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This book presents a unified framework (based on spatial interaction models) that encapsulates most of the models developed so far for the analyses of spatial patterns of human activities at both a static and a dynamic level. The book shows how such models can be associated in a static analysis, with macro- and meso-oriented entropy theory and micro-oriented random utility theory. In a dynamic analysis such models can be seen as the result of an optimal trajectory through which a closed system approaches an equilibrium state, in both a deterministic and stochastic framework. However spatial interaction models can exhibit chaotic patterns under particular conditions, since they can be linked to both a logistic form (in a degenerate case) and interrelated logistics (in a general case). Finally, such models may serve to form a broad "envelope" incorporating many dynamic models currently used, which end up with logistic structures. The theoretical-methodological foundations are original, as various tools originating from different disciplines (e.g. economics, mathematics, physics, statistics, biology and natural sciences) are used to develop a unified framework

This book is a 1990 account of the ways in which young Aborigines were at a disadvantage before laws and legislation had been introduced, intended to improve their position. Aboriginal Youth and the Criminal Justice System focuses on South Australia, where detailed statistics are available, in a sophisticated analysis of the exact nature of the discrimination experienced by young Aborigines. Fay Gale, Rebecca Bailey-Harris and Joy Wundersitz examine the criminal justice system in operation; from the initial intervention by a police officer, through the process of screening and assessment to the final outcome - which all too often is a criminal record. The research clearly shows that at every point where discretion was exercised within this system, Aboriginal youths received the harsher option. Thus disadvantage is heaped on disadvantage until young Aboriginals were imprisoned at 23 times the rate of other young Australians. Even for those who escaped detention, participation in the criminal justice system was often such an ordeal that it became a form of punishment in itself. Discretion, though preferable to inflexible rules could operate against a group whose lifestyle and values differed from mainstream society

This report is a culmination of more than three years of research and deliberation. In it, a variety of issues are addressed that arise in federal and state court proceedings when statistical assessments such as quantitative descriptions, causal inferences, and predictions of events based on earlier occurrences are presented as evidence. We appraise the forms in which such assessments are presented, aspects of their admission into evidence, and the response to and evaluation of them by judges and juries. Our recommendations include several innovations to improve the comprehension of statistial evidence by judges and juries. In addition to jurists, who must evaluate statistical testimony, our report is addressed to lawyers, who may have occasion to draw on statistical testimony or to present factual arguments that incorporate statistical assessments; to statisticians, social scientists, and others who may serve as expert witnesses presenting statistical arguments; and to the research communities in law, statistics, and the social sciences that seek to understand how courts cope with unfamiliar and technically complex information. Our ultimate goal is to improve the legal process

Plenary Sessions -- Socio-Cultural Bases for Mathematical Education -- Reflection and Recursion -- Discrete Mathematics -- Action Groups -- 1. Early Childhood Years -- 2. Elementary School (Ages 7–12) -- 3. Junior Secondary School (Ages 11–16) -- 4. Senior Secondary School (Ages 15–19) -- 5. Tertiary (Post-Secondary) Institutions (18 +) -- 6. Pre-Service Teacher Education -- 7. Mathematics in Adult, Technical and Vocational Education -- Theme Groups -- 1. Mathematics For All -- 2. The Professional Life of Teachers -- 3. The Role of Technology -- 4. Theory, Research and Practice in Mathematical Education -- 5. Curriculum Development -- 6. Applications and Modelling -- 7. Problem Solving -- Topic Areas -- 1. Evaluation, Examinations and Assessment -- 2. Competitions -- 3. The Teaching of Geometry -- 4. Relationship Between the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics -- 5. Language and Mathematics -- 6. Psychology of Mathematics Education -- 7. Research and Teaching -- 8. Theory of Mathematics Education -- 9. Teaching of Statistics -- 10. Women and Mathematics -- Invited Addresses -- Presidential Address -- Public Forum -- The Effects of Technology on Mathematics Education -- The Nature of Proof -- Debate: The Microcomputer: Miracle or Menace in Mathematics Education? -- Specially Invited Presentations -- The Work of ICMI -- List of Participants.

The advent of electronic computing permits the empirical analysis of economic models of far greater subtlety and rigour than before, when many interesting ideas were not followed up because the calculations involved made this impracticable. The estimation and testing of these more intricate models is usually based on the method of Maximum Likelihood, which is a well-established branch of mathematical statistics. Its use in econometrics has led to the development of a number of special techniques; the specific conditions of econometric research moreover demand certain changes in the interpretation of the basic argument. This book is a self-contained introduction to this field. It consists of three parts. The first deals with general features of Maximum Likelihood methods; the second with linear and nonlinear regression; and the third with discrete choice and related micro-economic models. Readers should already be familiar with elementary statistical theory, with applied econometric research papers, or with the literature on the mathematical basis of Maximum Likelihood theory. They can also try their hand at some advanced econometric research of their own

Investigation and Responsibility deals with the extension of social responsibility in the American states during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Lord Bryce questioned the reality of American belief in laissez faire, and recent work has reinforced these doubts. Professor Brock makes a substantial contribution to this reassessment, through an examination of the activities of the agencies established at a state level for the regulation of the social environment. Using the evidence provided by the published reports of the state agencies, he argues that these activities were far more extensive then has often been thought, and indicates the ways in which they laid the foundations for modern government activity in the fields of welfare, health, safety, labour law, and economic regulation. By a detailed examination of such agencies as boards of state charities and public health, bureaus of labour statistics, and railroad commissions, Professor Brock places the extension of state responsibility in a new perspective. The book also includes a reassessment of judicial opinion and closes with an examination of the way in which experience in the states influenced the development of national policy

4: Crime and Justice -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Criminal justice, tolerance and discretion -- 3. Limitations of criminal justice statistics -- 4. Crime Index Offences -- 5. Crimes of violence -- 6. Murder and the death penalty -- 7. Rape, aggravated assault and robbery -- 8. Property crime -- 9. Overview and remarks on causes -- 10. White Collar crime -- 11. Offences cleared -- 12. Subjects charged -- 13. Convictions and the courts -- 14. Prisoners and penalties -- 15. Lawyers, law enforcement personnel and expenditures -- 16. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 5: Politics and Organizations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Models of good behaviour -- 3. Voter turnout and the franchise -- 4. Political activities -- 5. Campaign spending -- 6. Political efficacy -- 7. Trust and confidence -- 8. Freedom of information -- 9. Heads of state -- 10. Aid to developing countries -- 11. United Nations -- 12. Military expenditures -- 13. Vietnam and international relations -- 14. In the shade of the elephant -- 15. Government expenditures -- 16. Union support and distrust -- 17. Industrial disputes -- 18. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

I. General Methodology -- A New Epitheoretical Analysis of Social Theories; A Reconstruction of their Background Knowledge including a Model of Statistical Decision Theory -- Theories and Phenomena -- Partial Interpretation and Microeconomics -- The Foundation of Science on Cognitive Mini-Models, with Applications to the German Methodenstreit and the Advent of Econometrics -- II. Methods for Laying the Foundations of Social Systems and Social Structures -- Systems of Social Exchange -- The Concept of Social Structure -- Societies and Social Decision Functions -- Honing Occam's Razor: A General System Theory Perspective on Social Science Methodology -- III. Vagueness, Imprecision and Uncertainty in Social Laws and Forecasts -- Toward Fuzzy Reasoning in the Behavioral Sciences -- Evolutionary Laws in the Social Sciences -- Methodological Analysis of Imprecision in the Assessment of Personal Probabilities -- The Necessity, Sufficiency and Desirability of Experts as Value Forecasters -- Rational Choice Models and Self-Fulfilling and Self-Defeating Prophecies -- IV. Methodology of Statistics and Hypothesis Testing -- Statistical Probabilities: Single Case Propensities vs. Long-Run Frequencies -- Variety of Objects as a Parameter for Experimentation: An Extension of Carnap's Inductive Logic -- The Strategic Combination Argument -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Cover -- Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I Conciliation and conflict -- Introduction: Reconstruction as reconciliation -- Defiant optimism -- a: The South under Northern scrutiny -- b: Southerners consider their own situation -- c: The North under Southern scrutiny -- Part 2 Encouraging Southern loyalty, 1865 -- The Provisional Governors -- Strategies for readmission -- a: The President's intended plan -- b: The Southern perspective -- c: The President's plan implemented -- Discretion decentralized -- a: Appointments -- b: Pardons -- c: Relations with the military -- Misrepresentation -- a: Misrepresentation of the South -- b: Misrepresentation for the South -- c: Misrepresentation by the South -- Part 3 Seeking Southern cooperation, 1866 -- Anticipation -- The South courted -- a: The project -- b: Southern reactions -- c: Organisational response in the South -- d: Post-convention assessments -- 'Masterly inactivity' -- a: The Southern response -- b: Alternatives to inaction -- Part 4 Demanding Southern acquiescence, 1867-1868 -- Reconstruction enjoined - March to July 1867 -- a: Submission - Why -- b: Submission - How -- c: Alternatives -- Reconstruction resisted - July to December 1867 -- a: Non-cooperation -- b: The politicians fail -- Epilogue: The irrelevance of the moderates, 1865-1868 -- Appendix: Registration and voting statistics for the Southern State Constitutional Conventions, 1867-8 -- A note on sources -- Index.

The Focus Report prepared by the Central Bank of Brazil summarizes the statistics calculated from market expectations, such as inflation expectations for the next four years that are weekly collected. The report shows the evolution of these data using graphs and weekly projections for price indices, economic activity, and exchange rates. However, the expectations of households and firms regarding the future of inflation, which are determinants for current inflation, go beyond problems of theoretical and empirical foundation. Thus, the research question addressed in this study is as follows: Do expectations of inflation measured by the Focus Market Report explain inflation measured by the CPI in Brazil? To answer this question, we compare expected and actual inflation data and analyze the correlations between them. This research is important because part of the argument for increasing the basic interest rate in the Brazilian economy is based on data from the Focus Report, which may contain forecasting errors, thereby resulting in monetary policy mistakes. The research methodology consists of contrasting data on monthly expectations with actual inflation rates and assessing the correlations between them.

Abstract
This paper analyzes emerging issues on the use of electronic resources (e-resources) by academic staff in public universities in Tanzania. Notable issues include factors influencing adoption of e-resources by academic staff. A quantitative research design based on a cross-sectional survey of academic staff in four public universities was used. The study was informed by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with demographic and institutional factors like awareness on ICT policy and regulations added. A sample of 292 academic staff obtained through a combination of stratified and random sampling was used. Cross-tabulations and Chi-Square statistics were used for analysis of association to establish the influence of the factors on adoption. Through TAM, perceived benefits were measured by eagerness for promotion and increase in income. Perceived ease of use was measured by capacity built on ICT use and perception on ICT infrastructure. Awareness was measured by members' recognition of ICT policy and regulations. The findings show that experience, age, and awareness have a significant correlation with e-resources adoption. Also, the mostly accessed and used e-resources by academic staff are scholarly search engines such as Google Scholar.

The purpose of this research is to determine which is the relationship between resilience of the students and comprehensive education provided by accounting professional career from peruvian public universities. The population consisted of 191 students and the sample was composed 55 students from the National University of Trujillo (UNT) and 42 students from the National University of Cajamarca (UNC), using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. To measure the variables, this study employed a survey as technique and two questionnaires as instruments, which were composed of twenty questions each and they had the approvement by six research experts. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The relationship of the variables was determined using Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient. The findings reveal a coefficient of 0.406, that means there is a direct and significant pattern between the variables. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the students are resilient, so they achieve a good comprehensive public education that allows them to achieve their professional objectives and goals.

Received: 12 July 2024 / Accepted: 30 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Teachers play a pivotal role in shaping the educational journey of children and adolescents. This article endeavours to examine whether teacher satisfaction in Peru has seen consistent improvement over time, influenced by various factors such as salary increments, enhancements in infrastructure and working conditions, as well as changes in teaching and learning methodologies. This inquiry stems from the significant increase in government budget allocation to the education sector since 2000, with a notable 546.2% rise in student expenditure at the secondary level. We proposed as research question: "How has job satisfaction been for regular basic education teachers in Peru?" To address this, a qualitative, descriptive, non-experimental approach was adopted, drawing upon data from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and the Ministry of Education (MINEDU). We found that despite the increase in factors such as salary, budgetary allocation, and job stability within the public sector, teacher satisfaction has not seen the desired improvement. On the contrary, teachers express a sense of unrecognized contributions by their educational institutions.

Received: 20 March 2024 / Accepted: 1 November 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we use data from the 'Families and Social Subjects' survey conducted by the Italian National Institute of Statistics in 2016 to study the impact of micro- and macro-level economic conditions on first co-residential union formation. We aim to determine if and to what extent the probability of forming the first union is explained by individual labour market positions (e.g. having non-standard employment or not having work), and additionally explore if adverse macroeconomic conditions also play a role. We differentiate by union type—marriage and cohabitation—known to be characterised by different levels of union commitment. We also address potential gender differences by conducting separate analyses on men and women. Our results suggest that while micro- and macro-level economic factors matter in the union formation process, their effect varies by gender and union type. Individual economic vulnerability has a greater impact on marriage than on cohabitation for both men and women. Instead, contextual economic uncertainty plays a relevant role, especially in the transition to cohabitation, regardless of gender, and, to a lesser extent, in the transition to marriage, but only for women.

Early intervention for children with autism is crucial for their development and quality of life. Different early intervention models exist, including the Early Start Denver Model, which has scientific evidence and is included in Vietnam's Guidance Document on Diagnosis and Intervention for Children with autism spectrum disorders. Therefore, quantitative research design and descriptive statistics methodologies are used in the study to review the Denver early intervention model's effectiveness in treating children with autism worldwide and bring lessons learned for application in Vietnam. This narrative review analyses 16 scientific articles conducted in an international database. Research results show that the Early Start Denver Model is efficacious in improving core defects in children with autism, such as social skills, communication skills, and repetitive behaviors,…; using the Early Start Denver Model will improve parent-child interactions, reducing stress for parents during the parenting process. The findings also indicate lessons for applying the Early Start Denver Model for children with autism in Vietnam, considering factors like regional culture, educational facilities, and learning materials; motor skills and imitation skills should be combined with other therapies for better effectiveness.