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The need for coordination Coastal zones are complex areas with a highly specific natural character. As a contact zone between land and sea they possess an exceptional diversity of environments, biotic communities, and animal- and plant species. Coastal areas are, owing to their specific characteristics, also very attractive, commercially, for the development of coastal-related economic activities, e.g. port development, fishing, the abstraction of drinking water in the sand dunes, tourism and recreation. All of these activities lead to a highly dynamic coastal region. Examples of these regional dynamics include mobility, construction activities, street furniture and signage, and other public infrastructure.Because of the key role the coast fulfils of being a place to work, live and relax in, adequate standards of safety must be ensured as well. And that implies a well-conceived system of coastal protection.Since numerous activities take place on that 65km-long coastline, disputes arise, inevitably, between the users of the seaboard. But precisely because of those multitudinous users, there are many unique opportunities out there too, which have to be seized in an acceptable way. To keep all this on the right track a well thought tuning is needed. Which is why three partners submitted a project proposal to establish and develop a coordination centre for a fully-integrated management of our coastal zone. The coordination centre is meant to be a neutral point of contact in the coastal zone. The partners are:-the provincial government of West Flanders, acting as project leader;-the Flemish government, for the account of the Flemish Minister for the Environment and in its role as chairman of an inter-ministerial steering committee on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM);-the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ); as a data- and information centre. Objectives of the coordination centre In order to steer integrated management on the Belgian coast in the right direction, the coordination centre has, as its object, the following key tasks:-to promote the integration of planning and policy of the sectors and policy-making levels by monitoring new developments in planning and policy, and by playing a part, in an advisory capacity, during the realization thereof. The intended result is a better attunement of planning and policy between the respective players on the coast and a sustainable approach to coastal development.-to foster cooperation between the policy-making levels and sectors via consultative meetings, and by citing, as much as possible, initiatives at other levels or in other sectors and by actively encouraging cooperation. -to act as an (international) point of contact for Integrated Coastal Zone ManagementThe aim of the coordination centre is to serve as a central point of contact for the various levels of government and other key players on the coast and to offer every private individual, agency or government body the opportunity, via a centralized forum, to ask coast-related questions. -to monitor international and European developments in Integrated Coastal Zone Management by participating in coastal forums or other consultative platforms on coastal zone management.In addition to these four key tasks, the coordination centre will also:-monitor significant activities that serve to develop the coast and try and shed light on the motives thereof within an overall strategy of sustainable development;-keep a record of the data and then, out of that, distil a set of effective sustainability indicators for the coastal zone; -keep an up-to-date inventory of ongoing and new projects and initiatives in the coastal zone; commission others to make goal-oriented studies;-communicate about integrated management at the Belgian coast.(The project comes under the scope of the European objective 2 programme Kustgebied-Westhoek, which has been instituted, on our coast, for the period 2000-2006).

Economic development has become understood as being crucially dependent on knowledge production and innovation. Two important features of knowledge production concern its spatial concentration and its embeddedness in collaborative networks. The understanding of economic and scientific development thus requires indicators that capture the spatial and networked nature of knowledge production. This paper aims to contribute by developing and applying an integration measure that indicates the extent to which an organisation is integrated within a network. This measure, being based on the entropy of frequency distributions of collaborative projects, can be applied at any level of aggregation (cf. Frenken 2000). In this study, the focus of analysis is on European integration at the level of cities, countries and the European Union as a whole. The integration measure indicates the degree in which the observed distribution of collaborations differs from the distribution that would have resulted when partner selection would have been random (maximum entropy) indicating perfect integration. Using data taken from the Science Citation Index on inter-institutional collaborations in scientific output of EU countries in the period 1993-2000, European, national and regional patterns in scientific collaboration are analysed. The analysis in divided in three parts. The first part deals with the analysis of national and European collaboration. Results obtained so far (Frenken 2000) show that the European Union has indeed become more integrated, i.e. that the distribution of collaborations has become more random over time. Decomposition of the results shows that the higher level of integration has resulted solely from a more evenly distributed pattern of country-country collaborations, while the bias in national collaborations has not decreased. From a policy perspective, one could argue that European funding, for what concerns European collaborations, has indeed resulted in decreasing biases among countries, but has not resulted in removing the strong propensity of institutions to engage in national collaborative projects. In the second part, I examine the geographical nature of differences in the propensity to collaborate. The results obtained so far show that larger countries are typically better integrated than smaller countries. This can be understood from the assumption that scientific research in the larger countries is most diversified rendering its scientific institutes on average more attractive to collaborative with. This result, however, is not taken to mean that the propensity to collaborate internationally is solely affected by the national level per se. In so far as diversification is related to spatial concentration of scientific research, the same effect should be visible at the city level. This hypothesis is addressed by disaggregation of the data at the level of cities. The analysis will show to what extent collaboration is biased in cities and whether the scale of cities is indeed affecting the propensity to collaborate. Finally, in the third part, the pattern of clustering among cities can indicate the emergence of national and trans-European clusters of cities. The latter type of clusters allows border cities that are peripheral with regard to the national distribution to increase their science base by means of local yet European collaboration. To the extent that this is true, European science policy should take into account the regional embeddedness of European collaborative projects. Furthermore it would imply that localities that are peripheral both in the national and the European sense face serious problems as their propensity to collaborate is expected to remain low. References Frenken, K. (2000) 'A complexity approach to innovation networks', Research Policy 29, 257-72. Frenken, K. (2001) 'Measuring European integration in scientific research', Paper presented at the ECIS Conference 'The Future of Innovation Studies', Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September

Abundant knowledge of the significance of food quality for all human living functions as well as growing human population and the occurrence of world "hidden hunger", directed food producers toward new production processes of and new product development that must satisfy the specific needs of different categories of consumers. The differences are reflected in sex age, religious affiliation, activity, health, social status etc. "Organic", "natural, minimal processing, functional (and often called "therapeutical") food nowadays represents the key interest of nutritionists, physicians and food producers. Such food should have a beneficial influence on human health, besides satisfying the nutritive and energetic necessities, by protective, prophylactic and healing performance. This paper discusses facts about the influence of food on human health, problems of malnutrition in developing and developed countries, presents states of food production in the world and in Yugoslavia, legislation and regulations on nourishment and food production, the disadvantages of former concepts of development of this production and possible directions of future trends with a particular review on functional food production. ; Obimna saznanja o značaju kvalitetne hrane za životne funkcije čoveka rastuća svetska populacija i pojava "skrivene gladi" (nedostatak mikroelemenata i vitamina u ishrani) i posledice koje iz toga nastaju u svetu i kod nas, usmeravaju proizvođače hrane na nalaženje novih postupaka proizvodnje i novih proizvoda kojima bi se zadovoljile specifične potrebe različitih kategorija potrošača, različitih s obzirom na pol, starosnu dob etničku pripadnost, aktivnost, zdravstveno stanje, socijalni status i slično. "Organska", "prirodna", minimalno procesirana, funkcionalna (i danas sve češće nazivana "terapeutska") hrana trenutno predstavljaju ključni interes nutricionista, lekara i proizvođača hrane i reakcija su na dramatična zbivanja u svetu prouzrokovana pojavom "ludih krava" i GMH (genetski modifikovana hrana), toksika u stočnoj hrani Listeria sp. u mesu i mesnim prerađevinama i si. da bi se proizvela funkcionalna hrana, koja pored ispunjenja svih nutritivnih i energetskih potreba, treba da poboljša opšti zdravstveni status ljudskog organizma delujući protektivno profilaktički i lekovito. Za ostvarenje tog cilja potrebna je nova sveobuhvatna promena dosadašnjeg koncepta u proizvodnji hrane. Taj nov koncept mora se bazirati na dva osnovna principa, principu EU nazvanom "od farme do trpeze" (farm to food") i svetski prihvaćenom principu "održivog razvoja". Ona zahteva punu integraciju svih činilaca proizvodnje hrane počevši od obrade zemljišta, uzgoja stoke, preko procesiranja hrane i njene isporuke kupcu sa imperativnim ciljem da se zadovolje sve stroži zahtevi kupaca i maksimalno očuva prirodni potencijal u proizvodnji hrane tj., očuva životna sredina. Imperativni su i precizna kvantitativna i kvalitativa analitička i operativna kontrola u svim fazama proizvodnje (HACCP, ISO9000 i ISO14000) kao i stroga zakonska regulative. U cilju sagledavanja navedenih trendova u svetu u ovom radu izneti su podaci o uticaju hrane na ljudsko zdravlje, o problemima ishrane stanovništva u nerazvijenim i razvijenim zemljama, sadašnjem stanju u proizvodnji hrane u svetu i kod nas zakonodavstvu i regulativama u domenu ishrane i proizvodnje harane nedostaci dosadašnjeg koncepta razvoja u toj proizvodnji i mogući pravci budućeg razvoja, sa posebnim osvrtom na proizvodnju funkcionalne hrane. Istaknuto je da u našoj zemlji postoje značajne mogućnosti u ovoj oblasti proizvodnje koje za sada nisu iskorišćene. Organizacijom u ovoj proizvodnji kroz povezivanje svih relevantnih segmenata te proizvodnje (proizvođača prerađivača i potrošača), korišćenjem postojećeg prirodnog i ljudskog potencijala, donošenjem sveobuhvatne zakonske regulative uz podršku (finansijsku i moralnu) vlade i njenih institucija, naša zemlja bi mogla ostvariti značajan prodor na svetsko tržište, ostvariti značajan devizni priliv i uposliti veliki broj sada nezaposlenih. Mnoge zemlje Evrope to su već učinile ili se zato intenzivno i seriozno pripremaju. Mi šansu imamo i moramo je iskoristiti.

Inhaltsangabe:Einleitung: Das Stück, Titel: "New Economy", ist nicht vorbei, aber wir befinden uns mittlerweile im zweiten Akt. Die neuen Hauptdarsteller sind hier die Größen Umsatz und Gewinn. Eine euphorische und aktionsgeladene Szenerie des ersten Aktes wurde zurückgelassen und die Geschichte hat sich bis dato weit von ihrem Eingangsmotiv "Fantasie, Fun und Firlefanz ziemlich entfernt. [...D]as Leitmotiv zum zweiten Akt des Dot-com-Schauspiels heißt P2P, für: Path to Profitability." Die Akteure treten hierzu von der mittlerweile ramponierten Bühne der New Economy herunter und mischen sich unter das Publikum. Ab jetzt läuft das Stück "genau wie das richtige Leben in der Old Economy: Man muss profitabel arbeiten und nicht erst viel Geld verbrennen." Für die Mehrzahl der Zuschauer hat es den Anschein, das Theater habe sein Ende gefunden und "die Realität Einzug gehalten[. ... Viele] haben erst jetzt begriffen, dass die Regeln der Old Economy auch für die neue Wirtschaft gelten", dass das Publikum und die Schauspieler den gleichen Gesetzen unterliegen - das sollte daraus gelernt werden. Warum haben sich diese Orientierungen "aber um 180 Grad gedreht"? Waren die strategischen Kalkulationen der Analysten, der Investoren, der Unternehmer und der Professoren die Jahre zuvor unrealistisch oder gar irreal?" Soweit Ausschnitte aus der Einleitung dieser Arbeit. Sie beschäftigt sich, exemplarisch an der New Economy, mit der Frage, weshalb strategisches, rationales Handeln in Märkten radikalen Änderungen unterworfen ist und oftmals retrospektiv als unverständlich und irrational geschrieben wird. Um dieser Frage nachzugehen greift die Arbeit auf insgesamt 34 Experteninterviews zurück, welche in der Zeit von Mitte 2001 bis Anfang 2002 im Rahmen eines Forschungsseminars ["Soziologie der Internetfirma. Ein Blick auf die Hinterbühne der New Economy." Leiter: Stefan Kühl in Kooperation mit Alexander Schulze-Fielitz. Am Institut für Soziologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.] erhoben wurden. 22 der Interviews fanden in 11 verschiedenen Internet-Firmen der New Economy statt, welche 12 bis 300 Mitarbeiter beschäftigten. Weitere 12 Interviews wurden mit Vertretern von 9 Venture Capital Firmen gehalten, um eine andere Perspektive auf die Unternehmen zu ermöglichen und um der einflussreichen Rolle, welche das Risikokapital zu dieser Zeit gespielt hat, gerecht zu werden. Zusätzlich fanden, in Form von Sekundäranalysen, große Teile der Fachliteratur des untersuchten Zeitraums Verwendung. Anhand des auf diese Weise vertieften Einblicks entstand die Einsicht, dass sich die "hypeartige" Entwicklung der New Economy weder durch Veränderungen der ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen, noch durch das strategische Handeln der einzelnen Unternehmen in ihrer vollen Ausprägung fassen lässt. Vielmehr bietet die Betrachtung der, der New Economy zugrundeliegenden, handlungsleitenden Annahmen eine Erklärung von wesentlich tiefgreifenderer Stärke. Diese Herangehensweise beweißt sich sowohl in der Analyse der Beziehungsverhältnisse zur "äußeren Umwelt" der Unternehmen (Mitbewerber, Medien, Kapitalgeber und Investoren usw.), wie auch darin, die Veränderung der inneren Arbeitsprozesse (Entscheidungsverhalten, Motivation, Klima usw.) zu fassen. Des weiteren deckt sie eine der Betriebswissenschaft völlig fremde Methodik auf, wie Unternehmen auf veränderte Unsicherheit und Komplexität im Markt reagieren und wie "flexibel" Vorstellungen rationalen Handelns in diesem Zusammenhang sein können. Um die Auswirkungen herrschender "Rationalitätsannahmen" auf das Handeln der einzelnen Unternehmen, Organisationen und Institutionen der New Economy theoretisch zu fassen, zu systematisieren und zu erklären, fand die noch junge Theorieperspektive des Neo-Institutionalismus Verwendung. Der Anspruch der Arbeit, eine Dynamik nachzuzeichnen, hat auch eine relativ großzügige bis gar erweiternde Auslegung der verwendeten Theorieperspektive des Neo-Institutionalismus zur Folge, da dieser nicht die Eigenschaft nachgesagt wird, Wandel konsistent fassen zu können. Insofern findet auch eine tiefergehende, oft eng am praktischen Beispiel orientierte Theoriediskussion statt. Nach Ausschnitten aus der soziologischen Diskussion des Rationalitätsbegriffs, folgt in 11 Seiten kapp eine Zusammenfassung der neo-institutionalistischen Theorie und eine Klärung der wichtigsten Begriffe. Auf eine kurze Erläuterung des methodischen Vorgehens folgt dann der Hauptteil der Arbeit, welcher die Entwicklung der New Economy anhand eines aus dem Interviewmaterial entwickelten typischen Unternehmens nachzeichnet und neo-institutionalistisch erklärbar macht. Hierbei wird sehr eng am original Interviewtext entlang vorgegangen, was einen starken Einblick in die jeweilige Situation der Personen und des Unternehmens gewährt. Genauer ist der Aufbau und teilweise auch der Inhalt noch aus der folgenden Gliederung ersichtlich. Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.Einleitung4 2.Rationalitätsmythen - theoretische Heranführung8 2.1Die Entwicklung entlang der Rationalität8 2.2Die wichtigsten Begriffe des Neo-Institutionalismus17 2.2.1Institutionelle Umwelten und das organisationale Feld17 2.2.2Rationalitätsannahmen sind Regeln und Ideologien18 2.2.3Isomorphismen18 2.2.3.1Isomorphismus durch Zwang19 2.2.3.2Isomorphismus durch mimetische Prozesse20 2.2.3.3Isomorphismus durch normativen Druck21 2.2.4Entkopplung bzw. lose Kopplung22 2.2.5Die vier Glieder und ihre Zusammenhänge24 2.2.6Mythen26 3.Rationalitätsmythen der New Economy28 3.1Methode und Vorgehen28 3.2Das Feld32 3.2.1Entstehung durch Technik, neue Begriffe, Inhalte und Visionen32 3.2.2Neue Akteure, welche sich gemeinsam wahrnehmen36 3.3Das New Economy Unternehmen am Anfang39 3.3.1Rationalitätsannahmen bzw. Mythen39 3.3.2Venture Capital finanziertes Unternehmensmodell und warum41 3.3.3Das Unternehmensmodell am Anfang43 3.3.4Die neo-institutionalistische Konstruktion44 3.3.4.1Vertrauen und guter Glaube extern45 3.3.4.2Zufriedenheit extern48 3.3.4.3Vertrauen und guter Glaube intern50 3.3.4.4Zufriedenheit intern54 3.3.4.5Anfang: Hohe Legitimität62 3.3.4.6Starke Isomorphismen64 3.3.4.7Niedrige bzw. hohe Entkopplung67 3.3.5Erfolg68 3.4Der Wandel68 3.4.1Die Blase bläht sich auf69 3.4.2Die Entkopplungen nehmen zu71 3.4.2.1Beispiele für Entkopplungen (Legitimation extern)72 3.4.2.2Beispiele für Entkopplungen (Legitimation intern)79 3.4.3Grenzen der Entkopplung84 3.4.4Misstrauen und Unzufriedenheit85 3.4.4.1Misstrauen und Unzufriedenheit extern85 3.4.4.2Misstrauen und Unzufriedenheit intern87 3.4.5Die Blase platzt93 3.4.6Letzte Rettungsversuche93 3.5Das Ende95 3.5.1Selbstbeschreibung96 3.5.2Zusammenfassende Neo-institutionalistische Betrachtung99 3.5.3Erklärungspotential des Neo-Institutionalismus106 3.5.4"Neue" Rationalitätsannahmen und Mythen107 3.5.5Verlierer/Gewinner?109 3.5.6Kritik Venture Capital-Logik110 3.6Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse112 4.Schluss114 5.Anhang116 5.1Exkurse116 5.1.1Exkurs: Technische und Institutionelle Umwelten116 5.1.2Exkurs: Entstehung, Wandel und Ende von Mythen117 5.1.3Exkurs: Strategie122 5.2Die Annahmen von Meyer und Rowan126 5.3Methodik127 5.4Kritik an der Arbeit136 6.Literatur139

O Grupo Consultivo Global, um grupo multidisciplinar da Organização Mundial de Saúde, tem admitido a existência de um déficit de enfermeiros em nível mundial. Tal déficit é o resultado de uma maior demanda por enfermeiros, já que um número pequeno de pessoas optam pela profissão e os enfermeiros atualmente ativos em todo o mundo já estão envelhecendo. O déficit é encontrado tanto entre os enfermeiros clínicos como entre os docentes de enfermagem. O recrutamento entre-países e a migração de enfermeiros de países em desenvolvimento para países desenvolvidos faz com que o problema se torne mais complexo. Embora pesquisas de opinião pública identifiquem o enfermeiro como a pessoa que faz com que o sistema de saúde funcione, as condições do ambiente de trabalho no qual o enfermeiro atua são insatisfatórias e precisam mudar. Vários estudos demonstram os efeitos positivos sobre o enfermeiro de um ambiente de trabalho saudável, assim como as relações positivas entre o cuidado de enfermagem e os resultados apresentados pelos pacientes. É importante que oficiais do governo, empresas de planos de saúde, administradores e líderes dos sistemas de cuidado à saúde reconheçam e operacionalizem a importância do enfermeiro para o sistema de saúde a fim de estabelecer e manter a sua integridade e viabilidade. ; El Grupo Consultivo Global, un grupo multidisciplinario de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, admite que hay un déficit de enfermeros a nivel mundial. Este déficit es el resultado de una mayor demanda por enfermeros, ya que un número pequeño de personas optan por la profesión y los enfermeros actualmente activos en todo el mundo están envejeciendo. El déficit es encontrado tanto entre los enfermeros clínicos como entre los docentes de enfermería. El reclutamiento entre países y la migración de enfermeros de países en desarrollo para países desarrollados hacen el problema aún más complejo. Aunque las investigaciones de la opinión pública identifiquen el enfermero como la persona que hace con que el sistema de salud funcione, las condiciones del ambiente de trabajo en el cual en enfermero actúa son insatisfactorias y necesitan cambiar. Varios estudios demuestran los efectos positivos de un ambiente de trabajo saludable sobre el enfermero, así como de las relaciones positivas entre el cuidado de enfermería y los resultados presentados por los pacientes. Es importante que gobernantes, empresas de planes de salud, administradores y líderes del sistema de cuidado a la salud reconozcan y operacionalizen la importancia del enfermero para el sistema de salud con el fin de establecer y mantener su integridad y viabilidad. ; A worldwide shortage of nurses has been acknowledged by the multidisciplinary Global Advisory Group of the World Health Organization. The shortage is caused by an increased demand for nurses, while fewer people are choosing nursing as a profession and the current nurses worldwide are aging. The shortage applies to nurses in practice as well as the nurse faculty who teach students. The inter-country recruitment and migration of nurses from developing countries to developed countries exacerbates the problem. Although public opinion polls identifies the nurse as the person who makes the health care system work for them, the conditions of the work environment in which the nurse functions is unsatisfactory and must change. Numerous studies have shown the positive effects on the nurse of a healthy work environment and the positive relationships between nursing care and patient outcomes. It is important that government officials, insurance companies, and administrators and leaders of health care systems acknowledge and operationalize the value of nurses to the health care system in order to establish and maintain the integrity and viability of that system.

In image synthesis, the global illumination family of methods rely on the expression of the energetic equilibrium between objects, and as consequence the precise simulation of subtle lighting effects due to numerous reflections of light, that couldn't be taken into account by local lighting models. Therefore, it seems logical to try to use them for the synthesis of realistic computer animations. In this document, we suggest to replace the computation of the numerous integral equations corresponding to each frame by a single 4-dimensional equation. We propose an extension of the hierarchical radiosity algorithm, in the case where all movement is known a priori, that allows us to benefit from the temporal coherence. The radiosity at each point of the scene, for each date of the animation, is expressed in a hierarchical function basis defined over a mesh produced by an automatic refinement process. The extension of this mesh to a 4-dimensional space allows the computation of light exchanges over a finite time interval instead of a given fixed date. This algorithm allows the simulation of global light exchanges in an animated scene, faster and with a quality similar to frame by frame computations.To this purpose, we present new dedicated refinement oracles. To allow the computation of geometrically complex scenes, we discuss the extension of clustering approaches to the case of animated scenes. We also introduce a method to reduce the temporal discontinuities in the radiosity function based on the use of higher order basis functions (MultiWavelets) in the time dimension. Finally, we present a mechanism to schedule the space-time hierarchical radiosity computations to allow the use of disk caching and reduce the amount of memory required by our algorithm. ; Les méthodes globales de simulation de l'éclairage permettent, à la différence des méthodes d'éclairage local, d'exprimer l'équilibre énergétique dans les échanges entre différents objets, et donc de simuler précisément les effets subtils d'éclairage dûs aux nombreuses inter-réflexions. Il est donc naturel de souhaiter les utiliser pour la synthèse réaliste de films d'animation. Plutôt que de résoudre une succession d'équations intégrales tri-dimensionelles, nous modélisons les échanges lumineux ayant lieu au cours de l'animation sous la forme d'une unique équation intégrale quadri-dimensionelle. Dans le cas ou l'intégralité des mouvements est connue à l'avance, nous proposons une extension de l'algorithme de radiosité hiérarchique mettant à profit la cohérence temporelle. La radiosité en chaque point et à chaque instant y est exprimée dans une base de fonctions hiérarchiques définies sur un maillage produit par un processus de raffinement. L'extension de ce maillage à un espace à quatre dimensions nous permet de calculer des échanges lumineux sur un intervalle de temps fini au lieu d'une date donnée. L'algorithme ainsi défini permet la simulation de l'éclairage global diffus dans une scène animée, dans un temps largement inférieur, avec une qualité équivalente. Nous avons développé pour cela de nouveaux oracles de raffinement ad hoc, que nous présentons ici. Afin de permettre le calcul de scènes géométriquement complexes, nous présentons une nouvelle politique de regroupement hiérarchique des objets adaptée au cas quadri-dimensionnel. Nous présentons également un algorithme permettant la réduction des discontinuités temporelles dues aux approximations effectuées lors de la résolution, basé sur l'emploi de bases de multi-ondelettes. Finalement, nous présentons un mécanisme d'ordonnancement des calculs et de sauvegarde temporaire sur une mémoire de masse permettant de réduire la consommation en mémoire vive de l'algorithme.

SUMMARY:
The author analyzes the emergence and development of "discourses" on the Livonian War. The war, which according to the author is the first most significant inter-state conflict in Eastern Europe, has been for a long time viewed from the perspective of Muscovy's enemies due to the greater availability of the sources as well as the more advanced stage of development of Poland, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

The author begins with the thesis that Muscovy began the war in order to gain access to the Baltics, which in time has acquired a connotation of the "first imperial design of Russia in Europe". According to the author, there is no evidence of such a plan to gain access to the sea by Ivan the Terrible or the Muscovite establishment, whereas the idea itself seems to have been invented by the powers interested in the Baltics. The author notes differing interpretations of the growing conflict by the representatives of the Hanseatic Union, Sweden and Poland. These representatives imposed upon the actions of Ivan their own ideas of European politics. The acceptance of this discourse by the Russians the author dates by the time of Peter the Great, who used it as yet another instance of his historic right to be established in the Baltics. In the modern period, 19th century positivism and economic determinism that believed seafaring an essential part of the state development played a role in the establishment of the discourse in Russian historical science.

In the Soviet period the discourse on the Livonian war stressed the animosity between Russia and the West, accusing the latter in the attempts to bloc the Muscovites from accessing the sea and, through the sea, the larger world of the advanced civilization. This interpretation was heavily influenced by the political events of the time, in particular, the growing tension between the USSR and Germany.

Having analyzed the development of the argument that the war was required because of the needed access to the sea, the author turns to the events of the 16th century. He notes the paradoxical situation that Muscovy, in fact, did possess the Baltic seacoast from Ivangorod to Neva and in case the country needed sea access so badly it might have developed that possession. The interests of the Russian merchants lied far away from unleashing a major conflict on the Baltics, which undermined their operations. Finally, the fact that Ivan undermined Novgorod and avoided creating his own navy on the Baltics further reveals the deficiency of the thesis of the "needed access to the sea".

The author also critically reviews the thesis according to which the war was the expression of the Russian imperial designs in Europe. According to Filiushkin, the policies of two competing powers, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy, clashed as Ivan demanded tribute from Livonia, while Sigizmund was looking for a way to repeat the subjugation of Prussia this time in Livonia. Moreover, for Muscovy, according to the author, the war was a local conflict related to financial obligations of the Order.

The conclusion of the author is that one can speak of the misfit as far as the stages of development of the competing powers were concerned. In case of the Western powers he sees the logic of new forms of bourgeois world at play, whereas in Muscovite case the continuation of the pre-modern pattern of political discourse.

Bibliography: leaves 338-349. ; This study aims to contribute to the socio-political and cultural history of Langa during the years ca. 1927-1960 by exploring the critical religious influences, perceptions and ideologies that deeply shaped the longitudinal development of the local black township of Cape Town,South Africa. It is the contention of the thesis that religious factors and considerations were of fundamental significance to the marked processes of historical change that Langa underwent during this period, from being one of the most peaceful, cohesive and ""politically backward"" urban Mrican communities since its official opening in 1927, to becoming a place of militancy, violence and social polarisation by the time of the March 1960 uprisings against apartheid. In particular, the thesis seeks to trace the formative role of a combination of conservative and liberal modes of mission Christianity. Often loosely described as the ""Social Gospel"", this powerfully shaped the historical development and character of Langa – both positively and negatively, constructively and divisively, subtly and overtly - during a period of increasingly harsh and oppressive segregationist legislation in South Africa. It is argued that the variety of Christian forms of religious consciousness and ideological perceptions operated in a range of contradictory ways to effect historical patterns of social legitimation and solidarity on the one hand, and processes of liberation and dislocation on the other. Especially during the late 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s, it is claimed that the more conventional forms of a predominantly mission Christianity functioned to define a strikingly conservative, integrated and petty bourgeois-orientated township. The strength and influence of the ""respectable"" churches, the staunch, churchgoing petty bourgeoisie and their respective Christian-based cultural, educational and civic organisations, proved crucial in this regard in collusion with the municipal and township authorities. At the same time, it is held that the progressive strands of the Social Gospel, in particular, contributed towards the early shaping of an important dissenting tradition of protest in the township. In addition, the diverse influences of Social Christianity served to reinforce structural trends of class, religious and cultural differentiation and provoked more radical, even militant and antithetical, socio-religious and political responses. Amongst semi-urbanised, rural and migrant working-class elements in Langa, in particular, such processes had become especially evident by the late 1940s and into the 1950s. In this work, each chapter is geared historically towards examining these contradictory functions of the combination of conservative and progressive forms of Christianity, according to particular domains of social activity - the spheres of institutional religion, education and culture, and politics, respectively_ Thus, in a parallel fashion, the chapters address the themes of the Social Gospel's pervasive rise, mediation and consequent decline, together with the related questions of social integration, class differentiation and political liberation, towards assessing the historical role of religion in each distinctive social sphere in relation to the fundamental transition in Langa. The study concludes that Langa's socio-political and cultural history can be more effectively interpreted on the basis of this critical assessment of the Social Gospel's ambiguous impact during the inter-war and early apartheid years. Such an approach allows for conceptual constructs such as petty bourgeois identity, social group divisions, ideological expression and social change to be more fully explored. As such, this local study seeks to make a contribution to the growing body of scholarship that recognises the vital historical role of religion particularly Christianity, in the shaping of South African communities in the twentieth century.

This dissertation is a case study of an agency attempting to continue to operate in terms of an outmoded paradigm, one whose foundation is based on a reference point for decision and action that does not fit the social, political and organizational conditions of postmodernity. The orientation of the study is toward public administration as political process; a political process which reflects the postmodern condition. Postmodern tendencies in culture and society are characterized by a particularly salient "thinning" of reality or development of hyper-reality where communication has lost the check on authenticity found in dialogue. This thinning of the macro culture exists in dialectical contradiction to more robust communities of discourse developing in enclaves in a tendency referred to as neotribalism. These dialectical tendencies lead to "simulated politics," where political entrepreneurs traffic in symbols rather than deeds and substantive policy making is restrained. This development favors those who benefit from the status quo. The Census Bureau is the focal agency. It is facing a crisis of legitimacy in its standoff with the Republican-controlled Congress over its plan to use sampling and estimation to produce a statistically adjusted apportionment count for Census 2000. The case of the Census 2000 stand-off between technocrats at the Census Bureau, supported by the Democratic Clinton administration and organizations and governmental entities that are adversely affected by census undercounts, and the Republican-dominated Congress, is an example of non-dialogic communication. It is masked by a trafficking in symbols and potentially will most likely lead to maintenance of the status quo in the form of traditional census methodology. This methodology differentially undercounts African Americans, Hispanics, American Indians and Asians, as compared to whites. Republicans compare the Census 2000 plan to use sampling to adjust the census for undercounts to the "Hillary Health Care Model" (a derogatory reference to the First Lady's involvement in public policy), describing it as a "polling technique," while Democrats and statisticians cast the argument of Republicans as one of "politicians trying to preserve their domain," and of playing "racial politics". The strategy of the Republican Congress appears to be to discredit the expertise of the Census Bureau and to rely on the legal process and a conservative Supreme Court to derail and nullify the plan for Census 2000, thus causing the agency to revert to the "status quo." Curiously, the Census Bureau has set itself up for this potential outcome by taking a strategically counterproductive and disastrously adversarial approach to the Congress. The Census Bureau has fundamentally misperceived the contemporary cultural environment and the politics that goes with it. It no longer can represent its own position as nonpolitical, value-free science, representing truth and moral right. This lack of perspective has critically hampered the agency's ability to negotiate in a political discourse appropriate to postmodernity. The goal of the study is to make a contribution to furthering organization-environment theory, with emphasis on the political environment. It is this aspect of organization theory generally that has most relevance to Public Administration but that has been least well developed. The dissertation is designed to conform to the traditional Inter-University Case Program (ICP) case study format. As such, the study addresses the broad issue of agency-environment relationship and the role of the public administrator within that environment. As with all ICP-type studies the research does not lead to an "answer." This is especially appropriate now because in the postmodern condition there is no one answer or truth to be found by rational analysis. Rather, ideas, insights, and various conclusions are offered. ; Ph. D.

Final Report, EU Concerted Action Introductions with Ships (MAS3-CT97-0111): Until recently, the importance of ballast water as a major transfer vector that affect aquatic ecosystem stability and modify biodiversity was not generally recognised, although studies on species transfer via ballast water in maritime countries have increased world-wide. Despite considerable research effort (national and international), there has been virtually no consideration of the effectiveness or standardisation of ballast water sampling methodology in order to monitor effectiveness of control measures. One key objective of the Concerted Action was to test monitoring systems for sampling ballast water. Two major intercalibration workshops compared sampling techniques. The largely varying conditions onboard ships require to develop a "tool box" rather than singling out one method, thereby combining qualitative and quantitative sample analysis for plankton species composition and abundance. The two intercalibration workshops delivered results allowing better comparisons of ship sampling studies around the world. The second key issue was to gain more insight on species composition in ballast water during ship voyages. This was achieved by ocean-going workshops (OGWs). The data obtained during five OGWs, using the "tool box" originated from European voyages (three OGWs) and during inter-ocean voyages (two OGWs). In total, approximately 700 samples were collected during more than 100 days at sea. More species and specimens were found in new ballast water, and communities were in general similar to outside seawater where ballasting took place. The highest number of phytoplankton species found was 52, including potentially toxic species. At most, 40 zooplankton taxa were found. Abundance and diversity of phyto- and zooplankton species remained fairly stable for 3-4 days, followed by an exponential decline. In some cases no living zooplankton were found after 9 days, in others about 10% of the taxa survived, remaining viable for 25 days (i.e. voyage Hong Kong – Hamburg). Sampling showed that in calm conditions phytoplankton exhibited a vertical zonation in ballast tanks. During rough weather mixing occurred causing increasing in mortality. For the first time in ballast water studies, traps were used with bait and light as attractants, catching taxa not seen in the net samples before. The effect of mid ocean exchange (MOE), recommended by International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a measure against unintentional introduction via ships, was studied. In many cases the number of taxa increased rather than declined while densities of specimens were diluted. A public awareness was launched, preparing a video, a leaflet, flyers, press releases, newsletter articles of International Aquatic Societies, an Internet homepage (visit the homepage at: http://members.aol.com/sgollasch/sgollasch/index.htm *) and several posters. A book on case histories, listing species previously introduced to European waters, was prepared especially to address harbour and regulatory authorities. Assessment of potential control measures (treatment) to reduce risks arising from ballast water releases included the evaluation and development of guidelines for ballast water treatment options. All participants provided input on references (e.g. grey literature, governmental reports, internal reports from harbour authorities, interim project reports) into a database kept by the co-ordinator. The Concerted Action reviewed and considered shipping studies both within and outside the EU. This provided a more balanced view of the state of the art and also enabled the Intercalibration workshops to consider and compare sampling methods as used throughout the world. During the CA many of these studies were completed and new ones studies commenced. It is recommended that the EU takes advantage of the well developed expertise within the network of the CA partners to gain momentum in an area where global solutions are urgently needed.

In this policy paper, two leading authorities on the topic--one Japanese and one American--take a look at the rise of regional multilateralism in Asia. Akiko Fukushima's monograph provides a rich historical background on Japan's periodic flirtation with multilateralism, including the disappointments during the inter- war and immediate post-war period. Dr. Fukushima traces renewed interest in multilateralism to a thaw in relations with Russia following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and outlines in rich detail the range of initiatives in which the Japanese have not only participated, but played a central role. Her analysis points to an emerging liberal consensus that multilateralism, while beneficial, needs to be seen as augmenting the core, bilateral relationship with the United States. Moreover, she traces the complex thinking about the appropriate scope for multilateral initiatives and notes that there is no natural or easy membership that makes sense for Japan. However, the inclusion of the US as a player in any initiative, whether tripartite or wider seems to be a consistent theme. The reasons for this center on concern that multilateralism not be perceived as an alternative to the core alliance relationship, but also as a way of providing assurances to regional parties that Japan's leadership will not become intrusive or threatening. Ralph Cossa's paper focuses on five multilateral institutions that have emerged in the 1990s: the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Four-Party Talks, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP), and the Northeast Asian Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD). Cossa concurs with Fukushima that the end of the Cold War and decline of the Soviet Union provided other actors, principally the US, with incentives to support multilateral security institutions in the region. Previously, the Soviet Union had proposed multilateralism in an attempt to weaken the United States' strong bilateral ties in East Asia. Cossa explains some of the limits to multilateralism in the region, as well as linkages between track I and track II dialogues. For example, the ARF is limited by an agreement to "move at a pace comfortable to all participants." However, this creates opportunities for track II institutions such as the NEACD and CSCAP to discuss issues that may be too sensitive for government representatives in an official setting. Furthermore, some countries in the region are apparently reluctant to participate in multilateral dialogues when there is fear of becoming a target of ridicule from others in the group. This may explain the establishment of issue-specific institutions such as the Four-Party Talks and KEDO. The review here suggests the conclusion that multilateralism may be entering a period of pause or perhaps even slowdown. The initial enthusiasm for multilateral initiatives has not altogether dissipated, but there is a greater sense of limits on what they might accomplish. Focused multilateral dialogues at both the track one and track two levels can in themselves constitute important exercises in confidence building and socialization. However, they cannot overcome more fundamental conflicts of interest and perception, and it is misleading to think that they can. Moreover, there is clearly an evolutionary process in train; the system is not likely to sustain as many initiatives as now exist, and we already have examples of efforts which have flourished and later fallen by the wayside. We may now be entering a period of consolidation when the plethora of existing initiatives demands some rethinking. We hope that these papers contribute to that effort.

The paper opens by offering the hypothesis of a twin effect to the globalization phenomenon, namely the creation of a single economic space which brings in its wake a multiplicity of territories, these being, in the author's opinion, the major competitors on the open market for capital, technology and markets as such.It is within this indivisible yet divided ecological context that the author sets out to examine what has to have become regional public policy, that is that state policy which in close partnership with civil society (and thus its markets) seeks to optimize the standing of its territory within the global whole at best or to off-set its being marginalized-which is more often the case - by the globalization process imposing itself everywhere. The paper sees the globalization process as being nothing new in itself but as having been boosted out of all previous recognition by our growing openness to inter-activity. The most patent embodiment of this observed propensity is declared to be that network of persons, companies, organizations and, territories (of all sizes) that acts as the motor for 21st century growth and to such a degree that the greatest challenge now facing any non-territorial government is to assure that its territories are soundly linked up with this hub of interconnectability. The author holds that consequently any social system must now be up to being at once modern, competitive, egalitarian and open to general participation. Within such a framework one of the prime requirements to be met is the finding of a valid role for the hitherto a-political region that would at the same time intelligently support overall territorial integration within the globalized context. The paper approaches these issues under four headings: 1) a general introduction; 2) a series of considerations as to the meaning and implications of globalization as such; 3) a reconsideration of present-day regional policy in Latin America for all its hardly being worthy of being so called and; 4) proposals for a regional policy to fit the demands of the 21st century. ; Como se indica en el mismo título, el ensayo plantea la hipótesis de un doble efecto de la globalización: la configuración de un único espacio económico y de múltiples territorios, que, bien entendidos, son ahora los nuevos actores de la competencia internacional por capital, por tecnología, por mercados. En este contexto, único y múltiple, cabe examinar la pertinencia contemporánea de un política pública regional, es decir, de una política estatal que en estrecho partenariado con la propia sociedad civil (y en consecuencia, con el mercado) se dirija a optimizar la inserción territorial en la globalización, en el mejor de los casos, o a minimizar la marginación, nada improbable, que la misma globalización podría imponer a muchos territorios. En un marco tal como el descrito una cuestión principal es descubrir un papel moderno para una política regional que apoye la inserción territorial a la globalización de una forma inteligente. El documento discute estas cuestiones mediante una estructura de cuatro secciones: i) una presentación introductoria; ii) unas notas iniciales sobre el significado y las implicaciones de la globalización; iii) un relevamiento dela política regional actual en América Latina, casi inexistente y; iv) una propuesta de contenido de una política regional para el Siglo XXI.

There is a body of literature, often identified as the sociology of knowledge, that includes the exploration of the ways by which interpersonal, group, and inter-group dynamics among scholars influence the development of scientific knowledge. (Bourdieu [Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.], Feyerabend [Feyerabend, P. K. 1975. Against method. M. Radner, S. Winokur, eds. Analyses of Theories & Methods of Physics & Psychology. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. IV. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.], Kaplan [Kaplan, A. 1964. The Conduct of Inquiry. Intext, New York.], Merton [Merton, Robert K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Emouval Investigations. University Press, Chicago, IL.], Mitroff [Mitroff, I. I. 1974. The Subjective Side of Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.], Watson [Watson, James D. 1969. The Double Helix. New American Library, New York.]). In the field of organization behavior, Herriot (Herriot, Peter. 1992. Selection: The two subcultures. Eur. Work and Organ. Psychologist 2(2) 129–140.) has examined how the psychometric subculture within organizational behavior can lead to its own demise and irrelevance. I propose to examine how the theories used and research conducted by scholars can feed back to make them unaware of gaps in their theories. I hope to show that these counterproductive consequences are tacit and taken for granted. These factors combine to inhibit the production of valid knowledge. I will focus primarily on my defenses as exhibited in my role in the development of the Theory of Action (TOA). I hope to illustrate that the assumptions and claims that I made, that only double-loop learning will lead to liberating alternatives and changing the status quo, were based on defensive reasoning. Defensive reasoning includes making premises and inference processes tacit; crafting conclusions in such a way that they are not falsifiable by reasoning external to the one used to create the conclusion. Such defensive reasoning not only produced gaps in the theory of which I was unaware. It also hindered seeing important connections with other relevant organizational theories, in this case the Behavioral Theory of the Firm (BTF). For the sake of comparison, I will also focus on the reasoning and research of a few leading scholars of BTF, primarily James March. I hope to show that he too, used defensive reasoning which made it unlikely that BTF scholars will see certain important gaps in BTF, and that, in turn, hindered seeing important connections with TOA. If my analysis is correct, these gaps are especially puzzling since both theories hold similar premises about the nature of organizational reality. For example, the human mind is a finite processing system; organizational life is often dominated by quasi-resolution of conflict and limited learning; that reality is constructed in the form of designs (Simon [Simon, Herbeit A. 1969. The Science of the Artificial. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA.]) or life space (Lewin: see Cartwright [Cartwright, D., ed. 1951. Field Theory and Social Science. Harper & Bros., New York.], p. 19,511); and societal cultures are constructed with features that are consistent with the designs (Berger and Luckmann [Berger, P., T. Luckmann. 1967. The Social Construction of Reality. Doubleday, Garden City, NY.], Geertz [Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, New York.]). How is it that two theories that exhibit similar premises lead to significantly different if not, at times, antagonistic views about the alterability and changeability of the universe that each purports to represent?

In May 1979, a joint delegation of UNDP and UNCTAD officials visited Western Samoa to investigate the possibilities of direct grant assistance to suitable projects available from a Special Least Developed Countries fund. Almost all Ministries were forewarned of the visit and invited to put forward proposals to the Prime Minister's Department. Although an inter-ministerial Aid Co-ordinating committee existed, its members were not involved at this stage and the possibility of obtaining approved funding rested primarily on an ability to present a good case - at very short notice - to the Prime Minister's Department and gain the support of the Financial Secretary. The chosen project, accepted in principle almost immediately by UNDP, was for a cool store to hold bananas and taro (coco yam) and small quantities of other fresh items prior to export. Some holding facility appeared to be necessary in view of the Government's concern to seek to re-establish its quality banana export market in New Zealand, partly through the development of a new 80 hectare plantation. A unit of this size - with potential for expansion in the light of twice-monthly shipments, called for cool holding facilities on a scale not required by the smaller producer, although it was anticipated that the Government banana marketing scheme would use the storage for short periods in advance of shipment. Government and (in principle) UNDP had made a decision on the project on extremely limited technical, financial and economic analysis. No recognizable feasibility study was produced at this stage, although the resident UNDP Representative did ultimately authorize the recruitment of an independent technical consultant to prepare the design proposals and draw up tender specifications. When tenders were opened it was discovered that the store and associated infrastructure could not be constructed for the $500,000 envisaged by UNDP. The grant was eventually extended to $900,000. One reason why the capital cost of the project was so far out of line with the original earmarked sum was that in the absence of any financial and economic analysis prior to the decision to finance the project, the technical consultant was instructed to draw up design plans for frozen foods storage as well as cool holding. As the export use of freezer space was at the time limited to comparatively small quantities of frozen fruit pulp, the capacity planned was justified as a source of auxiliary freezer capacity for importers. Thus a commercially and economically dubious project, inadequately planned but financed by a multilateral aid agency, relied for its justification - at least on the scale it was constructed - on a continuing buoyant importation trade in frozen meat, fish and dairy products. Although the UNDP financed Apia Cool Store has yet to be formally evaluated, it already focuses attention - albeit in a dramatic way - on the aid and food dependency paradox. A project designed to assist towards growing self-reliance by facilitating exports, also makes increasing provision for, and to an extent depends on, increasing food imports. It will be seen that this kind of paradox is not confined to a single project; it is one which has become built into the aid/trade relationships between a dependent economy and bilateral aid supplying countries supported in a variety of ways by multilateral agencies. This paper examines the extent of food import dependency in its historical social contexts and attempts to establish a framework for evaluating government policy. ; peer-reviewed

SUMMARYDivergent trends determine the evolving shape of North‐South trade in manufactures. They are of quite different compatibility with the interests of old industrialized and newly industrializing countries. One such trend is the growth‐induced change in the international division of labour how it corresponds to the paradigm of mainstream trade theory. It causes temporary adjustment problems in the North, but promises permanent gains in efficiency and overall welfare. Another trend ‐ superficially very similar to the first one, but driven by a very different dynamic ‐ is the relocation of production to low‐wage countries, resulting in the substitution of high‐wage labour by low‐wage labour and in a considerable loss of market value of the thus displaced production factors. To the degree this second trend prevails, technological competition between high‐wage countries becomes a zero‐sum game for privileged world market positions. Still another trend is that ‐ due to new technologies and changing demand structures ‐ old industrialized countries regain competitive advantages lost to low‐wage countries. Only the first trend is compatible with the interests of North and South alike. This trend would have to be strengthened if the destabilizing consequences of the second trend are to be avoided. The EC can choose between such a stabilizing strategy (promoting labour‐intensive Southern growth) and an offensive mercantilist strategy of gaining maximum high‐tech market shares.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIm Nord‐Süd‐Handel mit Industrieprodukten sind unterschiedliche Entwicklungs‐tendenzen festzustellen, die sich in höchst unterschiedlichem Masse mit den Inter‐essen von alten Industrieländern und neu industrialisierenden Ländern (NICs) ver‐tragen. Eine ist die der aussenhandelstheoretischen Standardvorstellung entspre‐chende Veránderung der internationalen Arbeitsteilung im Zuge wirtschaftlichen Wachstums. Die damit verbundene Produktionsumstellung im Norden bringt vorübergehende Anpassungslasten und dauerhafte Effizienzgewinne. Eine äusserlich nicht unterscheidbare, aber von einer anderen Dynamik bestimmte zweite Tendenz ist die Produktionsverlagerung an neu verfügbar werdende Billigstandorte, in deren Gefolge Hochlohnproduktion durch Niedriglohnproduktion substituiert wird, wobei die so freigesetzten Faktoren eine beträchtliche Entwertung erfahren. In dem Masse, wie diese zweite Tendenz überwiegt, wird der Technologiewettbewerb zwischen den HochlohnLändern zum Ausscheidungskampf um die privilegierten Weltmarktposi‐tionen. Eine weitere Tendenz ist die Rückverlagerung von Standortvorteilen in die alten Industrielander im Zuge neuer technologischer Entwicklungen und Nachfrage‐strukturen. Die Interessen von Nord und Süd können sich nur bezüglich der ersten Entwicklungstendenz treffen. Sie gälte es, zu stärken, um die zweite Tendenz mit ihren destabilisierenden Folgen zu entschärfen. Die strategischen Optionen der EG liegen zwischen einer derartigen Entschärfung durch forcierte Förderung arbeitsintensiven Süd‐Wachstums und einer offensiv merkantilistischen Sicherung von Hochtechno‐logiemärkten.RÉSUMÉDans le domaine du commerce Nord‐Sud avec des produits industriels de nouvelles tendences divergeantes existent dont la compatibilityé avec les intérêts des anciens pays industrialisés et ceux des pays en train d'industrialisation n'est pas toujours la même. La première tendence reflétant la position standard de la théorie du commerce extérieur implique la modification de la répartition internationale du travail dûà la croissance économique. II en résulte une nouvelle orientation de la production au Nord aboutissant à des charges d'ajustement temporaries ainsi que des avantages permanents au niveau de l'efficacité. La deuxième tendance d'apparence identique mais faisant preuve d'un dynamisme différent est la réallocation de la production dans les pays aux salaires bas minimisant ainsi les charges salariales dans les pays du Nord. En même temps ce processus engendre également une dévalorisation considerablé de la main‐d'Óuvre sur le marché du travail. Si cette deuxième tendance arrive à ce faire valoir les pays aux salaires hauts vont se lancer dans une véritable bataille pour l'obtention de positions privilégiées au marché mondial. Une troisième tendance dûe au nouveau développement technologique ainsi qu'à une demande modifyée montre que les anciens pays industrialisés récupèrent leur compétitivité déjà perdue aux pays aux salaires bas. Les intérêts du Nord et du Sud ne peuvent se rencontrer qu'en cas de la première tendance. II conviendrait de la renforcer pour atténuer les aléas de la deuxième tendance. La CEE devoit faire le choix entre l'atténuation de ces conséquences déstabilisatrices en promouvant une croissance au Sud basée sur une production de haut coefficient de main‐d'oeuvre et l'obtention de marchés de hautes technologies en adaptant une stratégie résolument mercantiliste.