions in the above referred period and under two of the five mayors.

El presente artículo intenta abordar el estudio de algunos de los principales problemas que nos presenta, a diversas escalas, la política actual, ateniéndonos a sus implicancias espaciales y a partir de diversos parámetros ofrecidos en los últimos tiempos por la ciencia geográfica. La propuesta se apoya en bases teóricas desarrolladas a partir de los enunciados de Emmanuel Wallerstein y Peter Taylor acerca de un sistema mundial estructurado como una economía-mundo, basada en el modo de producción capitalista. Por otra parte, intenta formular una explicación teórica acerca de la dinámica experimentada por los territorios sobre la base de la mecánica de dicho sistema mundial. A partir de estos postulados, se propone el análisis de algunos de los principales fenómenos emanados del estudio anterior y sus implicancias espaciales, como las actuales relaciones de poder en el sistema, la subsistencia de factores de poder tradicionales (el Estado-nación, las configuraciones culturales de base étnica) y la aparición de nuevos (la constitución de bloques y asociaciones supranacionales, los nuevos movimientos sociales, las nuevas formas de participación local), la importancia de los discursos hegemónicos y contrahegemónicos en la construcción de las representaciones simbólicas y de los medios de información en dichos procesos o el nuevo cuadro de las identidades e hibridaciones culturales a partir de la movilidad de la población. ; This paper intends to study some of the main problems presented, on different scales, by current politics, considering the spatial implications as well as various parameters offered lately by the geographical science. The proposal is supported by the theoretical bases developed from Emmanuel Wallerstein and Peter Taylor's statement about a world system structured as a world economy, based on the capitalist mode of production. Conversely, it attempts to provide a theoretical explanation for the dynamics experienced by the territories upon thee basis of such world system's mechanics. According to these assumptions, an analysis is proposed of some of the main phenomena resulting from the previous analysis and its spatial implications, such as the current power relations in the system, the subsistence of traditional power factors (Nation-states, ethnically based cultural configurations) and the appearance of new ones (the forming of transnational blocs and associations, new social movements, new forms of local participation), the importance of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourses in the construction of symbolic representations and of the mass media in such processes or the new cultural identity and hybridization chart from population mobility. ; Fil: Dupuy, Héctor Adolfo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

A pesar de que la muerte súbita cardíaca es una de las formas más importantes de muerte en los países occidentales, este problema no ha recibido la atención que merece por parte de los patólogos y de los médicos de los sistemas públicos de salud. Se han desarrollado nuevos métodos de prevención de arritmias potencialmente mortales, y el diagnóstico de certeza de las causas de muerte súbita cardíaca es en este momento de particular importancia. Los patólogos son responsables de determinar la causa exacta de la muerte súbita pero existen diferencias considerables en el modo en el que se aborda esta cada vez más compleja tarea. La Asociación Europea de Patología Cardiovascular desarrolló unas guías que representan el estándar mínimo necesario en la práctica habitual de la autopsia para la valoración de la muerte súbita cardíaca, incluyendo no sólo un protocolo para el examen del corazón y el muestreo histopatológico, sino también para la investigación toxicológica y molecular. Nuestras recomendaciones son aplicables a centros médicos universitarios, a hospitales regionales y locales y a todo tipo de Institutos de Medicina Forense. La adopción a lo largo de la Unión Europea de un método uniforme de investigación supondrá la mejora de la práctica habitual, permitirá realizar comparaciones significativas entre distintas comunidades y regiones y, lo que es más importante aún, favorecerá que se monitoricen los patrones de las enfermedades que causan una muerte súbita. Although sudden cardiac death is one of the most important mode of death in Western Countries, pathologists and public health physicians have not given this problem the attention it deserves. New methods of preventing potentially fatal arrhythmias have been developed, and the accurate diagnosis of the causes of sudden cardiac death is now of particular importance. Pathologists are responsible for determining the precise cause of sudden death but there is considerable variation in the way in which they approach this increasingly complex task. The Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology developed guidelines, which represent the minimum standard that is required in the routine autopsy practice for the adequate assessment of sudden cardiac death, including not only a protocol for heart examination and histological sampling, but also for toxicology and molecular investigation. Our recommendations apply to university medical centres, regional and district hospitals and all types of forensic medicine institutes. If a uniform method of investigation is adopted throughout the European Union, this will lead to improvements in standards of practice, allow meaningful comparisons between different communities and regions and, most importantly, permit future trends in the patterns of disease causing sudden death to be monitored.

More than 90 years ago, Luis Tamayo, the first director of the magazine Cromos, played it for a publication without politics - something inconceivable in those turbulent years - under the infallible formula of "illustrations and 'churros' in bulk", with the added value of the modernist chronicle. In the plan of making history, one could say that SoHo drinks from that tradition of "churros" -just that they teach everything from the calf up and not down-, with the addition of the chronicle in its different modalities and degrees of penetration of reality: from in-depth journalism stories, to epidermal pieces to please the gallery, as can be seen in this first anthology of the magazine (surely more will come), with more than 50 chronicles of 44 authors, mostly Colombians . Book Review: Chronicles of SoHo Bogotá: Aguilar, 2008, 548 p. ISBN: 978-958-704-637- ; Hace más de 90 años Luis Tamayo, el primer director de la revista Cromos, se la jugó por una publicación sin política —algo inconcebible en esos turbulentos años—, bajo la fórmula infalible de "ilustraciones y 'churros' a granel", con el valor agregado de la crónica modernista. En plan de hacer historia, se podría decir que SoHo bebe de esa tradición de los "churros" —sólo que éstas enseñan todo de la pantorrilla para arriba y no para abajo—, con la adición de la crónica en sus distintas modalidades y grados de penetración de la realidad: desde relatos de periodismo en profundidad, hasta piezas epidérmicas para complacer a la galería, como se comprueba en esta primera antología de la revista (seguramente vendrán más), con más de 50 crónicas de 44 autores, en su mayoría colombianos. Reseña del libro: Crónicas de SoHo Bogotá: Aguilar, 2008, 548 p. ISBN: 978-958-704-637-3 ; Há mais de 90 anos, Luis Tamayo, o primeiro diretor da revista Cromos, tocou para uma publicação sem política - algo inconcebível nesses anos turbulentos - sob a fórmula infalível de "ilustrações e 'churros' a granel", com o valor acrescentado da crônica modernista. No plano de fazer história, pode-se dizer que o SoHo bebe daquela tradição de "churros" - só que eles ensinam tudo do bezerro para cima e não para baixo -, com a adição da crônica em suas diferentes modalidades e graus de penetração da realidade: das histórias de jornalismo em profundidade, às peças epidérmicas para agradar a galeria, como pode ser visto nesta primeira antologia da revista (certamente mais virá), com mais de 50 crônicas de 44 autores, a maioria colombianos . Resenha do Livro: Crônicas do SoHo Bogotá: Aguilar, 2008, 548 p. ISBN: 978-958-704-637-

El presente artículo intenta abordar el estudio de algunos de los principales problemas que nos presenta, a diversas escalas, la política actual, ateniéndonos a sus implicancias espaciales y a partir de diversos parámetros ofrecidos en los últimos tiempos por la ciencia geográfica. La propuesta se apoya en bases teóricas desarrolladas a partir de los enunciados de Emmanuel Wallerstein y Peter Taylor acerca de un sistema mundial estructurado como una economía-mundo, basada en el modo de producción capitalista. Por otra parte, intenta formular una explicación teórica acerca de la dinámica experimentada por los territorios sobre la base de la mecánica de dicho sistema mundial. A partir de estos postulados, se propone el análisis de algunos de los principales fenómenos emanados del estudio anterior y sus implicancias espaciales, como las actuales relaciones de poder en el sistema, la subsistencia de factores de poder tradicionales (el Estado-nación, las configuraciones culturales de base étnica) y la aparición de nuevos (la constitución de bloques y asociaciones supranacionales, los nuevos movimientos sociales, las nuevas formas de participación local), la importancia de los discursos hegemónicos y contrahegemónicos en la construcción de las representaciones simbólicas y de los medios de información en dichos procesos o el nuevo cuadro de las identidades e hibridaciones culturales a partir de la movilidad de la población. ; This paper intends to study some of the main problems presented, on different scales, by current politics, considering the spatial implications as well as various parameters offered lately by the geographical science. The proposal is supported by the theoretical bases developed from Emmanuel Wallerstein and Peter Taylor's statement about a world system structured as a world economy, based on the capitalist mode of production. Conversely, it attempts to provide a theoretical explanation for the dynamics experienced by the territories upon thee basis of such world system's mechanics. According to these assumptions, an analysis is proposed of some of the main phenomena resulting from the previous analysis and its spatial implications, such as the current power relations in the system, the subsistence of traditional power factors (Nation-states, ethnically based cultural configurations) and the appearance of new ones (the forming of transnational blocs and associations, new social movements, new forms of local participation), the importance of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourses in the construction of symbolic representations and of the mass media in such processes or the new cultural identity and hybridization chart from population mobility. ; Fil: Dupuy, Héctor Adolfo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

This essay presents some of the most relevant results of a research carried out about women who occupied decision making positions in the public administration of Bogota between 1992 and 2004. In this study the composition by sex of the government teams and second level positions was established. Even though the socio-demographic, educational and labor profiles of 567 women were reconstructed (including the consultants) and the global public agendas were examined, here we are going to center around the women who have directed the most important entities of the Capital District and that along with the mayors have leaded the city's transformation. The following were the objectives which guided this work: to analyze the composition by sex at first and second decision making levels, to explain the high female presence in government cabinets, to find out if women and genre matters were present in public agendas, to establish if there was an all female "critical mass" in favor of their own interests and to account for the influence of international cooperation in the development of women and genre policies. With such purpose, an ample revision of political documents, appointment acts and curriculum vitas was carried out. 31 women were interviewed, 27 of whom worked in first level management positions in the above referred period and under two of the five mayors. ; Este ensayo presenta algunos de los resultados más relevantes de una investigación realizada sobre las mujeres que ocuparon los cargos de mayor decisión en la administración pública en Bogotá entre 1992 y 2004. En el estudio se estableció la composición por sexo de los equipos de gobierno y de los cargos de segundo nivel. Aunque se reconstruyeron los perfiles socio - demográficos, educativos y laborales de 567 mujeres (incluidas las asesoras) y se examinaron las agendas públicas globales, aquí nos hemos centrado en las mujeres que dirigieron las entidades más importantes del Distrito Capital y que, junto con los alcaldes, lideraron la transformación de la ciudad. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: analizar la composición por sexo de los cargos de primer y segundo nivel decisorio, explicar la alta presencia femenina en los gabinetes de gobierno, indagar si los asuntos de mujer y género llegaron a las agendas públicas, establecer si se conformó una 'masa crítica' femenina en favor de sus intereses y dar cuenta de la influencia de la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de las políticas de mujer y género. Para tal efecto, se hizo una amplia revisión de documentos de política, actas de nombramiento y hojas de vida y se entrevistaron 31 mujeres, 27 de las cuales ocuparon cargos directivos de primer nivel en el período de referencia, y dos de los cinco alcaldes.

Partiendo de una noción de acceso a la justicia, que no se restringe únicamente al acceso formal de los ciudadanos al sistema judicial y al adecuado ejercicio de derechos ante los Tribunales de Justicia, sino que también abarca la Prevención y Promoción de Derechos, la Solución Colaborativa de Conflictos, la Revisión y Propuesta de las Actuaciones Públicas mediante Acciones de Interés Público y Propuestas Legislativas; se implementaron, desde la Institución Judicial (Juzgado de Familia de Tupungato), acciones en el marco de buenas prácticas que se sustentas en tres ejes: Construcción de Ciudadanía, Desarrollo Humano Sustentable y Redes Sociales. Las mismas tienden a fortalecer las conexiones entre estructuras formales e informales de la comunidad, a fin de proveer efectivamente el Acceso a la Justicia a grupos que de otra manera podrían estar excluidos de ella y a la vez favorecer el empoderamiento de los grupos vulnerables en la búsqueda de soluciones a situaciones injustas en el ámbito de los procesos tramitan por ante los Juzgados de Familia. En dicho marco, el Juzgado referido puso en marcha un Juzgado Móvil que plantea una metodología de abordaje interdisciplinario, donde la intervención del Trabajador Social resulta relevante. ; Starting off on an access notion for the justice, that is not restricted solely to the formal accessof the citizens to the judicial system and the suitable exercise of the rights before the Courts of Justice, but that also it includes the Prevention and Promotion of Rights, the Solution Collaborative de Conflicts, the Revision and Legislative Proposal of the Public Performances by means of Action of Public Interest and Proposals; they were implemented, from the Judicial Institution (Judge of Family of Tupungato), actions within the framework of good practices that are sustained in three axes: Construction of Citizenship, Human Development Sustainable and Social Meshes. The same ones tend to fortify the connections between formal and informal structure of the community, in order to provide indeed the Acces to Justice to group that of another way could be excluded from her and simultaneousIy to favor the empoderamiento of the vulnerable group in the search from solutions to unjust situations in the scope of the processes that they transact by before the Courts of Family. In this frame referred Court started up a Movable Court that raises a methodology of interdisciplinary boarding, wherw the intervention of the Social Worker is excellent. ; Fil: Manoni, Flavia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales ; Fil: Cusimano, Stella Maris. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales ; Fil: Rodríguez, Liliana.

V sovremennoi Rossiiskoi Federacii proishodyat radikal'nye social'no-ekonomicheskie izmeneniya, vvidu kotoryh prihoditsya reshat' mnozhestvo social'nyh problem. V dannoe vremya v strane plohoe demograficheskoe polozhenie, naciya stremitel'no stareet, v malen'kih gorodah rasprostranena bezrabotica. Reshaya eti problemy i proizvoditsya reforma v prava social'nogo obespecheniya. Pervyi etap reformy prava social'nogo obespecheniya v Rossii svyazan s prinyatiem zakona «O gosudarstvennyh pensiyah v Rossiiskoi Federacii» ot 20 dekabrya 1990 goda. Etot zakon ustanovil edinuyu pensionnuyu sistemu v strane, ohvatyvayushuyu vseh zhitelei federacii. Zakon ohvatyval i strahovye, i ne strahovye pensii i vvel nastoyashee vseobshee pensionnoe obespechenie. Vtoroi etap nachalsya v 1993 godu. Eto etap dekodifikacii pensionnogo zakonodatel'stva. Byli vvedeny special'nye pensii licam, prohodivshim voennuyu sluzhbu, sluzhbu v organah vnutren¬nih del, ih sem'yam. Prakticheski byl zamorozhen minimal'nyi razmer bazovoi pensii — pensii po starosti, kak sledstvie, i razmerov drugih pensii; likvidirovana sistema adaptacii pensionnyh vyplat k rostu cen na potrebitel'skie tovary i uslugi. Tretii etap – s 2002 vtorogo goda po nastoyashee vremya. Seichas pensionnuyu sistemu sostavlyayut: gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe strahovanie; professional'nye pensionnye sistemy i dopolnitel'noe negosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie. Vyrabotany principy sistemy pensionnogo obespecheniya: kazhdyi imeet pravo na gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; kazhdyi rabotayushii po naimu podlezhit obyazatel'nomu gosudarstvennomu pensionnomu strahovaniyu; kazhdyi zastrahovannyi imeet pravo na trudovuyu pensiyu v sootvetstvii s zarabotkom, s kotorogo uplachivalis' strahovye vznosy, i prodolzhitel'nost'yu strahovaniya; sredstva obyazatel'nogo gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo strahovaniya ispol'zuyutsya isklyuchitel'no na pensionnoe obespechenie zastrahovannyh. Posle provedeniya dannyh etapov reformy razmery pensii stali differencirovat'sya v zavisimosti ot trudovogo vklada i s uchetom izmenenii v sfere oplaty truda, proizoshedshih za poslednie gody. Pri etom pri nachislenii pensii uchityvaetsya zarplata za ves' period raboty, a ne tol'ko za poslednie dva goda. Pensii regulyarno pereraschityvayutsya s uchetom rosta cen i povysheniya urovnya zhizni ekonomicheski aktivnogo naseleniya. Byl sozdan bank dannyh dolgosrochnyh obyazatel'stv pensionnoi sistemy v otnoshenii pensionnyh prav, priobretennyh po staroi i po novoi sisteme, chto pozvolyaet davat' ocenku finansovogo sostoyaniya pensionnoi sistemy i zaranee predprinimat' neobhodimye mery dlya finansovoi stabil'nosti pensionnogo obespecheniya. A tak zhe predusmatrivaetsya znachitel'noe povyshenie urovnya gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo obespecheniya lic, imevshih v period trudovoi deyatel'nosti nizkie i srednie zarabotki. Pomimo reformirovaniya pensionnogo obespecheniya, sushestvennym obrazom byli izmeneny i inye instrumenty social'nogo obespecheniya. Tak v rabote rassmatrivaetsya reformirovanie denezhnyh vyplat grazhdanam v poryadke ih social'nogo obespecheniya. Otmechaetsya, chto denezhnye vyplaty, ustanovlennye v novyh ekonomicheskoi situacii, otlichayutsya mnogoobraziem, ih sistema ne sformirovana okonchatel'no i poka ne imeet edinuyu, vnutrenne soglasovannuyu strukturu. Skoree imeet mesto mehanicheskoe ob'edinenie raznoobraznyh vyplat, ne svyazannyh drug s drugom edinym celevym naznacheniem, predostavlyaemyh grazhdanam v nedostatochnyh razmerah, ne pozvolyayushih reshit' slozhnye social'nye zadachi, opredelennye provodimoi gosudarstvom social'noi politikoi.

V sovremennoi Rossiiskoi Federacii proishodyat radikal'nye social'no-ekonomicheskie izmeneniya, vvidu kotoryh prihoditsya reshat' mnozhestvo social'nyh problem. V dannoe vremya v strane plohoe demograficheskoe polozhenie, naciya stremitel'no stareet, v malen'kih gorodah rasprostranena bezrabotica. Reshaya eti problemy i proizvoditsya reforma v prava social'nogo obespecheniya. Pervyi etap reformy prava social'nogo obespecheniya v Rossii svyazan s prinyatiem zakona «O gosudarstvennyh pensiyah v Rossiiskoi Federacii» ot 20 dekabrya 1990 goda. Etot zakon ustanovil edinuyu pensionnuyu sistemu v strane, ohvatyvayushuyu vseh zhitelei federacii. Zakon ohvatyval i strahovye, i ne strahovye pensii i vvel nastoyashee vseobshee pensionnoe obespechenie. Vtoroi etap nachalsya v 1993 godu. Eto etap dekodifikacii pensionnogo zakonodatel'stva. Byli vvedeny special'nye pensii licam, prohodivshim voennuyu sluzhbu, sluzhbu v organah vnutren¬nih del, ih sem'yam. Prakticheski byl zamorozhen minimal'nyi razmer bazovoi pensii — pensii po starosti, kak sledstvie, i razmerov drugih pensii; likvidirovana sistema adaptacii pensionnyh vyplat k rostu cen na potrebitel'skie tovary i uslugi. Tretii etap – s 2002 vtorogo goda po nastoyashee vremya. Seichas pensionnuyu sistemu sostavlyayut: gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe strahovanie; professional'nye pensionnye sistemy i dopolnitel'noe negosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie. Vyrabotany principy sistemy pensionnogo obespecheniya: kazhdyi imeet pravo na gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; kazhdyi rabotayushii po naimu podlezhit obyazatel'nomu gosudarstvennomu pensionnomu strahovaniyu; kazhdyi zastrahovannyi imeet pravo na trudovuyu pensiyu v sootvetstvii s zarabotkom, s kotorogo uplachivalis' strahovye vznosy, i prodolzhitel'nost'yu strahovaniya; sredstva obyazatel'nogo gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo strahovaniya ispol'zuyutsya isklyuchitel'no na pensionnoe obespechenie zastrahovannyh. Posle provedeniya dannyh etapov reformy razmery pensii stali differencirovat'sya v zavisimosti ot trudovogo vklada i s uchetom izmenenii v sfere oplaty truda, proizoshedshih za poslednie gody. Pri etom pri nachislenii pensii uchityvaetsya zarplata za ves' period raboty, a ne tol'ko za poslednie dva goda. Pensii regulyarno pereraschityvayutsya s uchetom rosta cen i povysheniya urovnya zhizni ekonomicheski aktivnogo naseleniya. Byl sozdan bank dannyh dolgosrochnyh obyazatel'stv pensionnoi sistemy v otnoshenii pensionnyh prav, priobretennyh po staroi i po novoi sisteme, chto pozvolyaet davat' ocenku finansovogo sostoyaniya pensionnoi sistemy i zaranee predprinimat' neobhodimye mery dlya finansovoi stabil'nosti pensionnogo obespecheniya. A tak zhe predusmatrivaetsya znachitel'noe povyshenie urovnya gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo obespecheniya lic, imevshih v period trudovoi deyatel'nosti nizkie i srednie zarabotki. Pomimo reformirovaniya pensionnogo obespecheniya, sushestvennym obrazom byli izmeneny i inye instrumenty social'nogo obespecheniya. Tak v rabote rassmatrivaetsya reformirovanie denezhnyh vyplat grazhdanam v poryadke ih social'nogo obespecheniya. Otmechaetsya, chto denezhnye vyplaty, ustanovlennye v novyh ekonomicheskoi situacii, otlichayutsya mnogoobraziem, ih sistema ne sformirovana okonchatel'no i poka ne imeet edinuyu, vnutrenne soglasovannuyu strukturu. Skoree imeet mesto mehanicheskoe ob'edinenie raznoobraznyh vyplat, ne svyazannyh drug s drugom edinym celevym naznacheniem, predostavlyaemyh grazhdanam v nedostatochnyh razmerah, ne pozvolyayushih reshit' slozhnye social'nye zadachi, opredelennye provodimoi gosudarstvom social'noi politikoi.

Starting from Nineties, many experiences, focused on the integration between urban and territorial transformation government and mobility management and aimed at achieving objectives of sustainability, have been carried out in different European cities. In these experiences, the integration between urban transformation government and mobility management has been tested at different scales and with different approaches. In detail, such an integration is pursued both through the definition of the dimension, localization and spatial and functional features of new settlements, both through the requalification of the existing ones by the improvement of transport infrastructures, the public space design, the location of activities connected to the public transport network, the traffic flows regulation. With reference to such experiences, the paper outlines a synthetic view of different case-studies focused on the most recent integrated policies referred to the territorial transformation government and to the mobility management. Then, the most significant weaknesses and the more innovative aspects of some case-studies are highlighted both for the new settlements and for the existing ones. ; Numerose sono state le esperienze, condotte in diverse città europee a partire dagli anni Novanta, basate su un approccio integrato tra governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali e governo della mobilità orientate al raggiungimento di obiettivi di sostenibilità. In tali esperienze l'integrazione tra governo delle trasformazioni e governo della mobilità è stata sperimentata a diverse scale e con differenti approcci. In particolare, essa è ricercata sia nella definizione della dimensione, della localizzazione e delle caratteristiche spaziali e funzionali dei nuovi insediamenti, sia nella riqualificazione della città esistente attraverso il ripristino e lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture di trasporto, il ridisegno dello spazio urbano pedonale, la localizzazione delle attività in relazione al sistema del trasporto pubblico, la regolazione dei flussi di traffico, ecc. In riferimento a tali esperienze, il contributo propone un quadro sintetico delle più recenti politiche di integrazione tra governo delle trasformazioni territoriali e governo della mobilità esemplificate attraverso una serie di casi-studio. Per alcune esperienze paradigmatiche, riferite sia ai nuovi insediamenti che alla città esistente, sono evidenziati i più significativi punti critici e quelli di maggiore innovazione. Infatti, pur a fronte di positive esperienze, il quadro delineato evidenzia la necessità di superare l'ottica dell'integrazione di politiche settoriali in favore di un approccio unitario. Tale approccio, le cui prime manifestazioni possono essere rintracciate in alcune recenti esperienze europee, deve essere fondato su una migliore pratica di governo della trasformazione che comprenda non solo metodi e strumenti capaci di conoscere ed anticipare le conseguenze dei processi di trasformazione sul sistema territoriale nel suo insieme, ma anche nuove procedure amministrative e una diversa definizione dei ruoli degli attori coinvolti nel processo di trasformazione.

Starting from Nineties, many experiences, focused on the integration between urban and territorial transformation government and mobility management and aimed at achieving objectives of sustainability, have been carried out in different European cities. In these experiences, the integration between urban transformation government and mobility management has been tested at different scales and with different approaches. In detail, such an integration is pursued both through the definition of the dimension, localization and spatial and functional features of new settlements, both through the requalification of the existing ones by the improvement of transport infrastructures, the public space design, the location of activities connected to the public transport network, the traffic flows regulation. With reference to such experiences, the paper outlines a synthetic view of different case-studies focused on the most recent integrated policies referred to the territorial transformation government and to the mobility management. Then, the most significant weaknesses and the more innovative aspects of some case-studies are highlighted both for the new settlements and for the existing ones. ; Numerose sono state le esperienze, condotte in diverse città europee a partire dagli anni Novanta, basate su un approccio integrato tra governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali e governo della mobilità orientate al raggiungimento di obiettivi di sostenibilità. In tali esperienze l'integrazione tra governo delle trasformazioni e governo della mobilità è stata sperimentata a diverse scale e con differenti approcci. In particolare, essa è ricercata sia nella definizione della dimensione, della localizzazione e delle caratteristiche spaziali e funzionali dei nuovi insediamenti, sia nella riqualificazione della città esistente attraverso il ripristino e lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture di trasporto, il ridisegno dello spazio urbano pedonale, la localizzazione delle attività in relazione al sistema del trasporto pubblico, la regolazione dei flussi di traffico, ecc. In riferimento a tali esperienze, il contributo propone un quadro sintetico delle più recenti politiche di integrazione tra governo delle trasformazioni territoriali e governo della mobilità esemplificate attraverso una serie di casi-studio. Per alcune esperienze paradigmatiche, riferite sia ai nuovi insediamenti che alla città esistente, sono evidenziati i più significativi punti critici e quelli di maggiore innovazione. Infatti, pur a fronte di positive esperienze, il quadro delineato evidenzia la necessità di superare l'ottica dell'integrazione di politiche settoriali in favore di un approccio unitario. Tale approccio, le cui prime manifestazioni possono essere rintracciate in alcune recenti esperienze europee, deve essere fondato su una migliore pratica di governo della trasformazione che comprenda non solo metodi e strumenti capaci di conoscere ed anticipare le conseguenze dei processi di trasformazione sul sistema territoriale nel suo insieme, ma anche nuove procedure amministrative e una diversa definizione dei ruoli degli attori coinvolti nel processo di trasformazione.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; [Background]: Neuroblastic tumours (NBTs) represent a heterogeneous spectrum of neoplastic diseases associated with multiple genetic alterations. Structural and numerical chromosomal changes are frequent and are predictive parameters of NBTs outcome. We performed a comparative analysis of the biological entities constituted by NBTs with different ploidy status. [Methods]: Gene expression profiling of 49 diagnostic primary NBTs with ploidy data was performed using oligonucleotide microarray. Further analyses using Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Q-PCR); array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH); and Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) were performed to investigate the correlation between aneuploidy, chromosomal changes and gene expression profiles. [Results]: Gene expression profiling of 49 primary near-triploid and near-diploid/tetraploid NBTs revealed distinct expression profiles associated with each NBT subgroup. A statistically significant portion of genes mapped to 1p36 (P = 0.01) and 17p13-q21 (P < 0.0001), described as recurrently altered in NBTs. Over 90% of these genes showed higher expression in near-triploid NBTs and the majority are involved in cell differentiation pathways. Specific chromosomal abnormalities observed in NBTs, 1p loss, 17q and whole chromosome 17 gains, were reflected in the gene expression profiles. Comparison between gene copy number and expression levels suggests that differential expression might be only partly dependent on gene copy number. Intratumoural clonal heterogeneity was observed in all NBTs, with marked interclonal variability in near-diploid/tetraploid tumours. [Conclusion]: NBTs with different cellular DNA content display distinct transcriptional profiles with a significant portion of differentially expressed genes mapping to specific chromosomal regions known to be associated with outcome. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that these specific genetic abnormalities are highly heterogeneous in all NBTs, and suggest that NBTs with different ploidy status may result from different mechanisms of aneuploidy driving tumourigenesis. ; This work was supported by: Career Development Award 2001 (to J. M.) from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, 2007; PI070286) (CL) and Spanish Society against Cancer (Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, 2007) (JM and CL). The Developmental tumour biology laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu in Barcelona, is additionally supported by the Catalan government (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya, 2005SGR00605; 2006FI00404), and the donation from Margarita del Pozo Fund. Supported in part by the National Cancer Institute grant CA106450 (NKC and WG), The Robert Steel Foundation (NKC), Hope Street Kids (NKC), and Katie's Find A Cure Fund (NKC) and the Government of Castilla y León (EdA). ; Peer reviewed