Suchergebnisse

Die für den Klimaschutz notwendige Reduktion von Treibhausgasen benötigt die Implementierung einer Reihe von Technologien. Die Klimamodelle haben das Abfangen, Transport und Speicherung von Kohlendioxid(CCS) als eine notwendige Maßnahme für Emissionen von Energieintensiven Industrien(EIIs) identifiziert.Trotzdem findet eine Diskussion um die Implementierung der Technologie in Europa kaum statt. Die Bedenken einiger Akteure haben diesen Stillstand beeinflusst, aber ihre Rolle ist trotzdem kaum erforscht. Die vorliegende These behandelt diese entscheidende Lücke in der Forschung indem sie die Perspektiven relevanter Akteure zum Thema CCS in die EIIs analysiert: die von Nichtregierungs-Umweltschutzorganisationen(ENGOs).Durch die Überlegungen dreier ENGOs untersucht die Forschungsarbeit die Dilemma, die die ENGOs hinsichtlich der Anwendung von CCS in EIIs gegenüberstehen. Darüber hinaus analysiert sie wie die Perspektiven der ENGOs in deren Empfehlungen an die Politiker reflektiert sind. Mithilfe von semistrukturierten Interviews und einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse leistet die These einen wichtigen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis zur Rolle von ENGOs in der Diskussion um CCS. Auch erweiterte sie die Literatur zu Weltanschauungsanalyse, indem sie das Advocacy Framework Rahmenkonzept zur Auswertung der gesammelten Daten innerhalb des empirischen Forschungsteil der Arbeit nutzt.Die These stellt fest, dass die Positionen der ENGOs gegenüber der Anwendung von CCS in die EIIs mit den früheren Debatten zu CCS im Stromsektor verbunden sind. Obwohl der Nutzung von CCS in die EIIs andere Fakten zugrunde liegen, haben die vorherigen Erfahrungen ENGOs zu einem skeptischen Ansatz zu CCS veranlasst. Die Analyse zeigt, dass CCS von ENGOs als risikobehaftete Technologie gesehen wird. Das Behandeln dieser Sorgen in zukünftige Forschung und Praxis kann Lösungen ermöglichen, die sowohl im Einklang mit den wissenschaftlichen Klimamodellen, als auch mit den Weltanschauungen von ENGOs. ; Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change will require the deployment of a wide variety of technologies. According to climate models, carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be one of the options relevant for the reductions of industrial emissions. Nevertheless, there is an evident lack of debate when it comes to the implementation of CCS in EIIs. The apprehensive views of some stakeholders have contributed to a standstill in the deployment of CCS. While the technical, economic and political causes of this stalemate are well researched, the societal influence of certain stakeholders is not so prominent topic in the literature. This thesis addresses this gap in the climate change conversation by focusing on the perspective of a relevant stakeholder group on the deployment of CCS in EIIs; environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs).By providing an in-depth view into the positions of three influential ENGOs, this research examines the main dilemmas they face when assessing technologies such as CCS. The research also shows how ENGO perspectives on CCS influence their recommendations to policy makers. Apart from the qualitative interviews and content analysis contributing to the understanding of the issue, the thesis adds to the scientific literature of worldview analysis by using the advocacy coalition framework to analyse the data collected within the empirical part of the research. This research shows that the positions of ENGOs towards the industrial applications of CCS are still influenced by previous debates on the application of CCS in the power sector. Previous experiences have caused the ENGOs to approach the technology with skepticism and caution. The findings also demonstrate that ENGOs often associate CCS with risk and liability issues. Addressing such concerns in future research could help in creating pathways which align scientific models and worldviews of stakeholders such as ENGOs. ; by Ana Šerdoner ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3592953

Problem In the article is explained the integrated educational environment of the initial school in Germany, summarized the experience of organization of educational process at the initial school and described the didactics system of initial school. The author compares task, values and priorities of educational policy in Germany and in Ukraine. Purpose To expose the value of the integrated educational environment of initial school in East Germany; to analyse the tasks and priorities of initial school in the legislative documents of Ukraine and Germany; to characterize the organization of educational process at the initial school of in East Germany; to define conditions of realization of modern educational environment.The Methods used to study General scientific: analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification and generalization, which is necessary for the study of compositions of domestic and foreign researchers, official and normative documents; Structural-functional, which made it possible to outline the organizationally pedagogical conditions of forming the integrated educational environment at the initial school of East Germany and to exposure directions of their realization; comparative, which enabled the definition of possibilities to use of German experience for modernization of organizationally pedagogical support of activity of initial school in Ukraine; empiric methods are conversations, interviews, discussion, consideration of research problems during the meetings with German colleagues and correspondence with the purpose of clarification of practical aspects of activity of initial school. Results In research are exposed the values of integrated educational environment of initial school in East Germany and analyzed the tasks and priorities of initial school in the legislative documents of Ukraine and Germany; described and generalized and experience of organization of the educational process at initial school in East Germany, outlined condition of realization of modern educational environment.Originality For the first time the conditions of forming the integrated educational environment of initial school of East Germany was specified and described the value of educational environment on principles of integration and the experience of organization of educational process at initial school of East Germany. The condition of realization of modern educational environment are outlined; the comparative analysis of some documents is conducted in industry of formation of Germany and Ukraine and it was proved that school education of two these states has a same common goal. Conclusion To generalize the experience of the German researchers is to be emphasized that the forming of the integrated educational environment gives the possibility to find out the problem sides of the school system of education; to find the optimal algorithm of decision of topical questions; to improve the indexes of student's literacy; to promote professionalism of pedagogical staff and smoothing of educational possibilities of students. This experience is extraordinary important for Ukraine and needs to be studied more detailed and to be implemented in the system of domestic primary education.

Предложен анализ манипулятивного потенциала официальной эпидейктической речи, исходящий из того, что, во-первых, эпидейктическая речь обладает исключительными возможностями трансляции тех или иных социальных (культурных, политических) установок, и, во-вторых, ее эффективность может обеспечиваться минимальным набором языковых средств. Реализации манипулятивного потенциала эпидейктической речи способствуют специфика коммуникативной ситуации, балансирование между монологичностью и диалогичностью, опора на констатацию, совпадение властных интересов и общественных ожиданий, опора на универсалии, составляющие концептосферу национальной культуры. ; Epideictic speech (welcoming speech, parting words, official address, statement, valedictory speech, greeting speech, etc.) is an important component of interaction between the government and the people. Despite the fact that epideictic speech does not always involves a reply word (and a real dialogue), it supports a typical communicative structure, in which there is the sender and the addressee, and there is the message. The intention of authorities to broadcast certain, desirable model of social relations and evaluation corresponds to the need of audience for clearing a position of the power on a topical issues, to the need for the approval of the collective identity and for the strengthening of a group solidarity. This relation, as in any communication, is not strictly symmetric, it opens the way for the manipulation. Other features of the epideictic speech, which caused by specifics of the most communicative situation and promoting to the realization of a manipulative intentions, are following: the importance of the epideictic speech for the addressee, its prepared (non-improvisation) nature, the optionality of a response word (with that, the dialogue is saved). The efficiency of the epideictic speech is provided also with the extralinguistic and proper linguistic tools, on which our analysis is concentrated. Potentially the epideictic speech has the advantages of all speech styles. In practice, the basis of the epideictic speech is an official (formal-business) style, with the elements of a conversation style and a journalistic style. A selective and intended use of colloquial lexicon and simplified grammatical structures leads to some decrease and «mitigation» of official style. Psychologically it allows to vary randomly a line of border between speaking and listening, creating the «right» image of national identity in the system of relations «I» «WE», «WE» «THEY». As for «speech advantages», a classical rhetoric allocates four main advantages brevity, relevance, availability and logicality. Systematic violations concern availability and logicality which are replaced by quasi-availability and paralogicality. The analysis of epideictic speech revealed a special «logic of manipulation», consisting in the use of the pattern «past present future», and, linguistically, in a reliance on ascertaining. In terms of content, the effectiveness of domestic epideictic speech is caused by reactualization of traditional and historical values («self-sacrifice», «feat», «justice», «warrior-liberator», «brotherhood», «family») as a part of a generalized image of Russia and the Russian people.

Public sphere is a space between modern state and society in which members of the society communicate and form a common mind. Public sphere is a key concept crucial to the construction of a matured society, and it had received adequate attention from scholars of different disciplines in Hong Kong in the past two decade. However, some theoretical gaps could be found in these past studies. For example, the development of public sphere has not yet been fully delineated. Meanwhile, the role of radio has been overlooked and underestimated. Furthermore, the agency was usually passively placed in a structure-led and linear perspective. Last but not least, also overlooked was the role of market, such as listenership, competition and ownership. As an explorative research, this study aims to explain how virtual public spheres were created in Hong Kong by means of three case studies, namely C station, H station and RTHK. Through a careful examination of Habermasian public sphere theory, the author argues that the development of virtual public spheres in Hong Kong is not accidental but closely related to the external and internal political, technological and economic environment. The current study expects to break a new ground on the discussion of virtual public spheres in Hong Kong. This research adopts case study as its main research strategy. The primary data come mainly from the author's in-depth interview and on-site observation at the three radio stations and other related events of importance. The objects of interview include lawmakers, radio staff, radio owners, guest presenters, and experienced media practitioners. In addition, informal conversations with different parties via email and social media, literature analysis (including the media, private papers, visual documents, and second-hand materials, etc.) and website content analysis also contributed greatly to the volume of knowledge. Target programmes were also regularly studied during the research period to ensure the accuracy of this research. A conceptual framework of "state-governed" public sphere is constructed in this study. It is found that a "Contentious Public Sphere" was introduced by C station's civil disobedience against the legitimacy of the licensing regime in the "state-governed" public sphere. Also, H station as a rising "Subaltern Public Sphere" was established through its impressive listenership and varied political mobilization after 2008 with the development of information technology. Finally, through the close examination of the controversial Board of Advisors and programme adjustments in recent years, RTHK was treated as a "refeudalizating" public sphere. Although not greatly damaging its credibility so far, RTHK has gradually become a depoliticizing and information-sharing platform rather than a political and debate one. In studying the development of virtual public spheres in Hong Kong, one can better understand state-society relations in a changing partial democratic society, and find that the SAR government has tried to maintain an effective regulation on the "state-governed" public sphere in the name of accountability when facing challenges from the civil society. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Background: Social participation has been recognized as an important public health policy since the declaration of Alma-Ata presented it as one of the pillars of primary health care in 1978. Since then, there have been many adaptations to the original policy recommendations, but participation in health is still seen as a means to make the health system more responsive to local health needs, and as a way to bring the health sector and the community closer together. Aim: To explore the role that social participation has in a municipal-level health system in Guatemala in order to inform future policies and programs. Methods: The fieldwork for this study was carried out over eight months and three field visits between early January of 2009 and late March of 2010. During this time, 38 indepth interviews with provincial and district-level health authorities, municipal authorities, community representatives and community health workers were conducted. Using an overall applied ethnographic approach, the main means of data collection were participant observation, in-depth interviews, group discussions and informal conversations. The data was analyzed in two different rounds. In the first one we used documentary analysis, role-ordered matrices and thematic analsis (see papers I-IV) and in the second round, thematic analysis was utilized. Results: We found four themes that frame what the role of social participation in the municipality of Palencia is. The first theme presents the historical, political and social context that has contributed to shaping the participation policies and practices in Guatemala as a whole. The second theme takes a deeper look at these policies and how they have been received in the municipality of Palencia. The third theme presents data regarding the three situated practices of participation, each occurring at a different level: municipal, community and the individual level. Finally, the last theme presents reflections on what it means to participate to the people that were involved in this study. Conclusion: In the process of social participation there are two different and complementary kinds of power that depend on the amount and the kind of resources available at each level of the participation structure. Stakeholders that have higher levels of power to formulate policies will have better access to financial, human and material resources while stakeholders that have higher levels of power to implement policies will have resources like community legitimacy, knowledge of local culture, values and mores, as well as a deep understanding of local social processes. The coordination of financial, human and material resources is just as important as the legitimacy that comes from having community leaders involved in more steps of the process. True collaboration can only be obtained through the promotion and creation of meaningful partnerships between institutional stakeholders and community leaders and other stakeholders that are working at the community level. For this to happen, more structured support for the participation process in the form of clear policies, funding and capacity building is needed.

В статье освещаются теоретико-методологические и практические аспекты формирования этнокультурных компетенций обучающихся в системе учреждений дополнительного образования в кружках, при проведении творческих мастер-классов, ремесленных мастерских. Цель исследования – определить актуальность возрождения народных ремесел как основного фактора формирования этнокультурных компетенций у обучающихся. Актуализируется важность формирования этнокультурных компетенций учащихся в контексте возрождения народных ремесел. Представлены основные работы отечественных авторов в области исследования народных ремесел, художественных промыслов. Методы. В статье проводится сравнительный анализ исторически сложившейся ситуации, отражающей содержание и важность народных ремесел, а также современное ее состояние. В ходе исследования автором применялись следующие методы: анализ отечественной литературы, законодательных актов, беседа с обучающимися и педагогами, контент-анализ продуктов творческой деятельности. Исследование проводилось на базе учреждений дополнительного образования и культуры Светлоярского района Волгоградской области, среди мастеров декоративно-прикладного творчества г. Волгограда и членов клуба мастеров «Ремалия». Описана роль мастеров декоративно-прикладного искусства в системе дополнительного образования, а также основные виды представления продуктов народных ремесел. Также описан опыт взаимодействия вузов, школ и учреждений дополнительного образования с мастерами декоративно-прикладного творчества, направления совместной деятельности различных возрастных групп. Кроме того, в статье раскрываются основные направления, в рамках которых реализуется возрождение народных промыслов, традиций в современной системе культуры и образования (кружки, студии, мастерские). При этом автор анализирует основные моменты регулирования возрождения народных ремесел, в том числе, и законодательные. Результаты исследования. В статье освещается важность формирования этнокультурных компетенций у обучающихся в контексте работы с родителями, как носителями традиций и обычаев. Делается вывод о том, что формирование этнокультурных компетенций обучающихся в контексте возрождения народных ремесел является сложным многокомпонентным и поэтапным процессом, в который включено множество субъектов. ; The article highlights the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of students' ethno-cultural competencies formation in the system of institutions of additional education in study clubs, trade shops as well as during creative master classes. The purpose of the study is to define the relevance and significance of folk crafts revival as a factor of students' ethno-cultural competencies formation. The main works of Russian authors in the field of research of folk and art crafts are presented. Methods. A comparative analysis of the historical situation that reflects the content and importance of folk crafts, as well as its current state is presented. During the study the following methods were applied: analysis of Russian literature, legal acts, conversation with students and teachers, content-analysis of creative activity outcomes. The study was carried out on the basis of the institutions for additional education and culture of the Svetloyarsky District in Volgograd Region, among masters of decorative and applied art of Volgograd and members of the club of masters "Remaliya". The role of masters of decorative and applied arts in the system of additional education, as well as the main types of presentation of folk crafts products is described. The experience of interaction between universities, schools and institutions of additional education with masters of decorative and applied art, areas of joint activity of various age groups is outlined. Moreover, the article reveals the main directions in which the revival of folk crafts and traditions in the modern system of culture and education (study clubs, studios, trade shops) is implemented. At the same time, the author analyzes the main points of folk crafts revival regulation, including legislative ones. Research result. The article highlights the importance of forming ethno-cultural competencies in students in the context of working with their parents as carriers of traditions and customs. It is concluded that students' ethno-cultural competencies formation in the context of the revival of folk crafts is a complex multi-component and step-by-step process, into which many subjects are involved.

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of Philosophy. ; This research focuses on the multidimensionality of Chinese outbound tourism to Western Europe and particularly highlights the visitation of Chinese millennial students to the Netherlands. The contributions made to knowledge construction are first of all, to establish a propaedeutic research agenda for which this current research serves as a framework. Simultaneously, seven discernable dimensions have been identified as archetypal to the Chinese tourist, especially regarding their key interests and behaviour when visiting Western European destinations. These being competitive, demographic, economic, technological, cultural, natural and political. Within this construct, the researcher drew from Urry's 'The Tourist's Gaze', and Pearce et al., reconstruction of this, in their article in Tourism Recreation Research on "Puzzles in Understanding Chinese Tourist Behaviour: Towards a Triple-C Gaze", to create the Quadruple-C Gaze in depicting the Chinese millennial tourist's behaviour. (Quadruple-C is in reference to Confucianism, Capitalism, Communism, and Consumerism). The latter is a proposition for the establishment of a propaedeutic research agenda, which is derived from this study. In exercising an interpretative research methodology, the researcher attempted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the key interests of Chinese millennial tourists to the Netherlands and juxtapose them to Chinese millennial students as tourists to the Netherlands. At the same time, an investigation was carried out into the implications of these visits for the Dutch tourism industry as well as the Dutch higher education board. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among experts from the Dutch tourism industry as well as from the Dutch higher education board and experts from Dutch universities. Likewise, focus groups meetings were held among five different groups of Chinese millennial students from universities in the Netherlands as well as students from a university in China. Data was also generated from discourse analysis. The outcome of the thematic analysis performed resulted in seven pronounced themes, which are: the cultural values of Chinese millennial travellers; their motivations for visiting the Netherlands; the Netherlands and its higher educational institutes; Chinese millennial students in the Netherlands; the travel interests and behaviours of Chinese millennial students in/through Europe; the Chinese millennial students and their surroundings; and the implications of Chinese millennial students on their exhibited behaviour and on the Netherlands. A future propaedeutic research agenda is therefore proposed that examines "The Quadruple-C Gaze of Chinese outbound tourism and its relevance in defining the key interests and behaviour of the Chinese millennial tourists from second-and-third-tier VIII A Multidimensional Inquiry into Chinese Outbound Tourism to Western Europe: The Visitation of Chinese Millennial Students to The Netherlands cities in China". In carrying out such a study, three relatively innovative methodologies are suggested: Complexity Theory, which is a set of concepts that attempts to explain a complex phenomenon not explainable by traditional or mechanic theories. The second is via Visual Analysis, which applies graphic prompts to assess the motivational considerations that guide visitors from different cultural backgrounds to select their travel destination(s). And thirdly, by way of Netnography - a current research method that uses online conversations as data. By applying one or more of the above-mentioned methodologies, a fresh insight will be gained into the quadruple-C gaze of Chinese millennial tourists from second and third-tier cities from Mainland China. Finally, when approaching China as a prospective source market for Chinese millennial tourists/students, both Dutch tourism providers and the Dutch higher education need to adopt a holistic approach to understanding the multi-dimensions postulated in this inquiry.

The notion of bottom-up governance in the Internet is not new, but the precise underlying mechanisms have received little primary, empirical study. The majority of Internet governance literature is couched in contrasting familiar top-down modes of governance with the design of and subsequent critique of governance institutions such as ICANN or the WSIS processes that created the Internet Governance Forum (IGF). This paper reports on dissertation work collecting and analyzing empirical evidence of how bottom-up governance mechanisms operate in situ. Methodologically, participant-observer ethnographies are supplemented by text mining and social network analysis—the combination facilitates analysis of community-generated artifacts cross-validated against semi-structured interviews. This paper reports on ethnographic studies thus far, drawing on early interviews and private conversations. Scoping the domain, this work evaluates organizational modes at the intersection of Internet operations and security. Three categories of non-state organizational modes contribute evidence: network operator groups (NOGs) and RIRs; Internet eXchange Points (IXPs); anti-abuse organizations and communities such as the Messaging, Malware, and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group (M3AAWG), Spamhaus, and the Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG). As of this writing, the anti-abuse studiy is the least developed study and will be addressed comparatively. The author engages as a participant-observer in forums from each category, developing relationships and engaging in semi-structured interviews with participants and organizers. These studies contribute to understanding how decentralized "close-knit yet loosely organized" communities coordinate localized operational capacity (direct access to private network operations and security incidents) to achieve global operational and decisional capacity sufficient to address problems as they arise, at Internet clockspeed. Ongoing fieldwork provides early insights into these processes. Many of these governance arrangements comprise actors pursuing nominally private interests, yet they produce collateral public benefits. Important to this work is that the combination of private interests and the creation of public goods is distinct from both how open these organizational modes are and how transparent the attendant processes are. Various combinations exist within these studies and will be presented. This report will provide a preliminary comparative analysis within and across the studies. These arrangements are framed as instances of private authority. One contribution of this work is a mapping of concepts and models from international relations and political economy to the domain of bottom-up Internet governance to facilitate comparison not only within and across the studies, but also with conventional governance arrangements. Using this language, comparisons will highlight, among other factors, the variety of vetting and consensus building processes at play, trade-offs between formal and informal rules and norms, mechanisms for evaluating policies, and early evidence of the density of social networks that facilitate communication within and across differentiated policy and issue communities. Taken together, these factors will contribute to an argument that bottom-up governance (of the Internet) is not simply a varient of multistakeholder-ist or multilateralist governance confounded by a functionalist and/or corporatist flavor. Rather, bottom-up governance will be presented as a broad yet densely connected, pluralistic marketplace of governance arrangements whose continuous engagement in policy experiments allows the community as a whole to keep pace with the development of issues in and on the global Internet. ; This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N00014-09-1-0597. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations therein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.

Mūsdienās sociālo lomu dalīšanas procesi starp sievieti un vīrieti skar ne tikai privāto sfēru, bet pieskaras arī publiskajai – īpaši politikai un varai, kas tiek saprasti kā sabiedrības pārvaldīšanas institūti. Vīrieši ir zaudējuši savu absolūti dominējošo lomu publiskajā sfērā, savukārt sievietes ir nodrošinājušas sev pieeju varas institūtiem un tiesības aktīvajā politikā. Maģistra darba tēma: Latvijas amatpersonu dzimtes dimensija 2005. gada laikrakstā "Latvijas Avīze". Pētījuma lauks ir medija satura analīze. Savukārt pētījuma objekts ir 2005. gada laikraksts Latvijas Avīze, precīzāk, rubrika Redakcijas viesis, kurā ir publicētas intervijas ar Latvijas politiķiem/politiķēm un citām amatpersonām. Izvēlētā darba pētījuma metode ir kvantitatīvā (kontentanalīze) un kvalitatīvā (kritiskā diskursa analīze), jo tiek pētīts dzimtes diskurss. Maģistra darba galvenais mērķis ir, pirmkārt, apzināt, kā politiskajā diskursā tiek konstruēta vīrieša/sievietes dzimtes loma; kā dzimtes dimensija parādās jautājumos un atbildēs par politisko lēmumu pieņemšanu. Un, otrkārt, vai sievietēm, lai iegūtu savu balsi politiskajā diskursā, ir jāpārņem vīriešu dzimtei raksturīgais valodas stils. Teorētiskajā daļā apskatītas dzimtes pamatnostādnes, dzimuma pašidentifikācija un komunikācijas modi, kā arī dzimtes aspekts valodā un dzimtes saistība ar medijiem. Darbā aplūkots arī politiskās kultūras jēdziens, dzimtes nozīme politikā, kā arī varas jēdziena interpretācija dzimtes aspektā. Pamatojoties uz apskatīto teoriju, empīriskajā daļā ir mēģināts saprast, analizēt un skaidrot dzimtes dimensiju laikraksta intervijās: dzimtes komunikācijas aspektus, "sieviešu runas" iezīmes, aktivitātes un cīņas pazīmes, kritikas objekta atspoguļojumu, intervējamo personu atsaukšanos uz citu personu teikto vai darīto, kā arī sarunu tematu izklāstu. Atslēgvārdi: mediji, "Latvijas Avīze", dzimtes pozicionējums, diskurss, valoda. ; Nowadays the processes of division into social roles regard not only the private sphere, but also the public sphere, particularly- politics and power of governing different social institutions. Men have lost their absolutely dominant role in the public sphere, in their turn women have gained their access to power institutions and got their rights in the active politics. The theme of the Master paper: Gender dimension of Latvia's officials in the newspaper "Latvijas Avīze" in 2005. The research is the analysis of the media content. The object of the research is the newspaper Latvijas Avīze in 2005, more precisely- the rubric Redakcijas viesis, where the interviews with Latvia's politicians and other officials are published. The chosen research method of the work is quantitative (content analysis) and qualitative (the critical discourse analysis) because the gender discourse is studied. The general aim of the Master paper is, first of all, to study how the men's/women's gender role in the political discourse is constructed and to examine in what way gender dimension occurs in the questions and answers regarding the making of the political decisions. And, secondly, the aim is to investigate if women have to take on the manner of speech peculiar to males to get their vote in the political discourse. The theoretical part consists of the study of general statements and self-identification of the gender, communication modes, as well as, the gender aspect in the language and its connection with the medium. This part also includes the concept of the political culture, the genders' role in the politics and the notion's of power interpretation in the aspect of gender. On the basis of the theoretical part, the empirical part of the work is to realize, analyse and interpret gender dimension in the interviews of the newspaper: the aspect of gender communication, the features of "the female speech", also the features of activity and fight, the reflection of the critical object, the interviewees' reference on other persons' views or activities, and the summary of the conversation themes. The keywords: "Latvijas Avīze", gender positioning, discourse, language.

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag diskutiert die Autorin empirische Befunde aus einer Forschung in den Palästinensischen Autonomiegebieten (Westjordanland). Sie verdeutlicht an zwei Beispielen aus ihrer Feldforschung, inwiefern in dieser Region sowohl alltagsweltliche Gespräche als auch lebensgeschichtliche Interviews erheblich durch den Nahostkonflikt und die damit zusammenhängenden mehrfach verschränkten Figurationen zwischen Palästinensern, jüdischen Israelis und Vertretern der so genannten westlichen Welt bestimmt sind. Dies führt dazu, dass sich die Gesprächspartner als Vertreter einer konfliktfreien Wir-Gruppe von Palästinensern präsentieren und sich die familien- und lebensgeschichtlichen Selbstpräsentationen auf das thematische Feld 'Unser Leiden unter der israelischen Besatzung' konzentrieren. In diesem Beitrag wird vor allem die Strukturierung der Gespräche durch die religiösen, nationalen und durch (beruflichen oder sozioökonomischen) Status bedingten Zugehörigkeiten der InterviewerInnen und die damit verknüpften methodischen Herausforderungen dieser Forschung aufgezeigt." (Autorenreferat)

Die hier vorgestellte Studie beschäftigt sich mir der Frage, wie junge Erwachsene in Schweden miteinander über Liebesbeziehungen und über den Übergang in die Elternschaft reden. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass in Partnerschaften vor der Entscheidung für ein Kind sorgfältig über die eigene Beziehung nachgedacht wird, auch weil für diese Entscheidung teilweise widersprüchliche Ansprüche und Erfahrungen eine Rolle spielen, was Stress und Ängste hervorrufen kann. So ist ein Kind in einer Kernfamilie großzuziehen ein sehr prominentes Ideal, mit dem sich diese Studie beschäftigt. Dem entgegen steht die Annahme, dass intime Liebesbeziehungen im Laufe der Zeit verblassen. Diskurse hierüber verlaufen widersprüchlich und führen zu einem Dilemma im Prozess der Familienbildung. Einige finden insbesondere die Gefahr des Scheiterns der elterlichen Beziehung – teils infolge eigener Erfahrungen mit alleinerziehenden Eltern – besonders beängstigend. Im Rahmen der eigenen Studie wurden Fokusgruppen mit Männern und Frauen zwischen 24 und 39 Jahren durchgeführt. Die Beteiligten kamen aus unterschiedlichen Bildungs- und Beschäftigungskontexten und aus verschiedenen geographischen Regionen; einige waren bereits Eltern, andere nicht. Die so erhobenen Daten wurden diskursanalytisch ausgewertet, wobei zu Liebe und Intimität in der zeitgenössischen westlichen Welt vor allem Theoriebezüge von Anthony GIDDENS, Zygmunt BAUMAN und Ulrich BECK und Elisabeth BECK-GERNSHEIM in die Diskussion der Ergebnisse eingegangen sind.

In 1999, the Institute of Medicine released their landmark report To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. The report drew wide-spread attention to the unacceptable number of adverse events occurring within the American healthcare system, the fundamental role of systemic error and healthcare culture in the causation of these events, and the necessity for prevention over deterrence. The philosophy ?To Err is Human? has become the foundation on which the ?The Patient Safety Movement? is based. To date, patient safety methodology has concentrated primarily on cultural change and accountability; incident reporting and analysis; reformed education standards; improved communication, teamwork, and consensus building; patient and family engagement, and patient and family-centred care; the use of evidence-based practices; and system redesign. All of these strategies, born of out the patient safety movement, will be examined in significant depth throughout this thesis in the context of medical error reduction. In contrast, legal strategies to prevent and respond to medical error (operating in tandem with the above) have traditionally been adversarial in nature, based primarily on the principles of deterrence and retribution, and enforced by way of civil and criminal legislation and jurisprudence. While the analysis within this thesis is strongly premised on the argument that the threat of legal, financial, or disciplinary penalties on their own are ineffective at furthering patient safety, this should not be taken as negating the role for both civil litigation and criminal prosecution when an individual or organisation has been negligent, reckless, or acted intentionally - these legal avenues undoubtably remain necessary for fostering safety and promoting accountability. For the purposes of scoping, this thesis is predominantly concerned with the interaction between patient safety methodology and the civil law, and accordingly, will focus on legislative and organisational reform intended to reduce the secrecy and fear associated with medical error common within healthcare culture. Contemporary legislative and organisational initiatives within the patient safety agenda to improve safety and reform culture have been directed primarily towards enabling the flow of communication between healthcare professionals, organisations, regulators, and patients. In particular, the use of alternative dispute resolution to reduce the length and cost of potential medical malpractice claims, as well as limiting liability from the disclosure of an incident or offering of an apology. While attempts to reform healthcare culture and implement the aforementioned strategies has consequently given way to the larger discussion of the appropriate role and application of accountability in healthcare - a challenge that will be examined at great length throughout this thesis in reference to a ?just culture? - patient safety theory continues to be fundamental in moving the conversation away from deterrence and towards prevention. The question that guides this thesis is: ?An assessment of strategies which, operating in tandem with medical malpractice actions, will improve patient safety (and based on comparative analysis of how these strategies have worked in different jurisdictions.)? Using a literature review and analysis methodology, and concentrating primarily on the healthcare and legal systems of the United States, England, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand ? the theoretical framework of this thesis is based on two intrinsically connected themes: an assessment of strategies for reducing medical error based on patient safety methodology, and second, the role of medical malpractice law and litigation in the reduction and mitigation of medical error. In this respect, this thesis does not focus its attention on how patient safety methodology fits into the legal structure, but rather how the current and proposed legal mechanisms fit within and further patient safety. Additionally, this thesis advocates the view that above all other strategies for the reduction of medical error, those which improve healthcare communication are paramount. As a contribution to the growing body of patient safety literature, my analysis will assess the aforementioned multi-disciplinary strategies for improving patient safety, and will demonstrate that the adoption of strategies that address healthcare culture and communication by way of legislative and organisational reform are the most effective mechanism by which to reduce medical error because they are uniquely capable of bridging the dichotomy between the collaborative ideals of the patient safety movement and the inherently adversarial nature of the legal system. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

Seit Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie haben sich in den sozialen Medien verschiedenste Verschwörungserzählungen ausgebreitet. Weiterhin werden traditionelle Medien im Allgemeinen stärker genutzt und als deutlich glaubwürdiger eingeschätzt als soziale Medien. Dies zeigt eine Auswertung der im Sommer 2020 erstmals durchgeführten deutschlandweiten Befragung der Ruhr-Universität Bochum und des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft. Allerdings informieren sich junge Menschen unter 30 Jahren immer häufiger in den sozialen Medien über das politische Geschehen. Dies ist besonders vor dem Hintergrund bemerkenswert, dass unter den Nutzern sozialer Medien eine Verschiebung der Deutungshoheit zugunsten sozialer Medien stattfindet und somit kommunikative Parallelgesellschaften entstehen könnten. Denn die Auswertung der Befragungsdaten zeigt, dass die Befragten diejenigen Medienformate als glaubwürdiger einschätzen, welche sie selbst nutzen. Ebenso legt die Analyse offen, dass Nutzer bestimmter Medien wie beispielsweise YouTube und Telegram eher Verschwörungsglauben zuneigen. Auch wenn die Analyse keine kausalen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Größen offenlegen kann, zeigt sie dennoch, dass die Nutzung bestimmter Medienformate mit einer Tendenz zum Verschwörungsglauben einhergeht. Ein Blick in die USA zeigt, wie die Nutzung von sozialen Medien im Besonderen durch (Noch-)US-Präsident Donald Trump die politische Debatte während seiner Amtszeit und den Wahlkampf emotional bestimmt und auch die Verbreitung von Falschmeldungen, so genannten fake news, begünstigt hat. Auch wenn in Deutschland die Glaubwürdigkeit der traditionellen Medien weit höher ist, deuten Analysen auch für Deutschland auf eine zunehmende Bedeutung von Fake News und der wachsenden Verbreitung von Verschwörungsglauben hin. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es umso dringlicher die Medienkompetenz, im Besonderen auch der älteren Bevölkerung, welche anders als die "digital natives" nicht in einer digitalisierten Welt aufgewachsen ist, zu stärken. Zudem ist es gleichermaßen Aufgabe schulischer und politischer Bildung(sträger) aber auch des Journalismus, Diskurse zu ermöglichen und gleichzeitig dabei Fake News einzuordnen und ihre Verbreitung einzudämmen. ; How Germans inform themselves about political events: Personal conversation and use of traditional media come first Despite the outbreak of COVID-19 and the associated spread of various conspiracy theories in the social media, traditional media continue to be more extensively used and are considered significantly more credible than social media in Germany. This is shown by a survey of the Ger-man resident population which was conducted by the Ruhr University Bochum (RUB) and the German Economic Institute in summer 2020. However, young people under the age of 30 years tend to use social media more frequently when informing themselves about political events. This is particularly remarkable as users of social media ascribe higher credibility to social media formats as opposed to non-users which might pave the way for communicative parallel societies. This can be explained by the fact that respondents generally consider those media formats as more credible that they use themselves. The analysis also reveals that users of certain social media such as YouTube and Telegram tend to believe in conspiracy theories. Even though the analysis cannot reveal any causal relationship between the variables, it nevertheless shows that the use of certain media formats can promote a tendency towards conspiracy beliefs. A look at the United States shows how the use of social media by (still) U.S. President Donald Trump has shaped the political debate during his term in office and the election campaign and also favored the spread fake news. Even though the credibility of traditional media in Germany is far higher when compared to the U.S., analyses indicate that fake news and the increasing spread of conspiracy beliefs are also spreading faster and more easily in Germany. Against this background, it is all the more urgent to strengthen media competence, especially among the older population, who, unlike "digital natives", have not grown up in a digitized world. In addition, it is equally the task of school and political education, but also of journalism, to facilitate discourse and at the same time classify fake news and contain its distribution.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to understand the career trajectories of women in professional careers in corporate America. As it was a very broad category, the women whose stories became the focus for this study were all Baby Boomers (born roughly between 1946 and 1966 into middle-class families in the United States) who had careers in business. Because all of the women represented just two companies in different industries, the analysis provided the opportunity to use a case study format for the research topic. Initially, the research was aimed at understanding how they felt about not making it into the C-Suite and what career decisions had prevented them from moving up the executive ladder. The research questions started with, "Tell me about your family, what it was like when you were growing up, and how did your parents influence your career choices?" Further into the interview, their college degrees were recounted and the subjects typically provided a resume-based review of the jobs they held. The conversation then turned to questions about who were their bosses and how were they treated at work; followed by their reactions to both positive and negative experiences. At the end, subjects were given an opportunity to describe how they felt about their careers at this point in time and how they felt about their achievements. In this qualitative study, the subjects' responses revealed three overarching theories: feminism (Smith, et. al.), constructivist structuralism (Bourdieu) with a side-nod to organizational structure (Bolman and Deal, and others). Three major themes emerged from the data and formed the framework for analysis: 1) Minimal Awareness and Guidance; 2) Homosocial Reproduction; and, 3) Work-Life Balance. Analyzed within this framework, stark differences were evident between the two groups of women. They all grew up in the 1960s and 1970s when civil rights were at the center of American social and political stages and a new wave of feminism rolled across the country but in most cases, they were just unaware of it, or SWIMMING UPSTREAM v said it had no impact on their experiences as girls. In their families, neither the mother nor father seemed to pay much attention to setting career goals. Once engaged in life as an employee, the women understood the habitus of their company and/or industry and did not question their superiors when a roadblock appeared. The women of Comco seemed more accepting of the bureaucracy and resigned themselves to being a cog in the machine. The women at Mancon had a straighter career path and understood clearly what was needed to succeed in their role; they used social and symbolic capital more commonly to advance their careers. In the end, the differences between the two companies served as the greatest differentiator between the career success of the women in the study. The older, larger, more bureaucratic Comco stifled achievement by women, leaving them wistful about the "what ifs?" Mancon's culture of communication and creativity allowed the women more freedom to choose and pursue their desired career path – leaving only themselves as a barrier to achievement.

What do we talk about when we talk about sex? For some, it is a matter of mechanics: bodies, physiology, functioning. For others, it is a matter of morals: norms, risks, rewards. Like everything else in our world, sex is a site of social construction – a part of the human experience that is mediated through our understanding of that experience. In particular, sexuality as a form of knowledge is made possible by the discursive processes that constitute it. Discourse is the field on which particular ideologies, structures, and desires surrounding sexuality get played out. In many ways, discourse holds a unique status in religious contexts: it can be constructed as a holy artifact or a means to salvation, and it is also vital for creating and disseminating religious tradition and identity. Historically, Western Christianity has often been mostly closely associated with sexual repression and heteronormativity, most notably through emphasis on lifelong heterosexual monogamy within marriage and sexual chastity outside of marriage. Since the 1970s, evangelical forms of Christianity in the United States have been major proponents for what has been called 'purity culture,' a movement that promotes sexuality purity – particularly among women – as well as abstinence until marriage. Purity culture has been so pervasive in the U.S. that it often operates independently of religious identity and ideologies, infiltrating sexual education curricula in schools and political discourses around gender and sexuality.Scholarly inquiry into these three veins – discourse, sexuality, and Christianity – has spanned a number of disciplines and has been marked by disparate methodologies and analytic frameworks. My dissertation seeks to bring many of these threads together to provide a meaningful account of the current discourses around sexual ethics among Christians in the United States. I focus in particular on the Baptist denomination of Christianity as a site of study, since its loose denominational structure gives rise to a wide variety of beliefs and practices around sexuality that are discursively negotiated in community spaces. Through a methodology I call event ethnography, I provide an in-depth examination of the 2012 [Baptist] Conference on Sexuality and Covenant to capture the complexities of this singular event as situated within its larger cultural context. I analyze the constraints of the physical space of the event, how plenary speakers interdiscursively engage with many of the same Christian texts and traditions in radically different ways, and the emergent dialogicality of the audience's engagement both in person and online through Twitter. My analysis of this event shows the ways in which social histories, institutional structures, and spatiotemporal realities both enable and constrain particular types of discourse. I also explore the ways in which my research has morphed from a traditional focus on discourse analysis to a more activist approach of community-engaged research. I discuss the various ways I am currently collaborating with Baptist leaders in the development of resources that promote healthier, more holistic conversations around sexuality. I argue that these forms of academic activism can help build more robust scholarship as well as bring about positive social change.