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'Planetary sustainability', as developed in this article, is a transitory term, marking the conceptional change from perceiving the Earth as a globe to recognising it rather as a planet. Although the traditional Brundtland sustainability definition comprises ecological, economic and social dimensions to perpetuate the fulfilment of humankind's needs for the next generations, the planetary aspect of sustainability leads to the acknowledgement that there will be an end to human civilisation if humankind does not move into space sooner or later. Concerning space mining, this move might happen in our age. Given this fact, and the contemporary situation concerning space debris, 'ethics of planetary sustainability' as well asspace environment ethics are needed. It would also make sense to add an 18th Sustainable Development Goal called 'Space Environment' to the current 17 Global Goals, as a sort of a political demand to complete what then could better be called the 'Planetary Plan'. CONTRIBUTION: The increasing economic use of outer space makes it necessary to include this domain in the sustainability discussion. The article calls for an 18th United Nations Sustainable Development Goal "Space Environment", providing theological and philosophical reasoning for the need of an ethics of planetary sustainability. ; Cogito Foundation and Crowd funding. ; http://www.hts.org.za ; pm2020 ; Church History and Church Policy

Intro -- State Accountability for Space Debris: A Legal Study of Responsibility for Polluting the Space Environment and Liability for Damage Caused by Space Debris -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- A Environmental Degradation and Accountability -- I Space Debris Pollution in the Context of Global Environmental Degradation -- II The Preventive Function of Accountability -- B Research Question and Research Approach -- I Research Question -- II Research Approach -- 1 The Space Debris Environment -- A Introduction -- B The Pollution of Outer Space with Space Debris -- I Adverse Effects of Space Activities -- II Sources of Space Debris -- 1 The Nature of Space Debris -- 2 Fragmentation Sources -- 3 Non-fragmentation Sources -- III The Current Space Object Environment -- IV The Prospective Development of the Space Debris Environment -- V Natural Sinks of Space Debris -- C Space Debris as a Threat to the Utilization of Outer Space -- I The Utilization of Outer Space -- II Adverse Effects of Space Debris Pollution -- 1 Accidental Collisions with Operational Satellites -- 2 Space Objects Impacting the Earth's Surface -- 3 Security Policy -- III Managing the Threat Stemming from Space Debris Pollution -- 1 Understanding the Space Debris Environment: Space Surveillance -- 2 The Shielding of Operational Spacecraft -- 3 Space Debris Mitigation -- 4 Reentry Safety Measures -- 5 Active Debris Removal -- D Preliminary Conclusion -- 2 The Applicable Accountability Law: Responsibility and Liability Distinguished -- A Introduction -- B State Responsibility -- I The Origin of State Responsibility -- II The ILC and State Responsibility -- 1 Codification of the Rules of State Responsibility -- 2 Content Overview on the ILC Articles on State Responsibility -- 3 Status of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility.

3 The UN Security Council as an Agent of the International Community -- H Implementation and Enforcement -- I The Law -- 1 The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes -- 2 Countermeasures -- II Application to Space Debris -- 1 Dispute Settlement -- 2 Countermeasures -- I Preliminary Conclusion -- 5 The Elements of State Liability and Space Debris -- A Introduction -- B The Objective Element: Causation of Damage by a Space Object -- I The Law -- 1 Damage -- 2 Causation by a Space Object -- 3 Standard of Liability -- II Application to Space Debris -- 1 Damage -- 2 Causation by Space Debris -- 3 Absolute and Fault Liability -- C The Subjective Element: Launching State -- I The Law -- II Application to Space Debris -- D Liability Involving More than One State -- I The Law -- 1 Joint Liability -- 2 International Intergovernmental Organizations -- II Application to Space Debris -- E Preclusion of Accountability: Exoneration from Liability -- I The Law -- II Application to Space Debris -- F Consequences -- I The Law -- II Application to Space Debris -- G Invocation -- I The Law -- II Application to Space Debris -- H Implementation and Enforcement -- I The Law -- II Application to Space Debris -- I Preliminary Conclusion -- 6 Study Results and Perspectives on Further Regulation -- A Results -- I The Elements of Accountability -- 1 Objective Element -- 2 Subjective Element -- 3 Accountability Involving More than One State -- 4 Preclusion of Accountability -- 5 Consequences -- 6 Invocation -- 7 Implementation and Enforcement -- II Responsibility and Liability: Between Congruity and Dichotomy -- 1 Essential Differences -- 2 Partial Overlap -- 3 Cross-regime Application of Individual Norms -- B Perspectives of Implementation -- I Further Regulation Required -- II The Current State of Discussion in International Fora.

The Space Sustainability Rating (SSR) was first conceptualised within the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on Space Technologies, and is being designed by an international and transdisciplinary consortia including the World Economic Forum, Space Enabled Research Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab, European Space Agency, University of Texas at Austin, and Bryce Space and Technology. With the increasing awareness of the rapidly growing number of objects in space, the implementation of a rating system, such as the SSR, provides an innovative way to address the orbital challenge by incentivising industry to design missions compatible with sustainable and responsible operations, and operate missions considering potential harm to the orbital environment and impact on other operators in addition to mission objectives and service quality. This paper builds upon the SSR concept introduced at the IAC in 2019, and provides in-depth description into the methodology used to design the SSR, based on successful rating systems in other industries such as LEED (green building energy and environmental design). This method seeks to provide a practice tool that governments, satellite operators and insurers can reference. The process also seeks to build capability among emerging space actors as they seek to understand how to design responsible space missions. The SSR is a composite indicator that is a function of the Space Traffic Footprint, measured through a mission index and compared to the so-called Environment Capacity and other measures of the responsibility shown by operator actions. The components of the SSR take into account mission aspects including on-orbit fragmentation risk, collision avoidance capabilities, detectability, identification, trackability, data sharing, on-orbit servicing, collision avoidance, debris mitigation, and adoption of international standards. The paper further explores key questions including; (i) what factors are most important to influence whether an operator seeks to reduce the potential for debris creation, (ii) how can the SSR can contribute to existing mechanisms (eg. UN Long-term Sustainability Guidelines, IADC) in supporting long-term space sustainability, and (iii) how can the SSR educate policy makers regarding manufacturers' and operators' motivations in choosing specific criteria and certifications in designing their mission to achieve a high rating or improve their existing rating.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record ; Introduction Blue spaces may benefit mental health and promote physical activity, although the evidence is still scarce. And benefits on physical health are less consistent. The objective of this randomized crossover study was to assess psychological and cardiovascular responses to blue spaces' exposure. Methods A sample of 59 healthy adult office workers was randomly assigned to a different environment (i.e. blue space, urban space, and control site) on 4 days each week, for 3 weeks. For 20 min per day, they either walked along a blue or an urban space or rested at a control site. Before, during and/or after the exposure, we measured self-reported well-being and mood, blood pressure, and heart rate variability parameters. For well-being, we also assessed the duration of these potential effects over time (at least 4 h after exposure). Results We found significantly improved well-being and mood responses immediately after walking in the blue space compared with walking in the urban space or when resting in the control site. Cardiovascular responses showed increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, both during and after walking along the blue and urban spaces. However, cardiovascular responses measured after the walks, showed no statistically significant differences between the blue and the urban space environments. Conclusions Short walks in blue spaces can benefit both well-being and mood. However, we did not observe a positive effect of blue spaces for any of the cardiovascular outcomes assessed in this study. ; European Union Horizon 2020 ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ; Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; European Social Fund