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We've had the usual burst of airline stock market results recently, they come around every few months. And the results are that, roughly enough, flight numbers are back to what they were pre-pandemic. That's for short haul flights that is, the ones that take people off for an experience. Business travel is still below those pre-lockdown days. We had that little shock that showed Zoom calls working and so behaviour has changed. As it probably should do, having done it there's not that much exciting about business travel. I've a comfy chair at home and I can mix my own gin - well, the first three or four at least.But that the population is back to flying again is one of those interesting things. Obviously, interesting in that it enrages all those who think that us proles shouldn't be allowed to fly. But rather more importantly, in that it's so obviously against what all the usual polls and surveys tell us.Everyone's really, really, against boiling Gaia they tell us, every time they're asked. And yet the very same people happily get on a 'plane to the beach. That thing we keep being told is the very act that is boiling Gaia. There's a disconnect here but what is it? The answer is as economists have been pointing out for a long time. It's revealed preferences that matter, not expressed. Or, more colloquially, look at what people do not what they say - and most certainly don't pay any attention at all to what they say everyone else should be doing. To be slightly more formal again, we really only grasp human motivations, trade offs and decision making by observations of what is done within the constraints the universe throws at us.Which is all very interesting and describes why people do indeed claim to be very worried about boiling Flipper and then fly off to the beach for sun and sangria. But there's a larger lesson to be learned here too.Politicians making decisions for us is near by definition acting upon expressed preferences. The results of the opinion poll, the focus group, even an election is still an expression of opinion. The information flow to those making those decisions is therefore hopelessly flawed. Because we know that what people say isn't what they really mean. So it isn't just that politicians are incompetent, or that reality's too complex to be managed, or that they're blinded by ideology (although all three are certainly true). It's that the information flow to them, that they're basing their decision making upon, is known to simply be wrong.The implication of this is that political decision making has to be about revealed, not expressed, preferences. As revealed such can only be, umm, revealed by observation of those with the freedom to do those things the correct political stance is that classical liberal world. Consenting adults get to adult consentingly, over economic as well as all other parts of life. Adjustments for significant third party harm and prices for externalities are fine additions to such a system. But we've got to have the freedom to do as we wish so that it's possible to divine what it is that everyone wants to do. We simply don't have any other effective information source. As is shown by the way in which everybody says they're right there with Greta then go fly off to foreign for a long weekend.

Norbert Michel and Jai Kedia


On Wednesday the Fed decided to keep its rate target steady, in a range of 5.0 percent to 5.25 percent. On the heels of one of the steepest rate‐​increasing campaigns in its history (the target was near zero in February 2022), Fed officials are selling this choice as a pause. According to Fed Chairman Jay Powell:
We have raised our policy interest rate by five percentage points, and we've continued to reduce our security holdings at a brisk pace. We've covered a lot of ground and the full effects of our tightening have yet to be felt.

Given the recent inflation figures, it's difficult to argue with Powell.
Since June 2022, the month‐​to‐​month change in the core CPI averaged 0.4 percent, and the last three months were perfectly flat (at 0.4 percent). Since reaching a high of 0.8 percent in April 2021, the month‐​to‐​month change has been on a slow and steady decline. In other words, inflation has been falling. (And as this post points out, it's the recent inflation trend that matters most because the annual rate will remain elevated even if the monthly changes stay flat).
The full CPI rate, more volatile as usual, has also been on a mostly downward trend, with a 0.3 percent month‐​to‐​month average since June 2022. From April 2023 to May 2023, the full CPI increased 0.1 percent, a figure that represents a 1.2 percent annual inflation rate. The average for the previous three months is 0.2 percent, an annualized rate of 2.4 percent.
Given these recent figures, along with the speed and magnitude of the Fed's rate hiking campaign, taking a pause to feel more of the "full effects" is certainly reasonable.
Besides, at least two major short‐​term market rates, the 4‑week Treasury rate and the 30‐​day average SOFR, have flattened out over the last 30 days. In fact, if the Fed were conducting policy by a Taylor rule, an equation that links the Fed's target rate to inflation and unemployment, the Fed's target would already be higher than the rule suggests. For example, a simplified Taylor rule suggests the Fed would calculate its target federal funds rate (FFRt) as follows:
FFRt = 0.8 x FFRt‑1 + ( 1 — 0.8 ) x [ 1.5 x Inflationt — 0.5 x ( Unemployment Ratet — NAIRUt ) ]

In May, the actual federal funds rate (FFR) was 5.06 percent. May to June inflation was 0.1 percent, which is 1.2 percent annually. Using May's unemployment rate of 3.7 percent and a 4.42 percent natural rate (NAIRU), the implied FFR for June should be:
FFRJune 2023 = 0.8 x (5.06%) + 0.2 x [ 1.5 x (1.2%) — 0.5 x (3.7% — 4.42%) ] = 4.48%

So, the Fed's target rate may already be "too high," and this standard policy rule suggests there is no reason to keep raising rates. If anything, a case could be made to marginally reduce rates, so the Fed's actions seem rather prudent.
The danger of raising its rate target too much, too fast, of course, is that the Fed could unnecessarily slow economic activity down so much that it causes a recession. Or worse.
The recent inflation figures appear to be on the right track, with annualized rates getting closer to the Fed's regular 2 percent target. Given the stakes, holding steady makes perfect sense.

Thomas A. Berry and Nicholas DeBenedetto


New York City has maintained a system of rent control since the 1940s. Property owners in the City are subject to a thicket of regulations that affect their ability to rent and limit their right to exclude—arguably the most fundamental right in the "bundle" of property rights. The cornerstone of the City's rent control regime is the Rent Stabilization Law (RSL) which was enacted in 1969 and has been amended on multiple occasions—most recently in June 2019. The RSL has been the subject of several lawsuits throughout the decades.
There are approximately one million units under the purview of the RSL, comprising half of all New York City apartments. The RSL authorizes a government board to set annual maximum rent increases for stabilized units. This board is required to consider tenants' ability to pay as one factor in setting rents, alongside owners' costs and housing affordability.
The RSL severely limits property owners' rights to occupy, use, change the use of, and dispose of their property. The RSL requires owners to renew tenants' leases in perpetuity with very few exceptions, and those exceptions are entirely within the tenants' control. Additionally, these renewal rights may be passed on to any member of a tenant's family who has lived in the tenant's apartment for two years.
Once a tenant occupies a stabilized unit, an owner may not retake possession of the apartment for personal use. Only upon a demonstration of "immediate and compelling necessity" may an owner reclaim just one of his or her units. And buildings held in the name of a corporate entity have no personal use allowance at all.
The RSL also severely restricts owners' rights regarding the buildings themselves. Owners may not withdraw their buildings from residential use, change their units to commercial rentals or cooperatives, leave their property vacant, or demolish their property.
A not‐​for‐​profit trade association representing many New York City apartment building owners sued to challenge the RSL in federal court, but the Second Circuit upheld the law. Now the owners are petitioning the Supreme Court to take their case. Cato, joined by the Manhattan Institute, has filed an amicus brief supporting that petition.
Our brief makes three key points. First, the Supreme Court's recent opinion in Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid (2021) casts serious doubt on the constitutionality of the RSL, since the City has appropriated building owners' right to exclude and granted that right to third parties. All of the Supreme Court's precedents addressing the constitutionality of rent‐​control statutes long predate the per se rule for physical takings articulated in Cedar Point, which calls for those precedents to be reexamined.
Second, there is already a circuit split between the Eighth and Second Circuits over whether property owners can allege that rent control effects a per se taking under Cedar Point. We argue that the Eighth Circuit correctly followed the Supreme Court when it held that a per se takings claim could proceed against an eviction moratorium, while the Second Circuit erred here in denying plaintiffs' claim against New York City.
Finally, we argue that the Supreme Court should take this opportunity to reaffirm the foundational takings principle that government cannot require a subset of society to privately incur costs that should rightfully be borne by society as a whole. The RSL impermissibly imposes societal costs on property owners alone when it forces them to charge lower rental rates based on tenants' ability to pay. For all these reasons, the Supreme Court should take the case and ultimately reverse the Second Circuit.

Hello Fully Automated listeners! This is a rebroadcast of Episode 6 of Class Unity: Transmissions, as posted here. Transmissions is the official podcast of Class Unity, and I want to thank them for their permission to use this episode. You can find out more about Class Unity over at https://classunity.org/

For those curious, there will be more independent 'Fully Automated' content coming soon. But I will continue to repost those 'Transmissions' episodes in which I am involved, as I think they will be of interest to listeners of this show, too.



Hello comrades! Welcome to our sixth episode of Class Unity Transmissions.

In this episode, we open with a quick check-in with our comrade Jamal, from CU Chicago, who has been studying the recent strikes in France. Then we move to our interview recorded earlier this year with Armand M, one of the authors of our article from last September, "Gay Particularity, Reconsidered."

In the interview, we discuss some main points from Armand's piece. We look at how, in the late 80s and 90s, activist organizations such as ACT UP participated in civil disobedience actions against insurance rate increases and worked to expand universal Medicaid benefits to include AIDS treatment. In 1990, when Congress refused to release funds already earmarked for AIDS services, claiming that patients with other conditions were more deserving, ACT UP called for national health insurance. What was it about the ACT-UP era that made the gay rights movement so capable of articulating universalistic political demands?

We also look at the struggle for gay marriage, and how it effectively diverted financial resources and political energy away from organizations prioritizing healthcare and employment. Given that the gay liberation movement has not always supported this demand, what changed? Armand discusses the role of "respectability politics" in diverting the struggle from a more traditional leftist perspective. Notwithstanding the importance of access to health insurance and spousal inheritance for partners, Armand suggests that the shift toward gay marriage should be viewed as a conservative turn in queer politics.

Next we turn to the historical emergence of queer identity. Postmodern theorists like Judith Butler tend to see politics as essentially a question of identity, and thought. In this light, politics for them is necessarily the question of a slow, patient struggle to change unconsciously held ideas. However, notes Armand, while homosexual behavior has always been present in human societies, "queer" identification is only a very recent phenomenon and its emergence, as we will see, cannot be understood apart from its specific socio-economic conditions of possibility.

We also discuss some wider literature around this topic (see links below). For example, we address Roger Lancaster's piece in Jacobin, "Identity Politics Can Only Get Us So Far." Lancaster raises the question of how today's "identity" version of gay liberation struggle orbits this idea of a certain quest for one's subjective essence. Earlier versions, to the contrary, saw "coming out" as an "indispensable means" for building a political movement. Among other things, this means that earlier liberationists generally took a dialectical approach to sexual categories. We ask Armand how this "pre-Stonewall" idea of a subjective labeling understood from the outset as something eventually to be cast aside connects with Marx's notion of the eventual self-abolition of the "proletariat."

Other key points raised include the relation of identity-based struggle to CU's concept of the iron triangle, the limits of aesthetic struggle ("psychosocial emancipation)," and the extent to which Armand's critique of the limits of contemporary gay liberation struggle might be expanded to other cases.

Your hosts for this episode are Nicholas K, Steph K, and Jamal.

Here is a list of the readings mentioned in the article:

Andrew Davis (2010),

Malaysia diiktiraf dunia sebagai salah sebuah negara mega biodiversiti yang memiliki lebih kurang 449 spesies ikan air tawar dan 500 lebih spesies marin. Spesies marin yang bernilai tinggi ialah sirip ikan yu, bluefin tuna, arowana dan balat. Pencerobohan vessel nelayan asing merupakan salah satu ancaman terhadap hidupan laut yang bernilai tinggi. Gejala ini juga turut menjejaskan hasil perikanan dan pendapatan negara. Di Sabah, balat menjadi tarikan utama nelayan asing kerana harganya boleh mencecah USD3583/sekilo Negara juga mengalami kerugian dianggarkan sejumlah RM6 bilion setahun akibat pencerobohan vessel nelayan asing. Nelayan asing turut mengeksploitasi sumber laut seperti sotong dan mereka juga cenderung menggunakan peralatan penangkapan seperti pukat tunda yang menyebabkan kerosakan terumbu karang. Pencerobohan nelayan asing turut mengancam kelangsungan hidup nelayan tempatan dan keselamatan negara. Sehubungan dengan itu, antara objektif utama artikel ini adalah menjelaskan cabaran yang dihadapi oleh agensi penguat kuasa untuk menghalang pencerobohan vessel nelayan asing di perairan pantai barat Sabah. Objektif seterusnya adalah menilai keberkesanan penguatkuasaan maritim dalam usaha menghalang pencerobohan tersebut. Penilaian terhadap langkah penguatkuasaan difokuskan terhadap sistem pengawasan, pemantauan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menemu bual secara mendalam informan dari agensi penguat kuasa maritim, mengendalikan Focus Group Discussion (FGD) serta menjalankan pemerhatian dengan menyertai operasi penguat kuasa maritim semasa mereka melakukan rondaan mengekang aktiviti nelayan asing di perairan pantai barat Sabah. Dapatan kajian awal menunjukkan antara langkah penguatkuasaan ialah membuat pindaan terhadap Akta Perikanan (pindaan 2019) untuk mengekang kemasukan nelayan asing. Namun, kekurangan aset merupakan cabaran utama langkah penguatkuasaan kerana menjejaskan kecekapan rondaan dan pemantauan di perairan pantai barat Sabah yang mempunyai keluasan sehingga 200 batu nautika. Pertindihan tanggungjawab antara Agensi Penguatkuasa Maritim Malaysia dan Polis Marin (APMM) juga menyukarkan pembahagian aset dan turut memberi impak terhadap keberkesanan menyekat kemasukan vessel nelayan asing.

Invasion of foreign fishing vessels is one of the threats to national security, the survival of local fishermen, protected marine life and affecting fisheries and national income. The country is suffering an estimated loss of RM6 billion a year due to the invasion of foreign fishing vessels. Malaysia is globally recognized as a mega biodiversity country with about 449 freshwater fish species and over 500 marine species. Highvalue marine species are targeted by foreign fishermen such as shark fin,Bluefin tuna, arowana, and balat. In Sabah, balat is a major attraction for foreign fishermen as it can cost around USD3583/per kilogram. Foreign fishermen also exploit marine resources such as squid and the use of trawlers caused damage to coral reefs. In this regard, one of the main objectives of this study is to identify the challenges of preventing foreign fishing vessel intrusion in Sabah's West Coast waters and subsequently assessing the effectiveness of maritime enforcement against suchintrusions. The assessment is focused on logistics, asset allocation, law enforcement and technology use. This study used a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews with enforcement stakeholders, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and observations by joining maritime authorities to patrol foreign fishing activities in Sabah's West Coast waters. Preliminary findings show that one of the enforcement measures include amendment to the Fisheries Act (Amendment 2019) to curb the entry offoreign fishermen. However, the scarcity of assets is a major challenge as it affects patrolling and monitoring activities in the 200-nautical Sabah west coast waters. The overlapping of responsibilities between the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency and the Marine Police made it difficult to allocate assets and it also had an impact on the effectiveness of restricting foreign fishing vessel entry.

Este trabajo analiza la estética y las representaciones de mujeres lesbianas/queer en las telenovelas colombianas Los Pecados de Inés de Hinojosa (1988), Decisiones (2006), Tiempo Final (2008) y La Venganza de Analía (2020). Dentro de este artículo se argumenta que las representaciones dentro de producciones audiovisuales culturales son un vehículo ideológico que permiten con-solidar y construir la cultura, de la misma forma en que ella se afianza a través de este mismo contenido audiovisual. Goffman (1972) afirma que a través del cine el arte y la escritura es como se forman muchos ideales, cánones de belleza, estereotipos o estilos de vida. Y así como lo que se muestra tiene ese poder sobre la cultura, Entman (1993) afirma que el poder de la información que se deja en la oscuridad también es crítico. Bajo una metodología cualitativa se analiza la representación lésbica/queer en las producciones colombianas previamente mencionadas, y dentro de ellas las tramas y estereotipos que tienen estas producciones en común. También podemos ver el concepto de passing, el cual, según Samuels (2015) consiste en que grupos marginados se hacen pasar por aquellos de la mayoría con el fin de reducir el estigma con el que cargan y cultivar una noción de igualdad, y por último el tipo de actrices que se escogen para estos papeles. De esta manera, podemos entender mejor cómo las representaciones afectan y han afectado la noción que tiene la sociedad en torno a la cultura lésbica en diferentes ámbitos; político, económico, cultural, entre otros. A lo largo de la investigación se hace evidente que en Colombia existe una conexión significativa entre el tipo de representación lésbica en los medios, y la manera en la que culturalmente se percibe a la comunidad lésbica/de mujeres que gustan de otras mujeres. ; This work analyzes the aesthetics and representations of lesbian/queer women in the Colombian soap operas Los Pecados de Inés de Hinojosa (1988), Decisiones (2006), Tiempo Final (2008) and La Venganza de Analía (2020). This article argues that representations within cultural audiovisual productions are an ideological vehicle that allow the consolidation and construction of culture, in the same way that it is strengthened through this same audiovisual content. Goffman (1972) affirms that through cinema, art and writing are how many ideals, canons of beauty, stereotypes or lifestyles are formed. And just as what is shown has that power over culture, Entman (1993) affirms that the power of information that is left in the dark is also critical. Under a qualitative methodology, she analyzes the lesbian/queer representation in the previously mentioned Colombian productions, and within them the plots and stereotypes that these productions have in common. We can also see the concept of passing, which, according to Samuels (2015) consists of marginalized groups posing as those of the majority in order to reduce the stigma with which they carry and cultivate a notion of equality, and finally the type of actresses that are chosen for these roles. In this way, we can better understand how representations affect and have affected society's notion of lesbian culture in different areas; political, economic, cultural, among others. Throughout the research it becomes evident that in Colombia there is a significant connection between the type of lesbian representation in the media, and the way in which the lesbian/women who like women community is culturally perceived.

This work reports the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for the reactions of atomic bromine with the xylenes that are determined experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were carried out in a Pyrex chamber equipped with fluorescent lamps to measure the rate coefficients at temperatures from 295 K to 346 K. Experiments were made at several concentrations of oxygen to assess its potential kinetic role under atmospheric conditions and to validate comparison of our rate coefficients with those obtained by others using air as the diluent. Br2 was used to generate Br atoms photolytically. The relative rate method was used to obtain the rate coefficients for the reactions of Br atoms with the xylenes. The reactions of Br with both toluene and diethyl ether (DEE) were used as reference reactions where the loss of the organic reactants was measured by gas chromatography. The rate coefficient for the reaction of Br with diethyl ether was also measured in the same way over the same temperature range with toluene as the reference reactant. The rate coefficients were independent of the concentration of O2. The experimentally determined temperature dependence of the rate coefficients of these reactions can be given in the units cm3 molecule−1 s−1 by: o-xylene + Br, log10(k) = (−10.03 ± 0.35) − (921 ± 110)/T; m-xylene + Br, log10(k) = (−10.78 ± 0.09) − (787 ± 92/T); p-xylene + Br, log10(k) = (−9.98 ± 0.39) − (956 ± 121)/T; diethyl ether + Br, log10(k) = (−7.69 ± 0.55) − (1700 ± 180)/T). This leads to the following rate coefficients, in the units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1, based on our experimental measurements: o-xylene + Br, k(298 K) = 7.53 × 10−14; m-xylene + Br, k(298 K) = 3.77 × 10−14; p-xylene + Br, k(298 K) = 6.43 × 10−14; diethyl ether + Br, k(298 K) = 4.02 × 10−14. Various ab initio methods including G3, G4, CCSD(T)/cc-pV(D,T)Z//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ and CCSD(T)/cc-pV(D,T)Z//B3LYP/cc-pVTZ levels of theory were employed to gain detailed information about the kinetics as well as the thermochemical quantities. Among the ab initio methods, the G4 method performed remarkably well in describing the kinetics and thermochemistry of the xylenes + Br reaction system. Our theoretical calculations revealed that the reaction of Br atoms with the xylenes proceeds via a complex forming mechanism in an overall endothermic reaction. The rate determining step is the intramolecular rearrangement of the pre-reactive complex leading to the post-reactive complex. After lowering the relative energy of the corresponding transition state by less than 1.5 kJ mol−1 for this step in the reaction of each of the xylenes with Br, the calculated rate coefficients are in very good agreement with the experimental data. ; Research reported in this work was funded by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). This research was also supported by the European Union and the Hungarian State, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of the GINOP-2.3.4-15-2016-00004 project, aimed to promote the cooperation between the higher education and the industry. Further support has been provided by the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (Hungary) within the TKP2021-NVA-14 project. The experimental work was supported by Acadia University and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

A cultura de alfafa, além de importante na geração de renda e empregos no Norte do Paraná, auxilia na diversificação de culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação dos fertilizantes em cobertura no manejo da cultura de alfafa (Mendicago sativa), cv. Crioula. Dessa forma, o experimento foi conduzido na fazenda São Carlos, no Município de Bandeirantes-PR, localizado entre as coordenadas 50º32'33" WO e 23º15'41" S. As análises foram realizadas em um período de 14 meses, com sete cortes no manejo da cultura de alfafa. As análises de solo (0 a 20 cm de profundidade) foram realizadas em todas as parcelas dos tratamentos, com três repetições antes e depois da aplicação dos fertilizantes. Os fertilizantes foram aplicados em duas etapas em cobertura na cultura. Foram aplicados fertilizantes a base de calcário calcítico, hidróxido de cálcio e magnésio, cama de frango, oxicloreto de cobre, bioestimulante condicionador de solo e cloreto de potássio. Cada corte foi realizado quando as plantas apresentaram de 39 a 51 dias em relação ao corte anterior. Antes de cada corte se mensurou a altura de 20 plantas, por parcela, na primeira folha abaixo da floração. Avaliou-se o índice de área foliar (IAF) e matéria seca (MS) em área total considerada (m2). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições, sendo as parcelas de 9 m² (3x3m) e espaçamento de 20 centímetros entre linhas, constituindo 21 tratamentos, totalizando 63 parcelas. As análises dos fertilizantes líquidos e sólidos aplicados em cobertura demonstraram diferenças significativas na cultura da alfafa. Para facilitar a implantação do manejo para os produtores rurais os resultados propõem a implantação do índice tecnológico da cultura de alfafa.

Palavras-chave: Mendicago sativa. Adubação. Forrageira. Retorno de Investimento.

Abstract
The alfalfa culture, besides being important in generating income and jobs in the north of Paraná, helps in the cultures diversification. The alfalfa cultivation helps in the crops diversification and is still very important in the generation of income and jobs in the study region. Thus, the experiment was carried out on São Carlos farm in the municipality of Bandeirantes-PR located between the coordinates 50º32'33"WO and 23º15'41" S. The analyzes were carried out over a period of 14 months, with seven cuts in the alfafa culture management. Soil analyzes (0 to 20 cm in depth) were carried out in all the treatments plots, with three replications before and after the application of the fertilizers. The fertilizers were applied in two stages to cover the crop. Fertilizers based on calcitic limestone, calcium and magnesium hydroxide, chicken litter, copper oxychloride, biostimulating soil conditioner and potassium chloride were applied. Each cut was carried out when the plants presented between 39 and 51 days in relation to the previous cut. Before each cut, the height of 20 plants per plot was measured on the first leaf below flowering. The leaf area index (IAF) and dry matter (MS) were evaluated in total area considered (m2). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with 3 replications, with 9 m² (3x3m) plots and 20 cm spacing between the lines, constituting 21 treatments, totaling 63 plots. The analysis of liquid and solid fertilizers applied to cover showed significant differences in the alfafa cultivation. To facilitate the implementation of management for rural producers, the results propose the implementation of the technological index for the alfafa cultivation.

Keywords: Mendicago sativa. Fertilizer. Forage plant. Return on Investment.

Abstract. The goal of the article is to reveal the problems of the Ukrainian tourism industry of Ukraine and to provide proposals for its support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of the tourism business performance showed that the tourism sector was in the most difficult economic situation since the proclamation of Ukraine's independence in 1991 until early 2021. About half of a thousand of tourist enterprises were closed in Ukraine over the period of 2019–2020. The re-orientation of tourism enterprises at domestic consumers due to restrictions on foreign travel significantly reduced the income of tourism enterprises. Although several hybrid hotels or combo hotels and concept hostels were opened, their activities are far from profitable. If a mechanism to support the tourism business is not invented, it will stop attracting investors in the development of tourism infrastructure in the nearest future. Therefore, the article presents proposals for the organization of the tourism industry in general and for provision of state support to tourism enterprises, which, if restricted to travelling abroad, balance on the verge of loss. Thus, we have come to the conclusion that today it is extremely important to consolidate the activities of government agencies and public organizations, as well as to strengthen communication between the national government and local governments in order to support economic activity in the field of tourism. We suggest the following proposals for supporting the tourism industry of Ukraine: providing benefits for local taxes and fees for tourism businesses, as well as supporting the development of local SMEs in the tourism sector; formation of the list of objects of critical infrastructure and rules of their support during the pandemic, along with fixation of this list and the rules within a special legislative or regulatory act; creation of a national information resource that would accumulate information on local government measures aimed at supporting economic activity in the tourism industry, as well as the use of relevant international information resources; establishing constant effective communication between local authorities and the community on issues of COVID-19 counteraction policy, organization of express research of the situation in the tourism sector; collection and analysis of innovative ideas to support economic activity in the period of quarantine restrictions and post-coronavirus economic recovery; highlighting medical tourism as a priority in the postcoronavirus period of economic development. Keywords: travel industry, tour operators, travel agents, travel tax, COVID-19 pandemic. ; Анотація. Проаналізовано показники роботи туристичного бізнесу в Україні у період пандемії COVID-19 на основі чого надано пропозиції щодо організації роботи туристичної індустрії загалом та надання державної підтримки туристичним підприємствам зокрема. Визначено, що у період 2019–2020 років в Україні закрилось близько півтисячі туристичних підприємств, а переорієнтація на вітчизняного споживача у зв'язку з обмеженням на закордонні поїздки суттєво зменшила доходи у туристичному бізнесі. Розроблено і обґрунтовано пропозиції щодо підтримання туристичної індустрії, зокрема: надання пільг щодо місцевих податків та зборів для підприємств туристичного бізнесу; підтримання розвитку місцевого МСП у туристичній сфері; формування переліку об'єктів критичної інфраструктури та правил їх підтримки в період пандемії; налагодження постійної ефективної комунікації місцевої влади та громади із питань політики протидії COVID-19; збір та аналіз інноваційних ідей щодо підтримки економічної діяльності в період карантинних обмежень та постковідного економічного відновлення тощо. Запропоновано виділення медичного туризму як пріоритетного у постковідний період розвитку економіки. Ключові слова: туристична індустрія, туристичні оператори, туристичні агенти, туристичний збір, пандемія COVID-19

Τα τελευταία 10 χρόνια ένα συνεχώς αυξανόμενο ενδιαφέρον εκδηλώνεται στο χώρο του Διαδικτύου των Πραγμάτων (ΙοΤ). Έχοντας ξεκινήσει σχεδόν 20 χρόνια πριν, οι Smart Cards βρισκόταν σχεδόν σε κάθε πτυχή της ζωής μας (τηλεφωνικές κάρτες προπληρωμένου χρόνου, πιστωτικές κάρτες, συνδρομητική τηλεόραση, κλπ). Σήμερα, το οικοσύστημα των ενσωματωμένων συστημάτων έχει επεκταθεί δραματικά σε πληθώρα εφαρμογών της καθημερινότητάς μας. Υγεία, μεταφορές, παραγωγή ενέργειας και στρατιωτικής φύσεως υλοποιήσεις, είναι μόνο μερικοί από τους τομείς που εξαρτώνται από την αξιοπιστία και βασίζονται στην ασφάλεια αυτών των συσκευών. Εφόσον αποθηκεύουν και επεξεργάζονται ευαίσθητες πληροφορίες πρέπει να είναι προστατευμένες από μη εξουσιοδοτημένη πρόσβαση. Έτσι, ποικίλα μέτρα ασφαλείας και κρυπτογραφικοί αλγόριθμοι έχουν επιστρατευτεί για να αυξήσουν την ασφάλεια των συστημάτων αυτών. Ωστόσο, έχουν βρεθεί να είναι εκτεθειμένες σε ένα συγκεκριμένο τύπο επιθέσεων, τις επιθέσεις πλευρικού καναλιού, γνωστές ως Side Channel Attacks. Η επιτυχία και η αποτελεσματικότητά τους βασίζεται στην εκμετάλλευση των ατελειών των ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων και την εξάρτηση μεταξύ κατανάλωσης ρεύματος και των δεδομένων που επεξεργάζονται οι κρυπτοσυσκευές. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία θα εστιάσουμε σε υλοποιήσεις του Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), στα αντίμετρα που μπορούμε να ενσωματώσουμε και τα αδύνατά τους σημεία. Αρχικά, θα περιγράψουμε γιατί οι κρυπτοσυσκευές είναι ευάλωτες σε επιθέσεις πλευρικού καναλιού. Θα αποδείξουμε τους ισχυρισμούς μας εκτελώντας μία επίθεση 1ης τάξης και θα εξηγήσουμε τα αποτελέσματα. Έπειτα, θα αναλύσουμε το αντίμετρο του masking και θα το εφαρμόσουμε στην υλοποίησή μας για να την προστατεύσουμε. Εφόσον έχουμε ασφαλίσει τον μικροελεγκτή μας, θα επιχειρήσουμε να ξεπεράσουμε το αντίμετρο με μία επίθεση 2ης Τάξης. Επειδή ο όγκος των απαιτούμενων μαθηματικών υπολογισμών αυξάνεται με εκθετικό ρυθμό, θα εξετάσουμε μεθόδους για να κάνουμε αυτές τις επιθέσεις πιο εφικτές για συμβατικά υπολογιστικά συστήματα. Τέλος, θα συγκρίνουμε τα αποτελέσματα και θα καταλήξουμε σε συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την πολυπλοκότητα και την αποτελεσματικότητα αυτού του είδους των επιθέσεων. ; Over the past 10 years, a continuously increasing interest has been shown in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Having started almost two decades earlier, smart cards could be found almost everywhere in our everyday lives (Payphone Cards, ATM/Credit Cards, Computer Security, Satellite TV, etc). Today, the embedded devices ecosystem has expanded dramatically to multiple areas of our lives. Health, Transport, Energy, Military are just some of the fields that are now heavily dependent on the reliability and security of these devices. Since they hold sensitive data and, sometimes, crucial information, they have to be protected from unauthorized access. Therefore, various security measures and cryptographic algorithms are applied to enhance their security. However, they have found to be vulnerable to specific kind of attacks, the Side-Channel Attacks, which take advantage of the physical imperfections of the devices and the data power dependency. In this thesis, we will focus on the implementations that use the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the countermeasures that can be integrated and their weak spots. First, we will describe what makes the cryptographic devices prone to side-channel attacks. As a proof of concept, we will mount a 1st Order Attack and explain the results. Afterwards, we will focus on the Masking countermeasure to secure our device against these types of attacks. Having our microcontroller set up and secured, as described above, we will attempt to overcome this protection mechanism by exploiting it and executing a 2nd Order Attack, using power traces. As the volume of the needed computations rises exponentially, even for today's standards, we will examine methods to make these attacks more effective and feasible. Lastly, we will compare the results and draw conclusions about the complexity and effectiveness of the attacks.

Gracias a las contribuciones de especialistas con diferentes formaciones y trayectorias, este volumen intenta fomentar unas cuantas incursiones en las fronteras que los supuestos de la Ilustración han conseguido cimentar en los proyectos levantados por la cultura jurídica occidental de los últimos tres siglos. Con una perspectiva diacrónica y transatlántica los autores se confrontan con las dinámicas donde la frontera se torcía en perímetro y se hacía límite, capaz de estabilizar y absorber las tensiones estructurales de la sociedad, para luego abrirse o quebrarse, cuando la ilusión de haber alcanzado el edificio perfecto chocaba con el descubrimiento de grietas estructurales. De allí que en estos momentos se reactivase una reflexión sobre los cimientos que habían puesto voluntad e individuo como elementos inexcusables (que no significa exclusivos) de la declinación de lo político y de lo jurídico de un Occidente que llega a hacer, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, del hombre-ciudadano y de sus derechos los parámetros de la humanidad, alcanzado la frontera donde todavía hoy se está moviendo la reflexión y la praxis del poder. ; Thanks to the specialist's contributions with different backgrounds and trajectories, this volume attempts to encourage a few forays into the frontiers of Enlightenment assumptions. These assumptions have managed to cement in the projects raised by Western legal culture over the last three centuries. With a diachronic and transatlantic perspective, the contributors confront the dynamics where the border became a perimeter and a limit. Border conceives capable of stabilising and absorbing society's structural tensions, only to open up or break, when the illusion of having reached the perfect building collided with the discovery of structural cracks. Hence, at this time, it rised a reflection on the foundations that had made the will and the individual the inexcusable (which does not mean exclusive) elements of the decline of the political and legal aspects of the Western culture. In the second half of the 20th century, this 'West' came to make man-citizen and his rights the parameters of the humanity, reaching the frontier where the reflection and praxis of power are still moving today. ; A modo de introducción (pp. 9-15). -- Oltre le frontiere: ipotesi per una 'entangled history' del discorso dei diritti nel secondo Settecento / Pietro Costa (pp. 17-47). -- Crossing Temporal Boundaries. Lodovico Antonio Muratori's Notetaking Practice and the Material Circulation of the Thinking on Law between the 16th and 18th Centuries / Manuela Bragagnolo (pp. 49-78). -- Tradición y nuevas ideas en Vicente Vizcaíno: un jurista de las postrimerías del Antiguo Régimen / Belinda Rodríguez Arrocha (pp. 79-114). -- Lecturas jurídicas de la Nueva España en tiempos preconstitucionales (1750-1808). Una aproximación desde los fondos bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Nacional de México / Óscar Hernández Santiago (pp. 115-144). -- Iluminismo y derecho penal en Portugal: una contribución desde las decisiones de la Casa da Suplicação (siglo XVIII) / Gustavo César Machado Cabral (pp. 145-162). -- Interweaving Legal Sources for a Natural Law and Law of Nations across the Ocean: Domingo Muriel (1718-1795) / Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina (pp. 163-186). -- Morte civile e diritti dell'uomo: la positivizzazione dei diritti tra Illuminismo e Restaurazione e tra costituzioni e codici / Antonio Trampus (pp. 187-208). -- L'Illuminismo siciliano e le sue frontiere nell'opera del giurista Antonino Pepi / Francesco di Chiara (pp. 209-235). -- Las fronteras del constitucionalismo español de entreguerras: una reflexión en clave diacrónica / Giacomo Demarchi (pp. 237-253). -- Circolazione diacronica e sincronica al diritto alla libera manifestazione del pensiero / Irene Spigno (pp. 255-284). -- From Utopia to Efficiency / Luca Bonadiman, Richard Clements (pp. 285-313).

Поступила в редакцию: 29.06.2020. Принята к печати: 25.03.2021. ; Submitted: 29.06.2020. Accepted: 25.03.2021. ; В работе представлены два источника, касающиеся русской и кипрской истории: неопубликованное письмо короля Кипра Гуго IV Лузиньяна королеве Неаполя Джованне и сочинение неизвестного русского автора XVII в. о победе кипрского христианского войска над турками. В статье проводится текстологический и сравнительный анализ обоих источников и доказывается заимствование русским автором информации из письма кипрского короля. Сочинение анонимного автора является практически свободным художественным переводом письма Гуго IV. В исследовании отмечается, что русский автор-переводчик позаимствовал сюжет письма не прямо, а скорее всего через кипрскую литературу более позднего времени, в которой история, рассказанная кипрским королем, была, по всей вероятности, чрезвычайно популярна. В русском тексте переплетаются события кипрской истории разных времен с целью показать героическое прошлое Кипра. Русский автор датирует свою историю 552 г. и связывает ее с императором Юстинианом I, наиболее почитаемым и героическим византийским правителем. Он не отделяет историю Кипра от истории Византии, как не могли это сделать кипрские и греко-византийские авторы XIV–XVI вв. Однако в обоих текстах речь идет о крестоносцах-латинянах, которые ведут сражение против турок под руководством кипрского короля. Русский автор остается верен православной традиции неприятия крестоносной идеи и заменяет идею мученичества крестоносца во имя Господа на традиционную для русской литературы героизацию воинов. Он признает, что воины сражаются за христианскую веру и церковь, но отрицает идею гарантированного спасения и вечной жизни за военный подвиг. В статье публикуется полный текст письма Гуго IV Лузиньяна по рукописи XV в., хранящейся в отделе рукописей Баварской государственной библиотеки. ; This article contains two sources concerning the history of Russia and Cyprus: an unknown and previously unpublished letter of King Hugh IV of Lusignan of Cyprus to Giovanna, Queen of Naples, and a work of an unknown Russian author of the seventeenth century about the victory of the Cypriot Christian army over the Turks. A textual and comparative analysis of both sources carried out in the article proves a borrowing of information by the Russian author from the letter of the Cypriot king. The work of the anonymous author is an almost liberal literary translation of Hugh's letter. At the same time, the Russian translator did not borrow the plot of the letter directly, but most likely through later Cypriot literature, in which the story told by the Cypriot king was probably extremely popular. The events of the history of Cyprus of different times intertwine in the Russian text in order to show the heroic past of Cyprus. The Russian author dates his story to 552 and connects it with Emperor Justinian I, the most revered and heroic Byzantine ruler. He cannot separate the history of Cyprus from the history of Byzantium, just as the Cypriot and Greek-Byzantine authors of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries could not do it. However, both texts speak of Latin Crusaders, who are fighting against the Turks under the leadership of the King of Cyprus. The Russian author remains faithful to the Orthodox tradition of rejection of the idea of crusades and replaces the idea of martyrdom of a crusader in the name of the Lord with heroic battle scenes traditional for Russian literature. He acknowledges that warriors are fighting for the Christian faith and for the church but denies the idea of guaranteed salvation and eternal life for military feats. At the end of the article, the full text of the letter of Hugh IV of Lusignan based on a manuscript of the fifteenth century kept in the manuscript department of the Bavarian State Library is published.

The article presents an analysis of the current state of the current administrative legislation of Ukraine, which regulates relations in the field of environmental protection and rational nature management in the state. The author has analyzed the provisions of the draft Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses in relation to increasing liability for violation of legislation in the field of protecting natural ecosystems from fires" and a number of other bills. Their development and adoption is an important step towards bringing the current national legislation in line with European standards and norms, as well as further development of social and economic transformations in Ukraine in the environmental sphere. Also in this article the author indicates the feasibility of amending the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine and other legislative acts in terms of strengthening administrative responsibility for violating fire safety rules, protecting the environment, preventing fires in natural ecosystems in the country. With regard to improving the efficiency of management of the sphere of protecting natural ecosystems from fires, the author points out the need to provide additional powers to the bodies of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine for the implementation of state control and supervision over the state of fire safety at forestry facilities. In this aspect, it is timely to develop and adopt a separate legislative act to secure the rights and obligations of the relevant officials to exercise such state control and determine the procedure for its organization. In addressing the issue of protecting natural ecosystems from fires, it is proposed to pay attention to the need to ensure strict adherence to the principle of inevitability of administrative responsibility for violation of legislation on environmental protection, eliminating the imbalance between the actual amount of damage caused to the environment and the amount of sanctions; an increase in the size of fines for setting fires in natural ecosystems, including for unauthorized burning of stubble on agricultural land (fields) by their owners. ; У статті представлено аналіз сучасного стану діючого адміністративного законодавства України, яким врегульовано відносини у сфері охорони навколишнього природного середовища та раціонального природокористування в державі. Автором проаналізовані положення проєкту Закону України «Про внесення змін до Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення щодо посилення відповідальності за порушення законодавства у сфері захисту природних екосистем від пожеж» та низки інших законопроєктів. Їх розробка та прийняття є важливим кроком у напрямі узгодження чинного національного законодавства з європейськими стандартами і нормами, подальшого розвитку соціально-економічних перетворень в Україні в природоохоронній сфері.У статті автором зазначена доцільність внесення змін до Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення та інших законодавчих актів у частині посилення адміністративної відповідальності за порушення правил пожежної безпеки, захисту довкілля, запобігання пожежам у природних екосистемах у країні. Щодо підвищення ефективності управління та контролю у сфері захисту природних екосистем від пожеж автор вказує на необхідність надання додаткових повноважень органам Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій щодо здійснення державного контролю і нагляду за станом пожежної безпеки на об'єктах лісового господарства, випалювання рослинності. У цьому аспекті своєчасним є розробка та прийняття окремого законодавчого акта щодо закріплення прав та обов'язків відповідних посадових осіб на здійснення такого державного контролю та визначення порядку його організації. У вирішенні питання захисту природних екосистем від пожеж пропонується звернути увагу на необхідність: забезпечення суворого дотримання принципу невідворотності адміністративної відповідальності за порушення законодавства про охорону навколишнього природного середовища; усунення дисбалансу між фактичним розміром заподіяної навколишньому природному середовищу шкоди та розміром санкцій; збільшення розміру штрафів за влаштування пожеж у природних екосистемах, зокрема за самовільне спалювання стерни на землях сільськогосподарського призначення (полях) їхніми власниками.

Kuntien rakennuskannan hallinnan on todettu olevan haasteellista monissa maissa. Tästä todisteena ovat lukuisat huonokuntoiset ja toiminnallisesti epäkäytännölliset kuntien rakennukset. Monesti rakennuksia pyritään korjaamaan, mutta korjaukset ovat vain osittaisia, toteutetaan viiveellä tai niillä ei saavuteta haluttua lopputulosta. Korjausrakennushankkeiden hallintaa on selvitetty laajasti kirjallisuudessa, mutta kunnallinen toimintaympäristö sekä kuntien korjaushankkeisiin liittyvä epävarmuus luovat tutkimusaiheeseen uuden näkökulman. Tutkimusaukon täyttämiseksi tämä väitöskirja pyrkii lisäämään tietoa ja ymmärrystä kunnallisten korjausrakennushankkeiden hallinnasta. Tavoitteeseen pääsemiseksi aihetta on tutkittu useista eri näkökulmista: niin korjaushankkeiden hallinnan, päätöksenteon, kunnallisen ympäristön ja hallinnon kuin korjaushankkeisiin liittyvien epävarmuuksienkin kautta. Korjaushankkeen merkittävimmät päätökset tehdään hankkeen alkuvaiheessa, minkä vuoksi väitöskirja keskittyy erityisesti tähän vaiheeseen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin kirjallisuusselvitysten lisäksi useita laadullisia menetelmiä, joihin kuuluivat tapaustutkimus, toimintatutkimus ja haastattelut. Väitöskirjassa tunnistetaan monia nykyisiä haasteita kunnallisten korjaushankkeiden hallinnassa ja käytänteissä. Ongelmat liittyvät erityisesti monitasoiseen ja epäselvään päätöksentekoon sekä epäjohdonmukaiseen politiikkaan. Myös osaamisen puute korjaushankkeiden läpiviennissä aiheuttaa epätoivottuja lopputuloksia. Väitöskirja esittää kunnallisen korjaushankkeen kehittämiseksi pitkänaikavälin näkökulman korostamista korjausvaihtoehtoja tuotettaessa sekä hankkeiden päätavoitteiden ja -linjojen määrittelemistä korkeammilla hallinnollisilla portailla hanketason sijaan. Lisäksi lähtötietojen perusteellinen selvittäminen sekä eri korjausvaihtoehtojen rinnakkainen kehittäminen yhden jo aikaisessa hankevaiheessa päätetyn vaihtoehdon sijaan voi olla hyödyllistä. Väitöskirjan tulokset tuovat esiin kunnallisten korjaushankkeiden hallinnan haasteita ja voivat näin hyödyttää sekä kuntien rakennushankkeissa mukana olevia viranhaltioita että päättäjiä. Lisäksi tuloksia voi käyttää kunnallisten korjausrakennushankkeiden hallinnan kehittämiseen. ; Municipalities all over the world encounter, currently, serious challenges in managing their building stocks. These apparent difficulties are shown by an extensive number of municipal buildings in a poor condition and with unfunctional facilities. Even if multiple refurbishment actions are implemented, they are often delayed, only partial or fail to reach the project targets. The theory of the management of building refurbishment projects is broadly addressed in literature. However, the municipal environment as well as high uncertainty related to the implementation of these projects provide new features to be considered. Due to this apparent gap in the research domain, this dissertation aims to extend the understanding of management of the municipal building refurbishment project, focusing on school refurbishment. With this target, the research theme is addressed by combining the aspects of various disciplines, including the management of refurbishment projects, decision making, the municipal environment and hierarchy, and uncertainty related to refurbishment projects. This dissertation focuses on the early project phase since the most crucial project decisions are concluded then. For obtaining the target knowledge, qualitative methods, including a case study, an action research study, and interviews, were used. This dissertation identifies multiple challenges in the current project management practices and processes of municipal building refurbishment, including multi-layered and inconsistent decision-making processes, and discontinuous municipal policy. Furthermore, a lack of competence in implementing timely actions to a proper extent was recognised to result in poor outcomes. The adoption of a long-term perspective when generating refurbishment alternatives and determining the key decisions and the targets on a high administrative level instead of the project level are, in this study, suggested as the methods to advance current management practises. Moreover, devoting a great effort to initial data acquisition of an existing building under refurbishment appears to be beneficial, as well as creating alternative proposals of project implementation instead on following a certain proposal, chosen already in the early project phase. The results of this dissertation may be beneficial for both municipal practitioners and policymakers, as they highlight the current management challenges, and utilised to develop the management process of a municipal building refurbishment.

Over the past ten years, banks around the world have paid more than $230 billion in financial penalties for compliance risks. As a result, banking institutions involved in money laundering and other compliance risks have invested large sums of money to remedy detected anomalies through action plans, programs and the recruitment of compliance experts to restore their reputation. Indeed, the implementation of a compliance mechanism is necessary to help ensure the security and reputation of banking institutions. In addition, changes in customer behaviour during the health crisis have created a number of challenges for the various compliance departments within the bank: (a) the increase in the number of AML, CFT and international sanctions alerts (b) the high market volatility due to the health crisis, which generated a large number of alerts related to market abuse, and (c) the exponential evolution of cyber-attacks, where the slightest loophole in the protection of personal data is exploited by fraudsters. The compliance risks generated by technological developments and rapidly changing customer behaviour has put the spotlight on the current banking compliance framework and the role of digitalisation. In order to explore the relationship between digitalisation and compliance, we conducted a qualitative study with the aim of proposing a conceptual model that describes this relationship. In this paper we have been able to demonstrate the underlying relationship that can arise between digitalisation and banking compliance. However, this study could have been complemented by research measuring the relationship between these two variables by adopting a quantitative approach. JEL Classification : G18 Government Policy and Regulation Paper type: Empirical research ; Au cours des dix dernières années, les banques du monde entier ont payé plus de 230 milliards de dollars de pénalités financières pour des risques de non-conformité. En conséquence, les institutions bancaires impliquées dans le blanchiment d'argent et d'autres risques de conformité ont investi d'importantes sommes d'argent pour remédier les anomalies détectées à travers des plans d'action, des programmes et le recrutement des experts en la matière afin de restaurer leur réputation. En effet, la mise en place d'un dispositif de conformité s'impose, pour aider à assurer la sécurité et la réputation des établissements bancaires. En outre, les changements de comportement des clients pendant la crise sanitaire ont créé un certain nombre de défis pour les différents départements de la conformité au sein de la banque : (a) l'augmentation du nombre d'alertes relatives à la lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent, le financement du terrorisme et les sanctions internationales, (b) la forte volatilité des marchés due à la crise sanitaire, qui a généré un grand nombre d'alertes liées aux abus de marché, et (c) l'évolution exponentielle des cyberattaques, où la moindre faille dans la protection des données personnelles est exploitée par les fraudeurs. Les risques de conformité générés par les développements technologiques et l'évolution rapide du comportement des clients ont braqué les projecteurs sur le cadre actuel de la conformité bancaire et le rôle de la digitalisation. Afin d'explorer la relation entre la digitalisation et la conformité, nous avons mené une étude qualitative dans le but de proposer un modèle conceptuel qui décrit cette relation. Nous avons pu démontrer dans ce document la relation sous-jacente qui peut surgir entre la digitalisation et la conformité bancaire. Toutefois, cette étude aurait pu être complétée par une recherche mesurant la relation entre ces deux variables en adoptant une approche quantitative. JEL Classification : G18 Government Policy and Regulation Type de l'article: Recherche appliquée