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AbstractThis study examined the link between theory of mind (ToM) in middle childhood and teachers' propensity for mental‐state language and self‐reported conversational‐instruction strategies. Multilevel analyses on 430 Italian children (221 girls, Mage = 9.34 years, SD = .63, Range: 7.95–11.43 years) from 27 primary‐school classrooms and their teachers showed that: (i) there were striking between‐classroom differences in children's ToM; (ii) teachers' propensity for mental‐state language (β = .14) and self‐reported conversational‐instruction strategies (β = .16) were uniquely associated with pupils' ToM even when child‐related (i.e., age, verbal ability, number of siblings and SES) and teacher‐related variables (i.e., ToM, verbal ability and years of experience) were controlled; and (iii) the association between self‐reported conversational‐instruction strategies and ToM was significant in older children and smaller classrooms. These findings extend socio‐cultural accounts of ToM by showing a developmental continuity of environmental effects on children's ToM.

Scholarly debates on civil–military relations often focus on how the military impacts society. Adding to the vast literature of civil–military relations, this article examines how socio-cultural practices and societal developments in the host society affect the military. Based on long-term ethnographic engagement with the Ghana Armed Forces, the piece presents empirical observations of how culturally informed practices, such as begging via proxies ( djuan toa), infiltrate the Ghanaian military barracks and affect the institutions' functioning. The article illustrates how two additional elements, skewed recruitment practices and the politicisation of the rank and file, are used as tools by political factions, such as Ghana's two most prominent parties (the New Patriotic Party and National Democratic Congress), seeking to gain control over the Ghanaian military. The article analyses how these approaches contribute to undermining the armed forces' discipline and military professionalism and consequently affect the military institution as a whole.

AbstractResearching the history of daily greetings is challenging, because references are casual and scattered through many sources. Nonetheless, some broad trends are apparent. In eighteenth-century Britain, the old tradition of deep bowing and curtseying was slowly attenuating into a brisker touching of the cap or head (for men) and a quick bob (for women). Yet that transition was not the whole story. Simultaneously, a new form of urban greeting, in the form of the handshake, was emerging. The strengths and weaknesses of many different sources are here assessed, including novels, plays, letters, diaries, etiquette books, travelogues and legal depositions, as well as artwork. Strategies for analysis are identified, with a warning against generalizing from single references in single sources. Finally, the emergence of the handshake among the middle class in Britain's eighteenth-century towns gives a clear signal that socio-cultural change does not invariably start at the 'top' and 'trickle down'.

Abstract
In this editorial introduction, we outline the key conceptualisations and overarching questions of this collection of studies on the changing faces of the transnational communities in Britain. Using the nexus of migration and language as our critical lens, we examine the internal diversities within the transnational communities in Britain, evident in the emergence of groups differing on migration trajectories, social and educational backgrounds, linguistic repertories and status assigned to community languages. We also explore how language shapes, and is shaped by, these internal diversities and wider socio-cultural-political dynamics and pay particular attention to the multilingual and translanguaging practices in these communities. We demonstrate how these communities function as sites for contestation of language and identity that can be conflictual as well as a source of othering. The introduction concludes with an outline of the contributions made by the studies in this special issue, highlighting the key claims put forward by the contributors.

Coastal city of the Ivory Coast, San-Pedro is rich in natural, economic and tourist resources. This study analyses the contribution of the tourism economy to local development. Documentary research and a field survey were used to collect data. It should be remembered that San-Pedro has floristic, climatic and hydrographic assets. Moreover, human capital is one of the pillars of this activity with a diversity of actors, a socio-cultural wealth including remarkable historic sites (10) and twenty-eight (28) tourist establishments of varied standing. Despite these assets, the tourist economy suffers from an organizational dysfunction and a weakness in investments. With 64% of the Ivorian workforce working mainly in informal or ephemeral sectors linked to the tourism economy, only 10% of the households surveyed said they were feeling the effects of it. The spatial, social and economic impact of the tourist sector remains below the real potential of this locality and below expectations.

This article reports on the findings from a qualitative, longitudinal study on lay perceptions of opportunity structures among young adults in Denmark. Previous research suggests that people often underestimate the extent of inequality and that rising inequality aggravates misperceptions. Our study deepens the understanding of the multi-layered processes that form meritocratic beliefs, and it identifies key factors at the macro-, meso- and micro-level. A macro-level factor that proved influential was a cultural script revolving around the Danish lay concept, social arv [social inheritance]. At the meso level, the factor of reference groups in socio-economic heterogeneous schools was instrumental for formations of inequality perceptions, but in dissimilar ways depending on micro-level subjective factors. Overall, the participants viewed the free educational system in Denmark as part of a welfare system that equalises opportunity structures in principle, while the majority simultaneously exhibited a nuanced awareness of social forces negating meritocracy in practice.

AbstractOver the past five decades, dramatic demographic and socio‐economic changes have taken place in East and Southeast Asian countries, with important implications for the family and its future. Still, little is known about the typical configurations of state support for families in these countries. We examine governments' strategies for supporting families and reducing the cost of children. Employing hierarchical cluster analysis, we uncover four distinctive family policy profiles—maternity support, poverty‐relief support, employment‐oriented support and encompassing support—and discuss their implication for defamilialisation. What appears less clear are the drivers behind such configurations, but there are indications that fertility concerns, the cultural fabric of a country and the productivist profile of the social policy regime seem to influence the orientation of family policy models. Overall, the development of family policy in East and Southeast Asia seems to be fragmented and characterised by parallel interventions of different types of provenance.

This article investigates in depth the characteristics of the interdisciplinary social theory of neo-Marxism, as a moderate response with socio-economic influences on the paradigm of postmodern brand management (defined by the theory of iconic brands and cultural branding - as a model by which brands become icons through creative interaction with their environment, on the one hand, and the anti-capitalist, anti-corporate and anti-branding movement, on the other), both included in a constructivist-interpretivist paradigmatic scheme. This type of critical approach, through reinterpretations and extensions of the ideas of social philosopher Karl Marx, replaces the marketing paradigm as a model of "social engineering" in the words of Douglas B. Holt and proposes new perspectives on the concept of consumer culture in which brands are seen as forms of intangible capital, with the main demands proposed by the anti- branding movement being highlighted, as well as the criticisms brought to "consumer culture".

When it comes to changing one's profession after a several years of professional experience in a given field, It must be admitted that the person who adopts this approach is very persevering in the quest for self-realization. Thus, the search for improvement of the working environment and its conditions are often behind this type of choice. To try to understand this phenomenon of professional mobility, we conducted a study that concerning 1st cycle secondary school teachers who became guidance counselors and we focus on two parameters concerning this population: the causes that led them make this choice, and their socio-cultural characteristics (entry profiles). This information was collected via a questionary administered to all active guidance counselors. The results of this research led us to conclude a review of the flow of national education staff and to highlight the lack of professionals for certain subjects taught.

1. Las cuestiones que planteamos en estas proposiciones apuntan al esclarecimiento de la formación y del alcance de la legitimidad política en la Argentina durante el período situado entre la institucionalización definitiva del Estado Nacional y los primeros desarrollos de la democracia de masas (1862-1930).2. Los temas que vamos a considerar tienen que ver con las relaciones establecidas entre la estructura económica, el orden político y el "sistema" sociocultural. De esta forma, nuestra averiguación sobre la legitimidad del régimen trata de dar algunas respuestas convincentes sobre las fuerzas, tendencias y déficits producidos en cada uno de aquellos niveles.3. Dicho con más propiedad, aspiramos a aprehender de una manera significativa la forma propia a la estructura capitalista de entonces con relación a las demandas de legitimidad suscitadas dentro del contexto del sistema global mismo, tarea en la cual asignamos una especial importancia al rol vicario del mundo socio cultural.

ABSTRACT: Due to the multiple roles held within the social system, the public administration field is positioned in the service of the citizen, and through its entire activity interferes with the political, economic and socio-cultural dimensions, where the beneficiary becomes the goal and not the means. It is thus understood that public administration has significance only in interaction with parts of the social system. An important part of the social system, which is in direct line with the public administration, is education, due to its public service performance. Under these conditions, education becomes a service of public interest, where the educational policy is ensured through specialized public administration. What is the role and how the administration involved in the realization of the public education service is, are questions generating the depth of knowledge at the empirical level in this undertaken approach. KEYWORDS: public administration, social system, public education service, responsibility

This work focused the psychosocial dynamics underlying the political and cultural action of the global elite, through a pilot study of the image of globalization of the World Economic Forum (WEF) addressed to identify possible strategies for developing those dynamics in a more democratic and socio-economically fair way and strengthening the global civil coexistence. The results show the centrality of specific relational and organizational models, based on the orientation to possess the other, the need for power as dominant social motivation and a mythical conception of supranational financial institutions which let them to operate without real commission, nor evaluation of efficacy, from their beneficiaries. On the basis of this scenario, two ways of development have been identified: the valorization of the other as a resource for the reciprocal development and the passage from a compliance based logic of action to a commonly agreed goals and products based one.

This work focused the psychosocial dynamics underlying the political and cultural action of the global elite, through a pilot study of the image of globalization of the World Economic Forum (WEF) addressed to identify possible strategies for developing those dynamics in a more democratic and socio-economically fair way and strengthening the global civil coexistence. The results show the centrality of specific relational and organizational models, based on the orientation to possess the other, the need for power as dominant social motivation and a mythical conception of supranational financial institutions which let them to operate without real commission, nor evaluation of efficacy, from their beneficiaries. On the basis of this scenario, two ways of development have been identified: the valorization of the other as a resource for the reciprocal development and the passage from a compliance based logic of action to a commonly agreed goals and products based one.

This work focused the psychosocial dynamics underlying the political and cultural action of the global elite, through a pilot study of the image of globalization of the World Economic Forum (WEF) addressed to identify possible strategies for developing those dynamics in a more democratic and socio-economically fair way and strengthening the global civil coexistence. The results show the centrality of specific relational and organizational models, based on the orientation to possess the other, the need for power as dominant social motivation and a mythical conception of supranational financial institutions which let them to operate without real commission, nor evaluation of efficacy, from their beneficiaries. On the basis of this scenario, two ways of development have been identified: the valorization of the other as a resource for the reciprocal development and the passage from a compliance based logic of action to a commonly agreed goals and products based one.

Pandemic COVID-19 has caused many imbalances in political, socio-cultural, economic and ethical aspects. The article considers the negative effects of COVID-19 in many sectors of economy on the example of Spain. The main results of analysis have proved that unemployment rate was growing rapidly in case of Spain reaching one of the highest level on the world. Moreover, the branches of Spanish economy, which suffered the most from the global crisis caused by pandemic, was tourism and hospitality sector. The article also indicates the possible actions that aim to improve the negative consequences of pandemic.These aspects are divided into three blocks: protection of workers in the workplace, encouragement of economic activity and labour demand, support for employment and income maintenance. On the other hand, the authors explain how the situation in education and tourism has been handled. The authors used critical analysis of literature and documents as the research method.