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The inner city of Johannesburg presents a high number of informal traders who seek to make use of urban public space in their livelihood strategies. However, the forces driving the performance of informal traders have not led to positive development of opportunities for traders. Operation Clean Sweep in 2013, was a means of strongly enforcing the informal trading by-laws and removing traders from the pavements and public spaces in the inner-city Johannesburg. Regulation of informal trade has been conducted by the progressively formulated informal trading policy, however, it possesses ineffective implementation strategies. This research addresses the driving forces that affect informal traders' opportunities and the issues that arise from these present forces. The three driving forces which are of greatest impact on informal traders and are investigated in this research, institutions, regulatory and infrastructural forces. The study shows that informal traders experience complex dual realities affected by these driving forces and their need to engage in the informal economy to meet their livelihood strategies. The research seeks to address the use of urban public space by informal traders in meeting their needs, while understanding how these spaces are shaped and determined. The study aims at evaluating the performance of three case study areas located within the inner-city Johannesburg. The performance is measured in terms of meeting the needs of informal traders and providing opportunities for their economic and social development, while ensuring that the needs of the collective public are addressed as well. The background reading and desktop study were used to establish research questions before conducting interviews. These interviews were conducted with informal traders, government officials, private sector, NGOs and civil society. Using case study and discourse analysis methods, and the previously mentioned techniques, this study addresses the issues that informal traders face in light of the driving forces. It also examines how these have shaped the performance of urban pubic space in meeting the needs of informal traders as well as the collective public. The study aims to address these issues with urban planning principles and supplements these with policy recommendations to improve opportunities afforded to informal traders. While the recommendations put forward in this study require a long-term plan, such a plan also requires improved integration between governing departments and managing bodies. This research aims to improve this integration and governing structure, through recommending that increased responsibility for informal trading be taken up by the Johannesburg City Council Development Planning Department.

Gesundheitskompetenz ist in Österreich bei 51 % der Gesamtbevölkerung inadäquat, beziehungsweise unzureichend ausgeprägt. Auch im Ausbildungsbereich für Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege wird gesundheitsbezogenes Risikoverhalten wahrgenommen. Aus diesem Kontext erfolgte eine Recherche nach gesundheitskompetenzstärkenden Impulsen aus didaktischer Seite, mit folgendem Ergebnis:Neben der curricularen Überprüfung, die als Wissens und Informationszuwachs hinsichtlich Gesundheit, Gesundheitsverhalten und seine Auswirkungen ausgelegt werden darf, können didaktische Methoden eine Vielzahl an Impulsgebungen beinhalten. In Anlehnung an die von politischer Seite gegebenen zehn Rahmengesundheitsziele, wird dem dritten Ziel "die Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung zu stärken" mit einer didaktischen Aufbereitung zur Impulssetzung für die Stärkung von Gesundheitskompetenz Rechnung getragen.Das Strukturmodell der Gesundheitskompetenz nach Lenartz (2012) bietet selbststeuernde und selbstbestimmende Prozesse, auch die sozial- kognitive Lerntheorie nach Bandura (1979) fokussiert Selbstregulation, Selbstwirksamkeit und Selbstverantwortung. Ebenso fließen motivationale Aspekte ein.Des Weiteren führt "Lernen am Modell" auf das Rollenverständnis der Lehrperson hin.Neurophysiologische Erkenntnisse zur Plastizität des Gehirns, sowie die Auseinandersetzung mit konstruktivistischer Didaktik und ihrem Methodenpool bieten eine umfassende Impulsauswahl. Die praktische Umsetzung beziehungsweise didaktische Implementierung in Ausbildungssequenzen können exemplarisch im Zusammenhang mit Inhalten zu Körperhaltung und Bewegung, sowie Sicherheit und Prävention dargestellt werden.Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass eine Stärkung von Gesundheitskompetenz im Ausbildungsbereich für Gesundheits und Krankenpflege über didaktische Impulse denkbar und möglich ist. ; In Austria, 51% of the entire population has low or insufficiently developed health literacy. This type of health - related risk behavior can also be found in the educational nursing training. In this context, research about the reinforcement of health literacy promoting factors was conducted from a pedagogical perspective. The following outcomes need mentioning: Besides reviewing the curriculum, which allows an increase in information and knowledge of essential components about health, health behavior and subsequently its consequences, didactical methods can further give numerous incentives and ideas. In consideration of the ten governmentally set health goals, the didactical realization of the promoting factors for the third goal - "to strengthen peoples health literacy" is being observed. The Structural health literacy model by Lenartz (2012) provides self-controlling and self-determining aspects in the health literacy context. Complementary, the social learning theory by Bandura (1979) includes self-regulation, self-efficacy, self-responsibility and motivational aspects. Furthermore the teacher's conception of "Observational learning" also plays an important part in conveying these impulses.Neurophysiological knowledge about the brains neuroplasticity, as well as the analysis of constructivist didactics and its pool of methods are a provider of a variety of impulses. .The practical respectively the didactical implementation of the impulses in teaching sessions can be linked with content about posture and movement, as well as safety and prevention.Summing up it can be pointed out that the reinforcement and promotion of health literacy in the educational sector of nursing through didactical methods is a realizable and reasonable step towards advancing peoples understanding of health. ; Birgit Rattner ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)3466373

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Processo FAPESP: 2015/24560-0 ; CNPq: 306214/2015-6 ; Global warming, as many other threats, requires more activity from the government, and people inquire about this, rightfully so. However, the public and private sectors nowadays have a joint responsibility with society. Global warming has come out of the scientific community and shows that climate change is an important social, economic, and political issue. Currently the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by transportation sector are the main polluter of the planet. For this reason, in this paper we propose a reflection on transport, which is an important sector of the economy, responsible for the generation of many jobs and wealth but, at the same time, it has negative impacts on people, companies, and the environment. Recent investigations demonstrate that mobility problems affects the life quality of the people, business productivity and gross domestic product (GDP) performance. In the face of the changes that we are experiencing, it is important to find alternatives that assistance governments in the decision making to solve the problem of traffic in large and medium-size cities and bring well-being to the population. The goal is to provide accurate tool to help take the best decisions in situations that most of the time has a lack of economic resources and transparency. Another motivation is to increase the productivity of companies and achieve sustainable development by reducing mobility problems and CO2 emissions. As outcomes of the paper, an in-depth study is presented on the subject that indicates a gap in the literature with fuzzy logic applied to sustainability. We indicate a sustainable option for the transport sector using algorithms for decision-making, and broaden the discussion on climate change and solutions to reduce the impacts caused by humanity. When the models were applied through a conceptual study, it was possible to provide an instrument generated on the use of algorithms that can aid decision making by getting qualitative data from a discussion with stakeholders on a topic. Finally, the document identifies the importance of the participation of stakeholder, reinforces legitimacy and transparency in decision-making processes and above all present a tool that can help governments to solve this problem. In short, this work proposes an original and valuable tool to be applied in the decision-making process for the sustainable transport sector based on the stakeholder engagement. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tujuan penelitian ini mendeskripsikan unsur semiotik, nilai etnopedagogik, dan penerapan hasil penelitian tradisi Babarit pada model ajar kearifan lokal di SMA. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah etnografi, dengan teknik telaah pustaka, observasi partisipan, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah pedoman observasi, pedoman wawancara, handphone, kamera digital, dan data profil Desa Cikupa. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, unsur semiotika Roland Barthes meliputi tanda, hubungan simbolik-paradigmatik-sintagmatik, bahasa-wicara dan budaya, dan signifikasi terdapat pada unsur-unsur asal-mula, pelaku, barang-barang, makanan, dan proses pelaksanaan tradisi Babarit. Kedua, nilai pendidikan karakter yang terdapat pada unsur-unsur tradisi Babarit ada 15 yaitu nilai religius, nilai jujur, nilai toleransi, nilai disiplin, nilai kerja keras, nilai kreatif, nilai mandiri, nilai demokratis, nilai rasa ingin tahu, nilai semangat kebangsaan, nilai cinta tanah air, nilai bersahabat/komunikatif, nilai peduli lingkungan, nilai peduli sosial, dan nilai tanggung jawab. Ketiga, hasil kajian semiotik dan etnopedagogik dalam tradisi Babarit dijadikan salah satu alternatif model bahan ajar kearifan lokal pada materi bahasan budaya Sunda di SMA. Selain itu, nilai-nilai yang terdapat dalam tradisi ini bisa dijadikan sebagai pedoman dalam kehidupan beragama dan bermasyarakat.AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the semiotic elements, ethno-pedagogic values, and the research results from implementation on the local wisdom teaching model in senior high school. The method used in this research was ethnography, with literature review techniques, participant observation, interviews, and documentation. The instruments of this study were observation guidelines, interview guidelines, cell-phones, digital cameras, and Cikupa Village profile data. The results of this study are as follows: First, Roland Barthes's semiotic element includes signs, symbolic-paradigmatic-syntagmatic, speech-language and cultural relations, and significance is found in the elements of origin, actors, goods, food, and the process of implementing Babarit tradition. Second, the value of character education found in the elements of the Babarit tradition is 15 i.e. religious values, honest values, tolerance values, disciplinary values, hard work values, creative values, independent values, democratic values, curiosity values, national spirit values, the value of love the homeland, the value of being friendly/communicative, the value of environment care, the value social care, and the value of responsibility. Third, the results of the study of semiotic and ethnopedagogic in the Babarit tradition were used as an alternative model of local wisdom discussion teaching material in Sundanese culture in senior high school. In addition, the values contained in this tradition can also be used as guidelines in religious and community life.

AbstractThis research aims to determine and analyze the management of hospitals in the form of a limited liability company based on philosophical and juridical reviews. This research is a normative law reasearch sourced from primary law material and secondary law material through technique approach of legislation, and the data were analyzed through deductive reasoning techniques. The result of this research are based on philosophical review, the management of the hospitals in the form of limited liability company is not in accordance with the hospital based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Limited company is a legal entity that aims to profit, while the hospital has a social function in the form of responsibility inherent to the patient, so the hospital is a business entity that is ready not to enjoy profit or even if the hospital to bear the loss. Based on the juridical review, the Constitutional Court does not grant a juridicial review of Article 21 of the Hospital Act which contains the provision that the established private hospitals must be in the form of a limited liability company and only engaged in hospitals. However, it should be considered that all hospitals established by non-profit private legal entities, such as associations or foundations that have obtained government permission prior to the enactment of Hospital Act remain valid and must be renewed.Keywords : Management, Hospital, Limited Liability CompanyAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengelolaan rumah sakit berbentuk perseroan terbatas berdasarkan tinjauan filosofis dan yuridis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif bersumber pada bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder melalui teknik pendekatan perundang-undangan, dan data dianalisis melalui teknik penalaran deduksi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan tinjauan filosofis, pengelolaan rumah sakit berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas tidak sesuai dengan rumah sakit berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Perseroan Terbatas adalah badan hukum yang bertujuan profit, sedangkan rumah sakit memiliki fungsi sosial berupa tanggung jawab secara melekat terhadap pasien, sehingga rumah sakit adalah badan usaha yang siap tidak menikmati laba atau bahkan apabila rumah sakit sampai menanggung kerugian. Berdasarkan tinjauan yuridis, Mahkamah Konstitusi tidak mengabulkan uji materi terhadap Pasal 21 UURS yang memuat ketentuan rumah sakit swasta yang didirikan harus berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas dan hanya bergerak di bidang perumahsakitan. Namun, memberi pertimbangan bahwa seluruh rumah sakit yang telah didirikan oleh badan hukum swasta yang bersifat nirlaba, seperti perkumpulan atau yayasan yang telah mendapatkan izin dari pemerintah sebelum diberlakukannya UURS tetap sah dan harus diperpanjang izinnya.Kata Kunci : Pengelolaan, Rumah Sakit, Perseroan Terbatas

Рассматриваются основные подходы к определению понятия «уголовный проступок», предложенные как в рамках законодательной инициативы Верховного суда Российской Федерации, так и в рамках уголовно-правовой науки, российской и зарубежной. Одна из ключевых задач законодателя — формирование в правовой системе норм об ответственности, отражающих характер и степень общественной опасности содеянного, способствующих восстановлению социальной справедливости и исправлению лиц, совершавших уголовно наказуемые деяния, с наименьшей силой государственного принуждения. Эту задачу уголовного права выполняет институт дифференциации уголовной ответственности. На сегодняшний день отечественный правоприменитель предлагает развитие этого института путем введения в уголовный кодекс понятия «уголовный проступок». Авторами работы подобный подход оценивается как положительный, в рамках общей направленности реформирования уголовного закона в русле гуманизации. В работе обращено внимание на то, что институт уголовного проступка известен в доктрине советского уголовного права, а также закреплен в уголовных законах ряда зарубежных государств. Однако предложенные формулировки закона не лишены недостатков, на что также обращено внимание в статье и предложены отдельные пути совершенствования законодательной инициативы.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-07 ; The article describes the main approaches to the definition of the concept of "criminal misconduct", proposed both in the framework of the legislative initiative of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and in the framework of Russian and foreign criminal law. One of the key tasks of the legislator is to form in the legal system the rules on responsibility reflecting the nature and degree of public danger of the act, contributing to the restoration of social justice and correction of persons who committed criminal acts with the least force of state coercion. This task of criminal law is performed by the institution of differentiation of criminal liability. To date, the domestic law enforcement agency proposes the development of this institution by introducing the concept of "criminal misconduct" into the criminal code. The authors of the work assess such an approach as positive, within the framework of the General orientation of the reform of the criminal law in the direction of humanization. The paper draws attention to the fact that the institution of criminal misconduct is known in the doctrine of the Soviet criminal law, as well as enshrined in the criminal laws of a number of foreign states. However, the proposed wording of the law is not without drawbacks, which is also noted in the article and some ways are proposed to improve the legislative initiative.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-07

The paper proposes a reflection on the meaning of the construct "organizational well- being", starting from the definitions given by the psychologists of work, indicating the need to contextualize its framing within broader horizons of meaning that make it more widely intelligible social, political and economic determinations, avoiding the reduction and banalization of the phenomenology of subjective experiences of discomfort and malaise in the workplace. The text proposes two frames of reference for this contextualization that concern the role of the economy in its relationship with society (and politics), and their effects on the structure of subjectivity as it has unfolded in recent decades. Finally, some indications are proposed that the organizational actors can adopt to promote actions and relationships based on "taking care of oneself and others" as a key not to succumb to an adaptive-passive representation to generalized malaise; trying to understand the phenomena of the relationship with work in the context of the overall economic-financial dynamics in order to be aware of those spaces of "local" responsibility within which it is still possible to carry out gestures of care that, without changing the world, allow us to reduce unnecessary discomfort. ; Il contributo propone una riflessione sul significato del costrutto "benessere organizzativo", a partire dalle definizioni date dagli psicologi del lavoro, indicando la necessità di contestualizzare il suo inquadramento entro più ampi orizzonti di senso che ne rendano più ampiamente intellegibili le determinazioni sociali, politiche ed economiche, evitando la riduzione e la banalizzazione della fenomenologia dei vissuti soggettivi di disagio e di malessere nei contesti di lavoro. Il testo propone due cornici di riferimento per questa contestualizzazione che riguardano il ruolo dell'economia nel suo rapporto con la società (e la politica), e le ricadute sulla struttura della soggettività così come si è dispiegata negli ultimi decenni. Infine, vengono proposte alcune indicazioni che gli attori organizzativi possono far proprie per promuovere azioni e relazioni improntate al "prendersi cura di sé e degli altri" come chiave per non soccombere a una rappresentazione adattiva-passiva al malessere generalizzato; cercando di comprendere i fenomeni del rapporto col lavoro nel contesto delle dinamiche economico-finanziarie complessive per avere consapevolezza di quegli spazi di responsabilità "locali" entro i quali sono ancora possibili gesti di cura che, senza cambiare il mondo, consentono di ridurre il malessere non necessario.

The purpose of the study is to find out the methodological foundations of the system of values of universities' academic staff in the scientific achievements of domestic researchers. The legislative documents, which ratified the system of national values in general and values in the field of education in particular, are analyzed. It was discovered that the transformation of values is taking place, such as national values – national interests – national goals. The role of values in the educational process is revealed, their significance is established among the rights and responsibilities of participants in the educational process. The theoretical views of researchers are investigated and general approaches to studying the problem of values in the branches of philosophy, sociology, psychology, pedagogy are generalized. It was found out that the system-forming core of the personality are values (value orientations) that become relevant not only as the dominant direction of research in higher education in general, but also as a result of learning within the framework of obtaining value competences. It is substantiated that in the research of values (value orientations) of academic staff, it is expedient to use such methodological approaches: interdisciplinary, systemic, competence, activity, personality-oriented, cultural, axiological, social, synergetic and acmeological. The basic principles of values (value orientations) of universities' academic staff are developed, which will promote effective its selection: professionalism, moral and ethics, responsibility, impartiality, trust, success, priority, identification. ; Метою дослідження є з'ясування методологічних засад системи цінностей науково-педагогічних працівників університетів у наукових надбаннях вітчизняних учених. Проаналізовано законодавчі документи, в яких затверджено систему національних цінностей загалом та цінностей у сфері освіти зокрема. Виявлено, що відбувається трансформація цінностей у площині національні цінності – національні інтереси – національні цілі. Розкрито роль цінностей в освітньому процесі, встановлено їх значущість з-поміж прав і обов'язків учасників освітнього процесу. Досліджено теоретичні погляди вчених та узагальнено основні підходи щодо вивчення проблеми цінностей у галузях філософії, соціології, психології, педагогіки. З'ясовано, що системоутворюючим стрижнем особистості є цінності (ціннісні орієнтації), що набувають актуальності не лише як домінуючий напрям дослідження у вищій освіті, але і як результат навчання у межах здобуття ціннісних компетентностей. Обґрунтовано, що в дослідженні цінностей (ціннісних орієнтацій) науково-педагогічного працівника доцільним є використання таких методологічних підходів: міждисциплінарного, системного, компетентнісного, діяльнісного, особистісно орієнтованого, культурологічного, аксіологічного, соціального, синергетичного та акмеологічного. Розроблено основні принципи цінностей (ціннісних орієнтацій) науково-педагогічних працівників університетів, які сприятимуть ефективному добору викладацького персоналу: професіоналізму, морально-етичні, відповідальності, неупередженості, довіри, успішності, пріоритетності, ідентифікації.

By describing climate change as one of the greatest challenges of our time, the Swedish government has expressed a commitment to climate change adaptation as an integral part of the country's sustainable development efforts. Sweden has also been portrayed as a frontrunner of climate policy and sustainable development. However, research and rankings describe even the 'good example' of Sweden as unsustainable, including its responses to climate change. Transformation is needed. Based on the 'what's the problem represented to be?' (WPR) approach, this thesis describes and problematizes conditions of 'sustainability' constituted through problem representations of governing climate change adaptation in Sweden. In addition, the study provides a discussion of alternative problem representations constituting conditions with new possibilities for transformation. The empirical material for the analysis of current conditions in Sweden consists of policy documents as well as interviews with municipal and regional experts involved in promoting and implementing adaptation. I also analyze conditions constituted through problem representations in research. These are used as points of comparison for the problematization of conditions in Sweden. My conclusions are that the current conditions of 'sustainability', constituted through the problem representations in Sweden, create a focus on advancing functional governance of adaptation as well as a focus on reducing marginalization of neglected sustainability concerns by integrating them with the current order of things. Problematizations of domination are largely absent. I argue that possibilities for transformation could be advanced by problematizing domination. Through problematizations of the current decentralization of responsibility, the integration imperative, and the primacy of economic growth over environmental and social dimensions of sustainability, I suggest ways in which this type of problematization could be facilitated. ; The climate is changing. This poses severe risks to humans, societies, and ecosystems on which human well-being depends. Sweden is one of the countries described as a frontrunner in meeting the challenges of climate change. In addition to reducing human influence on the climate, these challenges also include climate change adaptation. However, even Sweden's responses to these challenges are described as deficient in both rankings and research. Considering the cataclysmic risks posed by climate change, transformation is needed. In this thesis, I focus on current conditions of 'sustainability' in governing climate change adaptation in Sweden. I illustrate their limitations and possibilities in facilitating transformation and argue that conditions with new possibilities are needed. I also suggest ways to promote such transformative conditions. My research contribution forms part of a broader discussion of how 'sustainability' currently is constructed and how different possibilities for transformation could be attained, both in Sweden and elsewhere.

PurposeEmployees demand high responsibility and empowerment, while keeping their work communal and flexible. Initiatives that foster organizational participation (OP) can contribute to the fulfillment of such work conditions. Research in sociology and psychology demonstrated positive effects on job satisfaction as well as on productivity. However, adoption of social software is widely spread in firms, research on the determinants of computer-supported OP is scarce. The purpose of this paper is to describe the elements to consider when designing OP processes that aim to be beneficial for both the employer as well as the employees.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted 20 guided expert interviews to propose a nascent design theory, following a socio-technical approach that promotes democratic and humanistic principles.FindingsBuilding on the expert interview, the process model includes a topic horizon and a collaboration phase, which creates proposals that have to be decided in order to produce results. The authors show how employee competence and leadership commitment are as important as the workload and support as well as an option for anonymous communication. The authors propose a set of features and explain principles of implementation.Research limitations/implicationsDespite the authors' best efforts to diversify the authors' set of experts, the findings have a limited generalizability as the authors only interviewed a few selected German experts that were either members of the board, HR or IT managers, often concerned with organizing rather than only participating in computer-supported organizational participation (CSOP) processes. Besides testing the model in practise, future research should also consider surveying a broader (and more international) set of employers and employees.Practical implicationsThe authors propose a step-by-step procedure to introduce CSOP. Despite identifying many pitfalls, the research demonstrates that CSOP promises a wide variety of benefits to both employers as well as the employees of an organization, including increased satisfaction as well as productivity.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies to propose a nascent design theory for CSOP. The authors derive a number of requirements to consider when implementing an information management system that seeks to improve both the efficiency and equality of employers and employees and lead to a win-win situation for both. The authors describe valid constructs for firms with spatially and timely dispersed teams and more than 50 employees. The research is based on 20 expert interviews, conducted with senior managers of medium and large German enterprises.

On the basis of political activity attributes analysis it is proved in the research work that a high level of purposeful political activity as well as its subjects' capacity of their civic duty comprehension are the basis of state as a form of social organization functioning. In its general meaning political activity is interpreted by the author as a peculiar mechanism to protect rights and freedoms. Topicality of the research work is determined by the fact that in Ukrainian realities citizens do not consider political activity to be effective mechanism of their own will realization and that's why they cannot always understand the political situation on the basis of their own position.As a result most people are not able to take responsibility for their own political choice results. To overcome such tendencies in the article two types of political activity (political participation and political practice) are analyzed; it is also proved that political activity can be of conventional which are fixed in the legal system of rules and regulations and unconventional forms such as participation in unauthorized meetings and strikes, premises capture, massacres, property destruction, extremist and terrorist acts.In a globalized society political activity is systematically revealed in professional politicians' activity – leaders and their family members, deputies of representative bodies, officials of state bodies, leaders and members of public organizations, representatives of supranational political organizations. Together with such qualities as intelligence, wit, quick response, mobility, active political personality is characterized by will qualities (perseverance, determination, courage) as the basis of socially significant interests' achievement. To avoid political activity radicalization and its transformation into constructive one is possible on condition of its redirection into conventional forms. The most effective mechanism to stop extremism and terrorism extension is reorientation activists' willpower into legal field where they would be able not only express their position but also implement their desires into socially important political decisions on state level. ; На основании анализа атрибутивных характеристик политической активности рассмотрены два ее вида – политическое участие и политическая деятельность. Обосновано, что политическая активность может приобретать конвенциональные, закрепленные в правовой системе правилами и нормами, и неконвенциональные формы – участие в несанкционированных митингах и забастовках, захват помещений, погромы, уничтожение имущества, проявления экстремизма и терроризма. ; На основі аналізу атрибутивних ознак політичної активності розглянуто два її види – політичну участь і політичну діяльність. Обґрунтовано, що політична активність може набувати конвенційних, закріплених у правовій системі правил і норм, і неконвенційних форм – участі в несанкціонованих мітингах і страйках, захопленні приміщень, погромів, нищенні майна, проявах екстремізму й тероризму.

BACKGROUND: In the UK, responsibility for many public health functions was transferred in 2013 from the National Health Service (NHS) to local government; a very different political context and one without the NHS history of policy and practice being informed by evidence-based guidelines. A problem this move presented was whether evidence-based guidelines would be seen as relevant, useful and implementable within local government. This study investigates three aspects of implementing national evidence-based recommendations for public health within a local government context: influences on implementation, how useful guidelines are perceived to be and whether the linear evidence-guidelines-practice model is considered relevant. METHODS: Thirty-one councillors, public health directors and deputy directors and officers and other local government employees were interviewed about their experiences implementing evidence-based guidelines. Interviews were informed and analysed using a theoretical model of behaviour (COM-B; Capability, Opportunity, Motivation–Behaviour). RESULTS: Contextual issues such as budget, capacity and political influence were important influences on implementation. Guidelines were perceived to be of limited use, with concerns expressed about recommendations being presented in the abstract, lacking specificity and not addressing the complexity of situations or local variations. Local evidence was seen as the best starting point, rather than evidence-based guidance produced by the traditional linear 'evidence–guidelines–practice' model. Local evidence was used to not only provide context for recommendations but also replace recommendations when they conflicted with local evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Local government users do not necessarily consider national guidelines to be fit for purpose at local level, with the consequence that local evidence tends to trump evidence-based guidelines. There is thus a tension between the traditional model of guideline development and the needs of public health decision-makers and practitioners working in local government. This tension needs to be addressed to facilitate implementation. One way this might be achieved, and participants supported this approach, would be to reverse or re-engineer the traditional pipeline of guideline development by starting with local need and examples of effective local practice rather than starting with evidence of effectiveness synthesised from the international scientific literature. Alternatively, and perhaps in addition, training about the relevance of research evidence should become a routine for local government staff and councillors. ; The Economic and Social Research Council and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence funded this study.

Dit proefschrift onderzoekt de Egyptische Moslimbroederschap gedurende het presidentschap van Anwar Sadat en de vroege Hosni Mubarakjaren. Twee tijdschriften die de beweging gedurende deze jaren mocht uitgeven – al-da'wa en liwā' al-'islām – vormen het uitgangspunt van dit onderzoek, op basis waarvan de geschiedenis van de Broederschap wordt uiteengezet. Deze tijdschriften laten zien dat het hier om een breed-georiënteerde islamitische beweging gaat die veel meer omvat dan dat waar in modern onderzoek vaak de nadruk op wordt gelegd (denk hierbij aan de invoering van de sharia, de man-vrouwverhoudingen en de visie op democratie). De Moslimbroederschap is een sociaal-politieke oppositiebeweging die islam als leidraad hanteert. In het eigen discours laat het een grote veelzijdigheid zien, waarbij alle facetten van het dagelijkse en geestelijke leven aan de orde komen. Educatie staat voorop, waarbij een breed publiek van moslims wordt aangesproken op hun gedeelde verantwoordelijkheid voor de stichting van een islamitische staat. Islam als een niẓām kāmil wa-shāmil ("een perfect en allesomvattend systeem") is een belangrijk adagium van de Moslimbroederschap, hetgeen wil zeggen dat geloof in ieder aspect van het dagelijkse leven een rol dient te spelen, variërend van eten koken en het huis netjes houden, tot het onderwijssysteem, de zomervakantie, het vijandbeeld, wetgeving en het kijken naar de televisie. Islam is alles en alles is islam. ; This dissertation investigates the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood during the presidency of Anwar Sadat and the early years of Hosni Mubarak. The study presents the history of the Brotherhood on the basis of two magazines the movement was allowed to publish during those years: al-da'wa and liwā' al-'islām. These magazines show that, contrary to the focus in modern research (e.g. the introduction of sharia law, gender relations, or ideas of democracy), the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood is a much more broadly oriented, social-political opposition movement, taking Islam as their guideline. The Brotherhood's own versatile discourse discusses all aspects of daily and spiritual life. Education takes first place: a broad Muslim audience is told they have a shared responsibility for the foundation of an Islamic state. An important adage of the Muslim Brotherhood is Islam as niẓām kāmil wa-shāmil, "a perfect and all-encompassing system." Faith should play a role in every aspect of daily life, from cooking dinner and cleaning the house to the education system, summer holidays, enemy image, legislation, and watching television. Islam is everything, and everything is Islam.

This paper investigates the role of public administration in stimulating of entrepreneurial activity, the interaction of institution of entrepreneurship with other structural elements of social system. The analysis of small business state in Ukraine was carried out, the factors that negatively affect its development were identified, the ways for overcoming of negative influence on small entrepreneurship in modern conditions of managing were considered. The formation of small businesses and further development of small entrepreneurship in Ukraine has passed a short but difficult way. This is impacted not only by the lack of financial, material, human, intellectual and other resources, but also by the weakness of theoretical understanding of the situation and scientific analysis of real practice of management in the field of small entrepreneurship. Despite a sufficient number of political statements and a considerable number of legal documents, programmes and plans that declare promoting of small entrepreneurship, there is only the basics of the public administration of development of small entrepreneurship. The main condition for the efficient public management of small entrepreneurship development is the increase of the participation degree of the society and business entities in public administration. The formation of responsibility for the welfare of citizens has to be established by not only the state but also civil society institutions, the business community, ensuring a balance of interests of the state, local governments and entrepreneurs by using practice-proven forms and methods of the interaction. ; У статті розглядаються роль публічного адміністрування у стимулюванні підприємницької активності та взаємодія інституту підприємництва з іншими структурними елементами суспільної системи. Проаналізовано стан малого підприємництва в Україні, визначено фактори негативного впливу на розвиток малого підприємництва та шляхи подолання такого впливу в сучасних умовах господарювання. В Україні формування малого підприємництва як господарської системи пройшло недовгий, але складний шлях. Це наслідок не тільки нестачі фінансових, матеріальних, кадрових, інтелектуальних та інших ресурсів, а й слабкості теоретичного осмислення ситуації, що склалася і наукового аналізу реальної практики управління розвитком малого підприємництва. Незважаючи на достатню кількість політичних заяв і чималу кількість нормативно-правових документів, програм і планів, що декларують сприяння розвитку малого підприємництва, до теперішнього часу закладені тільки основи державної політики розвитку малого підприємництва. Умовами підвищення ефективності публічного управління розвитком малого підприємництва є створення умов для підвищення ступеня участі населення та суб'єктів підприємництва в публічному адмініструванні, формування відповідальності за добробут громадян не тільки з боку держави, але і інститутів громадянського суспільства, бізнес-спільноти, забезпечення балансу інтересів держави, органів місцевого самоврядування та підприємців шляхом використання перевірених практикою форм і методів взаємодії.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Armut. Die Forschungsfrage lautet:"Welche moralische Verpflichtung haben wir, denen zu helfen, die in extremer Armut gefangen sind?"Im Speziellen bezieht sich diese Masterarbeit auf die Armutsproblematik in Österreich.Zu Beginn der Arbeit wird die derzeitige Situation in Österreich kurz widergespiegelt. Danach wird das Interdependenz-äVerhältnis von Arm und Reich dargestellt. Im Hauptteil wird dann die ethische Problematik des Armutsproblems genauer unter die Lupe genommen. Zu Beginn stehen die Beleuchtung der ethischen Strategie Peter Singers und der sozialphilosophischen Strategie von Thomas Pogge, welche die Armutsproblematik aus zwei konträren Positionen betrachten. Darauf folgt die Problematik der Perspektivlosigkeit, welche die Armut mit sich bringt und die daraus resultierende Bildungsarmut. Des Weiteren wird das Problem der Verantwortung betrachtet und die Frage gestellt, was es heißt, in einer Welt, in der die Kluft zwischen Arm und Reich so groß ist, als verantwortliches Wesen zu agieren? Im nächsten Unterkapitel geht es um die Frage der Gerechtigkeit, und danach folgt die Frage, ob wir in Bezug auf das globale Armutsproblem eine Pflicht zur Solidarität haben. Zudem stellt sich die Frage, ob Armut eine Unterlassung der Hilfeleistung darstellt und ob es sich dabei um eine Menschenrechtsverletzung handelt. Abschließend wird noch das Spendenaufkommen in Österreich betrachtet und die Frage diskutiert, warum die Spendenbereitschaft unter dem ethisch geforderten Maß liegt.Das letzte Kapitel beschäftigt sich dann mit den konkreten Vorschlägen zur Armutsbekämpfung, im genaueren gehen ich auf die Institution "Volkshilfe" ein.Um die Arbeit abzurunden,habe ich ein Interview mit einer Mitarbeiterin der Volkshilfe Steiermark geführt, welches eine Expertenmeinung zu den Zentralpunkten der Arbeit präsentiert. ; This master thesis is concerned with the issue of poverty. The research question is:"Which moral duty do we have to help those captured in extreme poverty? " Main focus of this master thesis lies on the poverty-problematic Austria. Initially, the current situation in Austria is shortly depicted. Afterwards, the ratio of interdependence between rich and poor is described. The main part then focuses on the ethical difficulty of poverty in greater detail. At the beginning, Peter Singers ethical strategy and Thomas Pogges social-philosophical strategy are examined, both of them viewing the poverty-issue from contrary positions. Afterwards, the problem of having no prospects, which goes hand in hand with poverty and results in educational poverty, is discussed. Furthermore, the problem of responsibility is examined and the question isrisen: What does it mean to act responsibly in a world with a continuously growing gulf between rich and poor? The following chapter thendeals with the question of justice and precedes the question of a mandatory solidarity with regard to the global poverty problematic. Moreover, the question arises whether poverty can be regarded as negligence of assistance and if this is a case of human rights violation. Finally, donation in Austria is portrayed and the question, why the willingness to donate lies beneath the ethical demanded measurements, is discussed. The last chapter is concerned with concrete suggestions for poverty reduction with a particular focus on the "Volkshilfe". To round off this thesis, I conducted an interview with a Volkshilfe Styria employee, which presents an expert opinion on the main points of this paper. ; eingereicht von Julia Bogner, BEd ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1344553