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Violence against women is widespread in Sri Lanka. The grave and brutal nature and the extent of harm and trauma caused to women by such violence in the recent past is alarming. An examination of the reported incidents of sexual and gender-based violence against women reveal that sexual harassment, rape, cyber violence and domestic violence are on the increase within the family unit and in the community at large. Violence against women or the threat of violence, are means of maintaining and re-enforcing women's subordination. Prevailing patriarchal norms, gender stereotypes and individual negative attitudes influence and re-enforce gender-based violence. Unequal power relations, a lack of awareness, insensitivities and negative attitudinal perceptions of law enforcement authorities are the main contributors to the present status quo. These factors prevent many victims from reporting such violence or even seeking medical, psycho-social or legal assistance.

1 9 10 ; S ; [EN] Triflusal is a platelet antiaggregant employed for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic diseases. After administration, it is biotransformed into its active metabolite, the 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB). We present here an investigation on HTB photobinding to human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, using an approach that combines fluorescence, MS/MS, and peptide fingerprint analysis as well as theoretical calculations (docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies). The proteomic analysis of HTB/HSA photolysates shows that HTB addition takes place at the epsilon-amino groups of the Lys137, Lys199, Lys205, Lys351, Lys432, Lys525, Lys541 and Lys545 residues and involves replacement of the trifluoromethyl moiety of HTB with a new amide function. Only Lys199 is located in an internal pocket of the protein, and the remaining modified residues are placed in the external part. Docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies reveal that HTB supramolecular binding to HSA occurs in the "V-cleft" region and that the process is assisted by the presence of Glu/Asp residues in the neighborhood of the external Lys, in agreement with the experimentally observed modifications. In principle, photobinding can occur with other trifluoroaromatic compounds and may be responsible for the appearance of undesired photoallergic side effects. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Government (CTQ2016-78875-P, SAF2016-75638-R, BES-2014-069404, and RETICS network ARADyAL RD16/0006/0030), the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/075 and CIDEGENT/2018/044), the Xunta de Galicia [Centro Singular de Investigacion de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019 (ED431G/09), ED431B 2018/04 and post-doctoral fellowship to EL], and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF). The proteomic analysis was performed in the proteomics facility of SCSIE University of Valencia that belongs to ProteoRed PRB3 and is supported by grant PT17/0019, of the PE ...

This research investigates the worlds of contemporary French knowledge production in order to understand thedifferent meanings of the term 'open' in sciences. Specific attention has been drawn to the qualifying adjective 'open'in relation to the French translations (ouvert, libre gratuit) as well as associated terms (science, data, access) with thisformula. This inquiry began in 2013 and focused mainly on a specific event, the consultation on the bill for a "DigitalRepublic" (September-October 2015), in particular Article 9 on "open access to scientific publications in publicresearch". This online consultation has allowed for a national and public scope to the issue of access to knowledges.As an "equipped" reality test via a participative website, arose the opportunity to observe almost "live" the defense ofdifferent conceptions of "what should be" the contemporary regime of knowledges in France.Through a grounded theory approach around this particular crystallisation moment of the debates on open in scienceshas led me to gradually constitute a corpus of documents, reflecting the deployment of the exchanges on differentdigital spaces/apparatus (consultation website, scientific blogs, academic notebooks, mainstream press, etc.). Withinan iterative research process, I combined digital methods (digital mapping of the similarity of votes) and qualitativeanalysis of the corpus, as well as the theoretical concepts mobilized at the crossroads between information andcommunication sciences and "pragmatic sociology of critique".This enabled the development of a model which shows that the argumentative perspectives and the strategies in thetest implemented by various stakeholders to promote their own conceptions are underpinned by logics, which I haveattached to "spirits" of the French regime of knowledges. Subsequently, by switching from modeling to transposabletheorization into other fields of research, I show how the distinction between two logics (technoindustrial orprocessual), behind the discourses on open, can be ...

This research investigates the worlds of contemporary French knowledge production in order to understand thedifferent meanings of the term 'open' in sciences. Specific attention has been drawn to the qualifying adjective 'open'in relation to the French translations (ouvert, libre gratuit) as well as associated terms (science, data, access) with thisformula. This inquiry began in 2013 and focused mainly on a specific event, the consultation on the bill for a "DigitalRepublic" (September-October 2015), in particular Article 9 on "open access to scientific publications in publicresearch". This online consultation has allowed for a national and public scope to the issue of access to knowledges.As an "equipped" reality test via a participative website, arose the opportunity to observe almost "live" the defense ofdifferent conceptions of "what should be" the contemporary regime of knowledges in France.Through a grounded theory approach around this particular crystallisation moment of the debates on open in scienceshas led me to gradually constitute a corpus of documents, reflecting the deployment of the exchanges on differentdigital spaces/apparatus (consultation website, scientific blogs, academic notebooks, mainstream press, etc.). Withinan iterative research process, I combined digital methods (digital mapping of the similarity of votes) and qualitativeanalysis of the corpus, as well as the theoretical concepts mobilized at the crossroads between information andcommunication sciences and "pragmatic sociology of critique".This enabled the development of a model which shows that the argumentative perspectives and the strategies in thetest implemented by various stakeholders to promote their own conceptions are underpinned by logics, which I haveattached to "spirits" of the French regime of knowledges. Subsequently, by switching from modeling to transposabletheorization into other fields of research, I show how the distinction between two logics (technoindustrial orprocessual), behind the discourses on open, can be ...

This research investigates the worlds of contemporary French knowledge production in order to understand thedifferent meanings of the term 'open' in sciences. Specific attention has been drawn to the qualifying adjective 'open'in relation to the French translations (ouvert, libre gratuit) as well as associated terms (science, data, access) with thisformula. This inquiry began in 2013 and focused mainly on a specific event, the consultation on the bill for a "DigitalRepublic" (September-October 2015), in particular Article 9 on "open access to scientific publications in publicresearch". This online consultation has allowed for a national and public scope to the issue of access to knowledges.As an "equipped" reality test via a participative website, arose the opportunity to observe almost "live" the defense ofdifferent conceptions of "what should be" the contemporary regime of knowledges in France.Through a grounded theory approach around this particular crystallisation moment of the debates on open in scienceshas led me to gradually constitute a corpus of documents, reflecting the deployment of the exchanges on differentdigital spaces/apparatus (consultation website, scientific blogs, academic notebooks, mainstream press, etc.). Withinan iterative research process, I combined digital methods (digital mapping of the similarity of votes) and qualitativeanalysis of the corpus, as well as the theoretical concepts mobilized at the crossroads between information andcommunication sciences and "pragmatic sociology of critique".This enabled the development of a model which shows that the argumentative perspectives and the strategies in thetest implemented by various stakeholders to promote their own conceptions are underpinned by logics, which I haveattached to "spirits" of the French regime of knowledges. Subsequently, by switching from modeling to transposabletheorization into other fields of research, I show how the distinction between two logics (technoindustrial orprocessual), behind the discourses on open, can be ...

International audience ; Le nationalisme méthodologique est la tendance à prendre l'Etat-nation pour l'unité naturelle de l'analyse des phénomènes sociaux. Mais comment ce biais affecte-t-il les théories de la justice distributive? Pour répondre, on distingue d'abord trois versions de nationalisme méthodologique, pour montrer ensuite que la théorie de Rawls endosse les trois versions. Les arguments fondés sur la justice en pâtissent.

International audience ; Although the empirical literature on the determinants of economic growth volatility highlights a robust stabilizing effect of democratic regimes compared to dictatorships, no study focused so far on identifying the precise political institutions explaining this stabilizing effect. We open the political institutions black-box associated to democratic regimes, and study the effects of disaggregated political institutions on macroeconomic volatility along five institutional dimensions, namely forms of government, electoral rules, state forms, the number of veto players, and the age of democracies. Using a large panel of 140 countries over 1975-2007, we show that institutional details are of crucial importance, since the stabilizing effect of democracies depends on the precise institutional dimensions at work. Thus, our study contributes to the institutional design debate, by showing that the simple promotion of democratic regimes might not be sufficient to foster a more stable development path.

International audience ; Le nationalisme méthodologique est la tendance à prendre l'Etat-nation pour l'unité naturelle de l'analyse des phénomènes sociaux. Mais comment ce biais affecte-t-il les théories de la justice distributive? Pour répondre, on distingue d'abord trois versions de nationalisme méthodologique, pour montrer ensuite que la théorie de Rawls endosse les trois versions. Les arguments fondés sur la justice en pâtissent.

International audience ; Although the empirical literature on the determinants of economic growth volatility highlights a robust stabilizing effect of democratic regimes compared to dictatorships, no study focused so far on identifying the precise political institutions explaining this stabilizing effect. We open the political institutions black-box associated to democratic regimes, and study the effects of disaggregated political institutions on macroeconomic volatility along five institutional dimensions, namely forms of government, electoral rules, state forms, the number of veto players, and the age of democracies. Using a large panel of 140 countries over 1975-2007, we show that institutional details are of crucial importance, since the stabilizing effect of democracies depends on the precise institutional dimensions at work. Thus, our study contributes to the institutional design debate, by showing that the simple promotion of democratic regimes might not be sufficient to foster a more stable development path.

International audience ; This paper aims to examine the relationship between exchange rate changes and domestic prices in DR. Congo, more particularly to measure the level of exchange rate pass-through to inflation from January 2002 to March 2017. Applying a cointegration and using a vector error correction model, the main finding is that a change in exchange rate will affect inflation more than proportionally, the level of pass-through being relatively high. One per cent of currency depreciation increases prices index of 0.38 per cent in the short run. This effect is larger in the long run where the increase in prices index is 1,66%. Furthermore, the adjustment towards equilibrium will take time (12 months and 2 weeks). As main implication, Congolese's monetary authority must, on the one, be careful and closely monitor exchange rate behaviour so as to take a prompt monetary policy action and stem inflation pressure from the external sector by targeted exchange rate market interventions and, on the other, rethink intermediate targets by adopting hybrid targeting : (i) monetary targeting and (ii) implicit and flexible exchange rate targeting. ; Ce papier a pour objectif d'analyser la relation entre le taux de change et les prix domestiques en RD. Congo, plus particulièrement de mesurer le degré du pass-through du taux de change nominal à l'inflation sur la période allant de Janvier 2002 à Mars 2017. En se basant sur l'approche par cointégration avec le modèle à correction d'erreur, la principale conclusion est qu'un changement dans le taux de change affectera l'inflation plus que proportionnellement, le degré du pass-through étant relativement élevé. Une dépréciation de 1% cause une hausse du niveau général des prix de 0,38% à court terme. Cet effet est encore plus large à long terme où la hausse du niveau général des prix est de 1,66%. En outre, l'ajustement vers l'équilibre prendra du temps (12 mois et 2 semaines). La principale implication de politique économique découlant de ces résultats est que l'autorité ...

Under the EU-Sri Lanka Trade-Related Assistance project, funded by the European Union (EU) and implemented by the International Trade Centre (ITC), in collaboration with Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL), ITC together with the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) organized four public-private consultations (PPCs) to foster stakeholder discussion on functionality, governance, operator, and implementation of the NSW. THe first PPC discussed the functional scope of a NSW based on a discussion paper on the same, with public and private stakeholders. This policy brief summarizes the discussion paper and proceedings from the PPC.

This article presents the process of creation and initial outcomes of a pedagogical tool called Refugee Journeys: Identity, Intersectionality and Integration, which allows players the opportunity to experience settlement and integration from the identity of a refugee. The purpose of the tool is to educate players about the need for intersectional approaches to refugee service provision, to foster a sense of admiration and respect for refugees' experiences, and to interact with public policies from the perspective of the least privileged. Outcomes involve recognitions that individual identities affect integration experiences and meaningful discussions about refugee integration, identity, and discrimination. ; Cet article présente le processus de création et les premiers résultats d'un outil pédagogique appelé Refugee Journeys: Identity, Intersectionality and Integration [Parcours de réfugié : identité, intersectionnalité et intégration] qui donne aux joueurs la possibilité de vivre un établissement et une intégration sous l'identité d'un réfugié. L'objectif de l'outil est d'instruire les joueurs quant à la nécessité des approches intersectionnelles pour fournir des services aux réfugiés, de favoriser le sens de l'admiration et du respect vis-à-vis des expériences des réfugiés et d'interagir avec les politiques publiques à partir de la perspective du moins privilégié. Les résultats se traduisent par une reconnaissance de l'influence des identités propres sur les expériences d'intégration et par des discussions constructives sur l'intégration, l'identité et la discrimination des réfugiés.

International audience Despite the recent drastic reversal of decarbonization effort by the current Presidential administration, the majority of U.S. states continue policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing renewable energy technology (RET) deployment. Although electrical power utilities are required and/or encouraged to comply with these policies, their executives lack direct incentives to do so. In this study, a novel incentive mechanism is evaluated for specifically aligning electric utility executive compensation with RET declining costs, renewable portfolio standards adopted by the majority of U.S. states, and global environmental goals. First, an overview is provided on chief executive officer (CEO) pay and the GHG emissions. The relationship between GHG emissions, renewable energy diversification, and CEO pay is examined using the case study of three of the large electric utilities in Michigan. The results show that the regulated utility market is not consistently rewarding CEOs with higher compensation for decreasing GHG emissions and that both an approach incentivizing RETs adoption and an approach encouraging GHG emissions have deficiencies. A combined approach is then analyzed that results in a compensation equation allowing for utility executives to receive incentive pay for reducing overall emissions and increasing renewable generation. The results indicate that by careful calibration of the proposed incentive equations the harmful effects of emissions can be prevented through CEO incentive pay.

International audience ; Le nationalisme méthodologique est la tendance à prendre l'Etat-nation pour l'unité naturelle de l'analyse des phénomènes sociaux. Mais comment ce biais affecte-t-il les théories de la justice distributive? Pour répondre, on distingue d'abord trois versions de nationalisme méthodologique, pour montrer ensuite que la théorie de Rawls endosse les trois versions. Les arguments fondés sur la justice en pâtissent.

The democracy within cooperative is generally defined by the principle "one member, one vote", one of the principles inscribed in the declaration on the cooperative identity by the Cooperative International Alliance. However, measuring democracy in cooperative is a problem that is incompletely addressed. In this paper, I try to redefine democracy in the context of cooperative and to operationalize its measurement.