Suchergebnisse

TEZ9598 ; Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2014. ; Kaynakça (s. 91-99) var. ; xii, 143 s. : res., tablo ; 29 cm. ; Dil konuşmacılar / dinleyenler, yazarlar / okuyucular ve devingen, yaratıcı metinler arasında bir iletişim ve etkileşim aracıdır (Suleiman, 1996). Dil mekanizmalarının iç yaratıcı bölümlerinden birisi de konuşmada ve yazımda dilbilimsel söylemlerin düz anlamlarının ötesinde imgeler uyandıran ve süslü bir şekilde diğer düşünce kalıplarını ortaya çıkaran söz sanatlarıdır (Pollio, 1973). Yaratıcılık ve örtmece özelliklerine sahip olmasıyla, söz sanatları toplumlarda bireyler ve gruplar tarafindan çeşitli iletişim ihtiyaçlarını ve fonksiyonlarını karşılamak için sözlü ve yazılı metinlerde çok yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu yüzden, söz sanatlarının artistik fonksiyonlarından ziyade daha çesitli fonksiyonları olduğuna dair artan bir farkındalık vardır. Çünkü söz sanatları bir dilde insanlaıin birbirlerinin düşüncelerini farklı şekillerde ve kavramlarla anlamalarını ve yansıtmalarını sağlayan öncül unsurlar olarak düşünülmektedir. 19. yüzyıla kadar söz sanatlarının edebiyat ve şiire ait bir olgu olarak düşünülmesine ragmen, son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar söz sanatlarının akademik yazım, politik söylem, reklam, kitle iletişim ve dil oğretimi gibi farklı bağlamlarda da edebi olmayan metinlerde de etkili bir biçimde kullanıldığını ortaya koymuştur (Gibbs, 1994). Dil oğretimi bağlamlarında söz sanatlarını farklı açılardan inceleyen çeşitli çalışmalar olmasına rağmen, İngilizce dil oğretimi kitaplarında söz sanatlarını tam bir sözbilimsel yöntemle inceleyen çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu açıdan, bu calışma sekiz İngilizce dil öğretimi kitabında yer alan 273 okuma parçasındaki söz sanatlarını araştırmaktadır ve elde edilen söz sanatlarını Kavramsal Metafor Teorisi'ne dayanarak incelemektedir. ; Language is a tool of communication and interaction among speakers/hearers, authors/readers and the texts that are evolving, dynamic and creative (Suleiman, 1996). One of the integral creative part of language mechanisms is figures of speech which are used in speech and writing to evoke images beyond the literal meanings of the linguistic utterance to bring in other thought patterns decoratively (Pollio, 1973). By having power of implicitness and creativity, figures of speech have been prevalently used by individuals and groups in societies to meet diverse communication needs and functions in verbal and written texts. Thus, there is a growing awareness that figures of speech have various functions more than their artistic functions since they have been considered as prominent elements in a language by which people can reflect and understand each other's thoughts in different forms and concepts. Although figures of speech had been regarded as the elements of literature and poetics until the 19th century, studies held in recent years have indicated that figures of speech can also be effectively employed to nonliterary texts in different contexts, such as academic writing, political speech, advertisements, mass media and language teaching (Gibbs, 1994). Although there have been various studies analyzing figures of speech from different aspects within language teaching contexts, studies involving a thorough rhetorical analysis of figures of speech in English language teaching course books seem to be scarce. In this respect, the study investigates the types of figures of speech employed in the reading texts (n: 273) of eight ELT course books and attempts to examine figures of speech at conceptual level based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory. ; Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: EF2011D3.

Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti moterų interviu kaip sakytinės istorijos šaltinius komunikaciniu aspektu. Sakytinė istorija apibrėžiama kaip komunikacinės sąveikos tarp tyrėjo ir interviu davėjo metu gimęs pasakojimas, apibrėžtas lingvistinių, socialinių, ideologinių ir komunikacinių struktūrų. Analizės objektas yra interviu metodas, kuris naudojamas informacijai surinkti. Istorijos moksle duomenų rinkimas interviu būdu ir jų interpretavimas vadinamas sakytine istorija. Sakytinės istorijos specifiką lemia jos pagrindinis šaltinis – interviu, kurio informacija visuomet subjektyvi, turi asmeninės interpretacijos atspalvį ir savaime nėra tinkama faktų tikslinimui (Marcinkevičienė, 2008). Sakytinės istorijos metodas yra populiarus tarp istorikų, sociologų, antropologų, žurnalistų, etnologų. Mokslininkai sakytinę istoriją analizuoja įvairiais aspektais, tačiau pasigendama visapusiško požiūrio į sakytinės istorijos interviu komunikacinį aspektą. Šiame straipsnyje teorinės įžvalgos pritaikomos Vilniaus universiteto Lyčių studijų centro moterų atminties archyvo "Socializmas moterų atmintyje" interviu analizei komunikaciniu aspektu. Analizei atrinkta 20 atsitiktinių, nepublikuotų interviu, kuriuose nagrinėjamas klausėjui ir apklausiamajam keliamų reikalavimų ir atsakomybių įgyvendinimas bei įtaka komunikacijos procesui. Straipsnyje atsiribojama nuo sakytinės istorijos turinio analizės ir dėmesys telkiamas tik į komunikacinius aspektus, t. y. analizuojamas interviu procesas ir jo dalyviams keliami reikalavimai. Straipsnyje aprašomas atliktas tyrimas parodo pasirinktos temos daugiaaspektiškumą ir tarpdiscipliniškumą. Naudojami aprašomasis ir mokslinės literatūros kritinės analizės metodai.Reikšminiai žodžiai: sakytinė istorija, moterų sakytinė istorija, interviu, komunikacija, klausymas.

Women's oral history: the communicative aspectLijana Stundžė, Giedrė Rutkauskaitė
Summary Oral history is defined as a story born of communication interaction between the researcher and the interviewee. It is defined by linguistic, social, ideological as well as communication structures. The purpose of the study is to analyse women's interviews as sources of oral history by the communicative aspect. The object of analysis is the interview method which is used to gather information. Data collection using the interview method and its interpretation in the science of history are called oral history. Oral history is determined by the specificity of its main source – an interview, which is always subjective and is not suitable for revising the facts (D. Marcinkevičienė, 2008). However, interview is understood not only as information exchange. The process of interview includes also: mutual understanding which allows the interviewer to predict the actions and behaviour of interviewees; interaction, which helps influencing the process of interview; empathy, which allows empathizing with interviewee's feelings. These elements are analysed theoretically and practically in this article.The interview method is popular among historians, sociologists, anthropologists, journalists, ethnologists. Scientists explore an oral history in various aspects, but there is a lack of a comprehensive approach to the communication aspect in oral history interviews. The theoretical insights are adapted to the analysis of interviews of the Vilnius University Centre of Gender Studies archive "Socialism in Women's Memory". There were 20 unpublished interviews randomly chosen for the analysis in order to examine the requirements and responsibilities for the interviewer and the interviewee and the impact of the communication process. The article focuses only on the communicative aspects, the interview process, and the requirements for the participants. The analysis shows the multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity of the topic. The article is written using the methods of descriptive and critical analysis of the scientific literature.

This thesis provides a historical review of the theoretical and practical influence of Protestant missionaries on the late Qing Chinese language reformers. The origins of the language reform movement have always been concealed in historical records. The missionaries' contribution to this movement has almost entirely been forgotten. With a focus on the key figures in the language reform movement, including W.A. P. Martin, John Macgowan, Joseph Edkins, Lu Zhuangzhang, and Wang Bingyao, this thesis attempts to demonstrate the similarities between the missionaries' views on the Chinese language and those of their Chinese assistants. The Chinese reformers' imitations of the missionaries' language experiments are also outlined. In the historical context of late Qing China, the Chinese reformers made language reform a way of enhancing the national strength of China. Thus, they made modifications to the original Romanized system and invented their own written forms of phonetic characters. With reference to the collaborations between China and the West, the thesis emphasizes Western influence as one of the crucial aspects of the origin of the language reform movement in China. This movement is still ongoing today with the widespread use of the pinyin input method in computers and smartphones. The thesis is divided into two chapters, analysing both the theoretical and the practical dimensions of language reform. It demonstrates how the missionaries' critique of the perceived defects of the Chinese language and their practice of changing the linguistic situation in China strongly affected the views and practice of the Chinese reformers. It also offers a critical analysis of the Chinese reformers' rationale, including their eagerness to advance the modernity of China. The first chapter discusses their views on the defects of the Chinese language in terms of its ideographic features, chaotic grammatical structure, and the discrepancy between speech and writing; it examines how their statements, proposals, and debates on these issues amounted to a discursive formation that defined the classical Chinese language as an inadequate instrument for China's modernization project. I argue that the Chinese reformers accepted the missionaries' phonocentric critique of the Chinese language and recognized the need to reform it in order to revitalize Chinese civilization. Through an examination of the genealogy of the missionaries' influence on the practice of the early Chinese language reformers, particularly Lu Zhuangzhang and Wang Bingyao, I argue in the second chapter that the early stage of language reform in China sought its embodiment in the missionaries' language practice: it was carried out through a combination of defence, argument, and negotiation between the Chinese reformers and the missionaries, eventually resulting in a compromise between reforming the language and preserving the cultural essence of China. With the knowledge and institutions that had been produced, the reformers' final objective was to increase the literacy rate of the Chinese population, as this would thus strengthen the power of China as a modern nation-state. Finally, by revisiting the historical contribution of the late Qing language reformers, I argue that language reform in China is an unfinished project. ; published_or_final_version ; English ; Master ; Master of Philosophy

Situated in the interstices of anthropology, public health, and critical theory, this dissertation pursues questions of gender, health, transnationality, and governance. It does so through a critical medical anthropological study of trans* lives during what has been referred to as "the second wave of AIDS" in San Francisco. According to public health research and epidemiological studies, urban transgender women are reported to constitute one of most vulnerable populations for HIV infection in the United States. Combining research methods of medical anthropology and urban ethnography, this dissertation explores self-making and world-making practices of trans* individuals during a time, I call "the age of epidemic." Multi-year ethnographic research was based primarily in San Francisco's Tenderloin, a low-income, culturally diverse neighborhood that has been referred to as the "epi-center of the AIDS epidemic" in San Francisco. At the same time, it is home and center of social life for many trans* immigrants from Mexico, Central and South American, and South-east Asia, who migrate to the city in hopes of creating vibrant lives. Hence, the term, trans* is meant to reference three intersecting experiences: transgender identity; transnational conditions of migration; and the crossing of multiple political, geographical, linguistic, sex/gender, and bodily borders. As well, trans* refers to the Tenderloin itself as a translocal space networked by global processes of migration, diaspora, and economic restructuring. Ethnographic research was conducted with transgender and immigrant interlocutors, neighborhood denizens, public health researchers and healthcare providers, and local and international transgender activists. Clinic-based participant-observations and volunteer activities were conducted at a public health center, which provides care to homeless and underserved populations. In late 1994, it opened the first transgender primary healthcare clinic in the United States. This dissertation documents how trans* women create lives through "workin it," a constellation of dynamic and heterogeneous tactics including: actions for making forms of sociality and publics in San Francisco's rapidly transforming Tenderloin; practices for creating kinship and engaging in reciprocal practices of care outside normalizing regimes of sex, gender, and laws of alliance and descent; activities for cultivating trans* bodies and becomings utilizing biomedical technologies often in unexpected ways; and conducts for fashioning a beautiful and ethical life when such a life is often deemed diseased, foreign, and other. Findings have lead to the conclusion that epidemics, such as HIV/AIDS, have a paradoxical force in contemporary life. Epidemics are destructive, pathological biosocial events, causing untold sickness, suffering and death. But they are also generative. Epidemics instantiate proliferative governing strategies and technologies, which discipline and manage bodies under logics of health promotion. At the same time, the immeasurable sickness, death, and loss caused by HIV/AIDS has provided evidence to support political claims for health and life by trans* communities. The calamitous impacts have offered a language through which to render visible social inequalities and social suffering. The biosocial crisis has engendered new social movements for justice and affirmations of trans* survivals. But most significantly, it has given rise to unique forms of resiliency, belonging, kinship, and care amid and against precarity.

Рассматривается этимология названия «Пегая Орда», известного по русским документам XVI в. Имя принадлежит одному из крупных военно-политических объединений селькупов периода колонизации Сибири во главе с предводителем Во-ней. Дан историографический анализ проблемы, показаны слабая обоснованность и методологическая несостоятельность подходов. Согласно историко-культурной и этнолингвистической специфике селькупов, предложен новый вариант значения и перевода «Большого Лося сильный народ» или «Священного Лося богатыри». ; In the article the problems of etymology of the name "Pegaya Orda" know from Russian documents of the XV century are considered. The name belongs to one of large military and political Selkups' unions of the period of Siberian colonization. The union was headed by chieftain Vonya, who refused to owe allegiance to Russia. The XV-XVI centuries for the Selkups of Middle Priobye (the Ob river area) were the time of inner and outer struggle. This foreordained a necessity to strengthen of military might. Archaeological sources eloquently witness that. They allow to reconstructing an ideology, which educated fighting spirit and skills, glorified martial valor. A historiographic analysis of the problem is given. Weak validity and methodical unfoundedness of the approaches are shown. The matter of the issue is in the initial breach of one of the most important etymologic rules: a search of a word meaning shall be started with the native language of culture bearers, but not of foreign ones, i.e. not from the Russian word "pegiy", but with a translation of the documented term from Selkup language. The lexeme "Pegaya" is firmly translated from all the Selkup dialects as "an elk", "he-elk". Over ten dictionaries, lists of names of Narym and Taz dialects and of some local groups of the Selkups were observed. The root base is common: "paqqy", "pekk", "pangy", "pekky", "pekk". An elk was the most important game animal and had a great importance for Selkups vital activity. He personified strength, might, agility, momentary reaction on danger. An elk image in Selkup culture has an ancient and steady mythology. The Elk was patronized by Num, the god of sky. Changes of seasons and of day and night (he carries moon on his horns) were associated with the Elk. His cosmogonic role is reflected to the fullest in a myth about the sky hunt for the Sacred (Big/Great) Elk, who become a winner in it. The outcome of the hunt begot a myth about a formation of Sacred (Big/Great) Elk constellation (the Great Bear). The Sacred Elk image is organically in heroic mythology and is leading one. The Elk is a helper of the epic hero Iche (Ite), providing success in a battle. This theme is connected in agreement with the second part of the phrase: "Orda". In Selkup language there are words, which are consonant to a foreign perception: "ora", "oralyagda", "orfel" (mean 'strength, a fist', 'to catch'), "orfel-kup", "orpseyo-kup" (mean 'a strong man, hero'). According to Selkup historical and cultural, ethno-linguistic specificity a new version of meaning and translation of the name "Pegaya Orda" is offered; it is "Strong People of the Big/Great Elk" or "Strong Men (Heroes) of the Sacred Elk".

Zīmju un verbālās valodas bilingvālā mācību metode bērniem ar dzirdes traucējumiem Anotācija Promocijas darba problēmas būtību nosaka pretruna starp valsts politiku bērnu ar dzirdes traucējumiem izglītošanā un izglītības iestāžu gatavību iekļaut šos bērnus un nodrošināt tiem sasniedzamus standartam atbilstošus mācību rezultātus, kā arī pretrunas starp bērna attīstības iespējām un vecāku izpratni par bērnam piemērotas izglītības iestādes izvēli, kas nodrošinātu viņa spēju un prasmju pilnvērtīgu attīstību. Līdz ar to pētījuma mērķis ir apzināt valodas attīstības problēmas bērniem ar dzirdes traucējumiem, izpētot izpētīt zīmju un verbālās valodas vienotības sakarību, un, uz tās balstoties, pilnveidot zīmju un verbālās valodas bilingvālo mācību metodi bērniem ar dzirdes traucējumiem. Pētījuma uzdevumi ietver zinātnisko teoriju analīzi par pētījuma problēmu, lai noskaidrotu bilingvisma izglītības iespējas bērniem ar dzirdes traucējumiem saistībā ar socializācijas iespējām izglītības iestādē. Teorijas analīzes rezultātā atklājas zīmju un verbālās valodas likumības pedagoģiskajā darbībā bērniem ar dzirdes traucējumiem. Empīriskā pētījuma rezultātā konstatēta zīmju un verbālās valodas līmeņu pozitīvā dinamika, kas liecina par pētījumā iesaistīto bērnu valodu apguves praktisko lietojumu, nosakot tālāko piemērotas izglītības iespēju izvēli, kā arī zīmju un verbālās valodas bilingvālās mācību programmas izveidi bērniem ar dzirdes traucējumiem. Atslēgas vārdi: zīmju valoda, verbālā valoda, bērni ar dzirdes traucējumiem, bilingvālā metode, lingvistiskā vide. ; Annotation The essence of the problem depicted in the doctoral thesis is determined by the contradiction between the national policy in education of hearing impaired children and the readiness of educational establishments to include hearing impaired children and ensure the learning outcomes that are achievable and correspond to the standards, as well as by the contradiction between the development possibilities of the children and understanding of their parents about the choice of the educational establishment which is suitable for the child and ensures full value development of child's skills and abilities. The aim of the research is to gather information about the problems of language development for hearing impaired children and to study the interconnection of the sign language and the spoken/written language, and, on the basis of the aforementioned research to perfect the bilingual method for acquisition of the sign language and the spoken/written language for hearing impaired children. The objectives of the research include the analysis of scientific theory on the problem of the research in order to find out the possibilities of bilingualism for hearing impaired children in connection with the possibilities of socialisation in an educational establishment. The result of the analysis of the theory depicted interconnection between the sign language and the spoken/written language in pedagogical work with hearing impaired children. In the result of empiric research it was detected that there is a positive dynamics of the sign language and the spoken/written language which is proven in practical use of mastered language by the children who are involved in the study; it determines the choice of further educational possibilities, as well as the development of curricula of learning the sign language and the spoken/written language for hearing impaired children. Key words: the sign language, the spoken/written language, hearing impaired children, bilingual method, linguistic environment.

Статья представляет собой вторую часть исследования, посвященного вопросам истории тирренской языковой семьи (первая, вводная часть опубликована в ВЯР, № 7). Основную часть статьи занимает дешифровка двух текстов Лемносской стелы из Каминьи (с параллельным обсуждением целого ряда других проблем). Для каждого слова предлагается глосса и (с редкими исключениями) этрусская этимология. Удается опознать и распределить по трем родословным, растянутым по меньшей мере на три поколения, восемь различных имен собственных. Два человека опознаны как собственно погребенные в могилах — Aker и [X]r; с третьим (по-видимому, должностным лицом) соотносится эпоним Phokia. Родословная Aker'а на самом деле прослеживается до четвертого поколения, т. к. в тексте упоминается его прадед Vanal. Каждому из погребенных соответствует собственный cursus honorum, во многом сходный с политическими карьерами в Древней Италии. Статья также содержит исчерпывающий комментарий относительно того, как стела связана с нанесенными на нее надписями. На основании стандартной методологии сравнительно-исторического языкознания показано, что лемносский язык находится в отношении генетического родства с этрусским и ретским языками. При этом любопытно, что в лемносском обнаруживается также ряд слов и имен собственных, которые, по-видимому, были заимствованы из древних индоевропейских языков Италии. На индоевропейские связи указывает также ряд особенностей терминологии и административного управления. Тем самым косвенно подтверждается высказанная ранее гипотеза о миграции носителей лемносского языка с запада (вне зависимости от вопроса его дальнейшего происхождения). Однако, поскольку археологические данные носят противоречивый характер, этот вопрос на данный момент остается открытым. ; This is the second installment of the author's investigation of the Tyrsenian language family. After treating the preliminary issues in a first article in JLR 7, the present article is dedicated to the decipherment of the two texts on the Kaminia stele (but also takes other issues into account). A short gloss is offered for each individual word. For all but a few forms an Etruscan etymology is also proposed. Eight different personal names are identified, which can be assigned to the genealogies of three persons, which span at least three generations. Two of the people identified are the tomb-owners Aker and [X]r, the third one Phokia is an eponymic functionary. Aker's genealogy extends in fact over a fourth generation, as it extends back to his great grandfather Vanal. For both tomb-owners a cursus honorum is revealed, which resembles political careers known from Ancient Italy. An exhaustive commentary on the relation between the monument and the inscription and on the first three items of text A is given. The genetic relation of Lemnian to Etruscan and Raetic is worked out according to standards of comparative grammar. The linguistic affiliation of Lemnian can now at long last be considered proven. Surprisingly, however, there are several words and personal names in Lemnian, which seem to have been borrowed from Indo-European languages spoken in Italy. The terminology and practice of administration may also point in this direction. As a result, Michel Gras's and Carlo de Simone's proposed western origin of the Lemnian language is no longer an isolated idiosyncracy, whatever the further origin of the language may be. But since archeological evidence is contradicting, this question must remain for the time being open.

[spa] Analizaremos la noción de deseo presente en las obras de Platón, Sigmund Freud y Jacques Lacan. La hipótesis es que el planteamiento freudiano y lacaniano ofrece una respuesta viable al actual retorno al individuo y a lo humano en contraposición al saber universal que pretende someter el deseo esgrimiendo los argumentos de la normalidad y de lo patológico. De esta manera queremos actualizar tanto la noción de deseo en plena crisis del sujeto contemporáneo, como analizar su posible relación respecto al otro -es decir la alteridad en el ámbito social y político. El punto de partida ha sido el análisis de la dialéctica erótica platónica presente en el Simposio. Hemos desarrollado las críticas platónicas a la tradición oral, la sofística, la medicina, la comedia y la tragedia ya que le permiten vincular estrechamente política y conocimiento, buen gobierno y Verdad. Tras exponer las técnicas de control características de la época platónica -las enkrateia- hemos establecido una estrecha relación entre Platón y la noción contemporánea de biopolítica a partir de Foucault. También hemos desarrollado la concepción freudiana y lacaniana sobre la estructura lingüística del deseo, y del sujeto del inconsciente -en contraposición al sujeto clásico cartesiano-. Esto nos ha permitido establecer la diferencia entre deseo -como noción constitutiva del individuo- y la fábrica de deseos que es la sociedad de consumo -analizada desde los conceptos de fetiche y mercancía. ; [eng] In this research the notion of desire presented in Plato's, Freud's and Lacan's works will be thoroughly examined. The hypothesis considered here is that the Freudian and lacanian approaches offer a potential answer to the current return of the individual and the human in contrast to the use of universal knowledge which pretends subjugate desire by means of referring to those notions of normality and the pathological. Due to this, the aim in this research is to update the notion of desire in the current crisis of the contemporary subject, as well as analyze its possible relation with the other – that is, the otherness existing within the social and political arena. The point of departure has been the analysis of the erotic dialectics to be found in Plato's Symposium. We have developed the criticisms of Plato towards the oral tradition, as well as towards sophistics, medicine, comedy and tragedy, due to the fact that this allows us establishing a close connection between politics and knowledge, good government and truth. Once the techniques of control typical of the platonic era are presented –enkrateia – we have established a close relation between Plato's notions and the more contemporary notion of biopolitics introduced by Foucault. We have also developed the freudian and lacanian conceptions concerning the linguistic structure of desire and the unconscious subject –in contrast to the classical cartesian subject. This allowed us to establish the difference between desire – as a notion which is constitutive of the individual as such– and the factory of desires that the consumer society actually is –and which is analyzed as a result of departing of the notions of fetishism and merchandise.

王弼是魏晉玄學最重要的思想家,也是中國哲學史上不世出的天才,他以二十四 歲英年早逝,卻無礙於他的哲學成就:《周易注》被收入十三經注疏,《老子注》 則成為通行本,影響後世深遠。歷來詮釋王弼思想的成果豐碩,精彩論點令人目 不暇給,對於王弼思想的關注不限於華人社會,近期在中國出版,德國當代著名 漢學家瓦格納 (Rudolf G. Wagner) 《王弼《老子注》研究》就是海外漢學家長期關 注王弼哲學的成果。本文針對海峽兩岸研究王弼卓然有成的林麗真、余敦康,以 及歐陸的瓦格納等三人的王弼《老子注》的研究成果,歸納其進路、觀點,以及 重大創穫。林麗真聚焦於王弼玄理的闡發,余敦康則提出通貫哲學與政治整體觀, 著重王弼玄學的現實關懷,瓦格納則從語言哲學入手,提出「鍊體風格」的詮釋 策略,豐富文本的內涵。台灣、大陸與歐洲學者對王弼的詮釋有共識,也有殊異, 這樣的參照比較,不僅可以相互攻錯,擴大學術視野,也能進一步深化王弼思想、 魏晉玄學的研究,極富學術意義。Wang Bi, the most prominent scholar of metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, was an unprecedented genius throughout the history of Chinese philosophy. In this article, the author examines the brilliant contributions made by Lin Li Zhen, Yu Dun Kang and Rudolf G. Wagner, who are noticed for their research of Exegesis of Lao-Tzu. It is a synthesis of the directions of investigation, approaches, and significant findings they have come up with. Among the three interpretations, Lin focuses on the explanation of Wang's metaphysic thinking while Yu emphasizes Wang's secular concerns by proposing the "philosophy of thoroughness" and political holism. As for Wagner, he approaches this work with the views of linguistic philosophy and suggests refined stylistics as interpretative strategy, which functions to enrich the textual contents.

The role of communication in social development requires a keener eye to explore the fragile position of this marginalized sector: the indigenous peoples or IPs. With information and communication scholars taking an interest in new challenges towards sustainable social change, it is important to lay down a frame of understanding of the fragility of indigenous peoples' position and the complexity of solutions being offered them. The purpose of the paper is to direct attention towards a sector whose voice, position and representations are vulnerable to political machinations surrounding decision- and policy-making. Indigenous peoples for years have become easy targets of economic and political players whose interventions in IP communities carry the name of development. In this era where the promises of globalization are entering the tiniest corners of societies and where the world is becoming a "smaller place", IPs are ironically being pushed towards the center and admonished to leave the periphery to become mainstream members of the bigger nation-state. Local-global coalitions could be a result of these unnatural movements. Mining and military exercises, to name a few, gain entry in IP territories to carry out development and diplomatic aid and in turn transform IP communities into compulsory beneficiaries of such interventions. This paper's exploration, however, is specifically focused on an arena where IP voice and representation are given legal remedies: the legislature. Although literature about the plight of indigenous peoples abound, focus on the catalytic role of IPs in policymaking is seldom documented and given attention to. This paper takes the reader to a Philippine situation where IPs were able to actively take part in the co-construction of their own reality, via their participation in the formulation of the Indigenous Peoples Right Act (IPRA). The role of communication in policymaking forms the rationale behind the paper's position. Policymaking opens an avenue for subjects to have their constructs on development emerge. That is the role of communication: a meaning-making activity where understanding is at its core. Although enactment of the IPRA happened more than a decade ago - and the law has had its share of brutal and unabashed criticism - recalling the story behind its formulation was necessary to derive insights on the following: Fragile groups as indigenous peoples were subjected to a linguistic battle in the policymaking arena.Consensus-building and social negotiations were communication approaches that contributed to IP representation in policymaking.IP-led advocacy shows that IPs as leaders and advocates can competently involve themselves in the affairs of government.There are imperatives of communication and information that can help facilitate the engagement of indigenous peoples in solving social problems, via the legislative arena. Information and insights concerning IPs' position and representation, the role contributed by communication, and distinctive qualities of IP-led advocacy are derived from the IPRA story. The routes by which the development project operates in the policymaking arena, as illustrated in the case of the IPRA, are then able to offer insights to the tasks we continue to face as information and communication scholars and practitioners. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Die Anerkennung von Slowenien und Kroatien durch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 23. Dezember 1991 war der erste Test einer gemeinsamen Außenpolitik der Staaten der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Bis heute wird dieser Schritt als ein möglicher Auslöser für den bewaffneten Konflikt in Bosnien Herzegowina eingestuft. Die vorliegende Arbeit fokussiert auf die Darstellung dieser Ereignisse in Printmedien, basierend auf einem Korpus von mehr als 300 Zeitungsartikeln, die in den USA und im Vereinigten Königreich zu Beginn der 90er Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts erschienen sind. Durch Kombination der methodischen Ansätze der Kritischen Diskursanalyse und der Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) beleuchtet diese Studie die Mediendarstellung der neuartigen politischen Rolle Deutschlands in der internationalen Politik nach der Wiedervereinigung. Über Jahrzehnte wurde diese Rolle als ?wirtschaftlicher Riese, jedoch politischer Zwerg? beschrieben. Die linguistische Analyse ist eingebettet in Medienanalysen aus historischer, politischer und sozialphilosophischer Sichtweise sowie theoretische Ansätze von DiskurslinguistInnen zur Rolle der Medien im Konzept der Öffentlichkeit nach Jürgen Habermas. Die Korpusanalyse des semantischen Feldes ?Weltkriege? zeigt, dass die Lexeme in dieser Kategorie bedeutend öfter verwendet wurden verglichen mit einem allgemeinen Referenzkorpus der englischen Sprache. Die Kollokationsanalyse bestätigt, dass Deutschland unter dem Aspekt der Veränderung seiner außenpolitischen Rolle dargestellt wurde. Der zweite Teil der Analyse beschäftigt sich mit konzeptuellen Metaphern im Korpus. Die Autoren der Artikel entwerfen jedoch auch Unterkategorien der existierenden und generieren neue für pragmatische Zwecke. Die Resultate dieser Studie zeigen, dass die britischen und US-amerikanischen Medien eine vereinfachte Version der Ereignisse brachten. Diese basierten stark auf Diskursen aus den Weltkriegen und Bildern der Aufteilung zwischen den Weltmächten. ; Germany?s recognition of Slovenia and Croatia on December 23, 1991, was the first test of the common foreign EC policy and is still considered to be one of the likely triggers of the armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina to date. This thesis focuses on the representation of these events in mass print media, on a corpus of more than 300 broadsheet newspaper articles published in the USA and the UK in the beginning of the 1990s. By combining the methodological approaches of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA), this study clarifies the media representations of the new political role Germany asserted in international foreign policy post-unification after decades of being portrayed as ?an economic giant, but a political dwarf?. The linguistic analysis is embedded in historical, political, socio-philosophical media studies and theoretical accounts of discourse analysts on the role of the media in the Habermasian public sphere. The corpus-based analysis of the semantic field ?World Wars? shows that the lexemes belonging to this category were used significantly more often when compared to a general reference corpus of the English language. The collocation analysis confirms that Germany was portrayed in terms of its ?change? of policy, contrary to the accounts of contemporary political scholars who argue that the country has resumed the policy of multilateralism since reunification, and label it as being ?assertive? in its political actions. The second part of the analysis focuses on the conceptual metaphors in the corpus which were individually manually tagged and classified according to the source and target domains. The authors of the articles engage in creating sub-scenarios of the existing metaphors for pragmatic purposes. The results of this study indicate that the British and the US media provided a simplified version of events which significantly relied on the World Wars discourse and images of the division between world powers. ; vorgelegt von Morana Lukač ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)222752

This thesis presents a method of Micro-Systemic Linguistic Analysis of Thai compound words. The aim of our study is to find out: "Is there any method which allows us to translate Thai words into French automatically with a perfect result?" Our work is divided into five chapters as follows : The first chapter concerns a brief a history of machine translation including that of the Thai. Some notable points of view are discussed. The second chapter identifies some essential characteristics of the Thai language such as a non-space writing style resulted in ambiguity in machine translation. Different entities between Thai and French languages are underlined by means of the micro-systematic theory of the Centre Tesnière. The third chapter analyses Thai compound words using a hybrid method involving morpho-syntactic parsing and a rule-based system corresponding to our model of data analysis. The fourth chapter employs a technique of lexical-syntactic and semantic control enabling the definition of efficient algorithms. The final chapter concludes our work with some future perspectives. This study is presented as a reliable approach which enhances the elimination of word ambiguities in machine translation. This hybrid method allows us to reach our objective and to find an effective way to translate Thai to French automatically. The result could be an accessible tool for international research in the Thai and French languages ; Cette recherche présente une méthode d'analyse micro-systémique des mots composés thaïs. Le but denotre étude est de trouver une réponse au questionnement suivant « existe-t- il une voie qui permette de traduireautomatiquement les mots thaïs vers le français avec un résultat parfait ? ». Ce travail est divisé en cinqchapitres. La première partie concerne une histoire brève de la traduction automatique dont celle du thaï. Lespoints de vue des autres travaux sont étudiés. Le deuxième chapitre présente les caractéristiques de la langue thaïe qui possède une forme d'écriture typique sans espacement et peut entrainer des difficultés en termes d'ambiguïté dans la traduction. Certaines divergences entre le thaï et le français sont soulignées à l'aide de la théorie micro-systémique du Centre Tesnière. Le troisième chapitre fait l'étude des mots composés thaïs en utilisant une méthode hybride de l'analyse morphosyntaxique et notre système à base de règles conformes à notre modèle d'analyse de données. Le quatrième chapitre met en évidence un contrôle modélisé des unités lexicales codées syntaxiquement et sémantiquement afin d'en définir des algorithmes efficaces. Le dernier chapitre conclut sur les résultats des nouveaux algorithmes par leur informatisation. Sont enfin énoncées les perspectives ouvertes par cette nouvelle recherche. Cette étude est présentée comme un travail fiable à l'élimination des ambiguïtés. Fondée sur une méthode hybride, elle nous a permis d'atteindre notre objectif et de trouver ainsi une voie efficace qui nous autorise à traduire automatiquement les mots thaïs vers le français. Le résultat place cet outil comme l'un des plus accessibles à la recherche internationale où le thaï et le français prennent leurs places de choix

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с историей развития и современным состоянием чешской лексикографии. Представлен краткий обзор наиболее значимых лексикографических работ XIV-XIX вв. Особое внимание уделено чешско-русским и русско-чешским толковым и специализированным словарям второй половины XX начала XXI в. Представлены пути развития современной лексикографии с использованием новых компьютерных технологий (электронные переводчики, словарные базы данных). ; The history of compiling of dictionaries is defined in the Czech background with several principal cultural and political-social periods. The birth of the Czech lexicography is associated with "glosses" written in the foreign language text (gloss is a short annotation explaining an unknown word in text). The first bilingual dictionaries appeared in the 1360s for students of the Charles University in Prague. These dictionaries already contain a theoretical description in the entry. First specialized dictionaries appeared, such as etymological ones. Josef Jungman, the main representative of the National Revival, in 1835 issued a five-volume Czech-German Dictionary, which is so far the basic piece of work of the Czech lexicography. It is a bilingual dictionary with the interpretation of Czech words and their contextual use, phraseology and synonyms. In the 20th century a large number of scientific works appeared, which served as the theoretical base for practice of compiling of dictionaries. In the 1950s many dictionaries for specific areas of economy were published: The Russian-Czech Textile Dictionary by Jankovsky and Semenikhin, The Russian-Czech and Czech-Russian Electronic Dictionary by Havelka, Russian-Czech Machine Building Dictionary by Deidar and Shevchik. Among the well-known representatives of the Russian-Czech lexicography of the last century we can find a Czechoslovak specialist in Russian philology of Russian origin L. Kopecky. In 1937 he published The Russian-Czech School Dictionary and The Russian-Czech Dictionary, which was rewritten into a six-volume Great Russian-Czech Dictionary. On the basis of Kopecky"s dictionaries a new large Czech-Russian Dictionary by Sadlikova appeared. In 2002 an electronic version was issued. The dictionary has over 120,000 Czech phrases and more than 200,000 Russian equivalents. The dictionary also includes colloquial and slang expressions, scientific, economic and technical terminology and other terminology of the rapidly changing areas. Socio-political and cultural changes that occurred in the Czech Republic influenced the vocabulary of the Czech language with a large extent. In the late 1990s The Russian-Czech and CzechRussian Dictionary of Neologisms appeared, which was reissued in an updated form in 2004. Among some new special dictionaries there are, for example, Russian-Czech and Czech-Russian dictionaries with the economic, political and legal vocabulary written by Czirikova, a technical dictionary by Wagner, a management dictionary Vavrechka and Lednicki, The Czech-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by Mokienko and Wurm and The Russian-Czech Phraseological Dictionary by Stepanova. On May 13, 2010 under the protection of the linguistic society of the Academy of Sciences a seminar named "Dictionaries of Modern Slavic Languages. Plans and Results of the Czech Multilingual Lexicography" took place in Prague. Such events suggest the ever-evolving trends to understanding and description of the vocabulary, its classification, comparison and translation into Russian and other foreign languages.

Что такое «тело» и что такое «телесность»? Определение основных значений понятий «тело». Разделение тела на «внутреннее» и «внешнее». Определение понятия «телесность». Дистинкция понятий «тело» и «телесность». Анализ развития философских представлений о человеческой телесности. Рассмотрение телесности с различных ракурсов и с разных подходов (гносеологический, онтологический, феноменологический, аксиологический и др.) на протяжении истории культурологических исследований. ; The need for philosophical reflection on scientific evidence of human corporeality makes the problem of man in all the diverse characteristics of its nature and existence an essential element of research activity of the Humanities. Researchers believe that at present not only differentiated analysis of the body as the object and the body as the subject is required, but also an integrative analysis of the totality of its various states, qualities and abilities, united in the notion of physicality. The result is that one of the main research challenges is the question of the ability of modern science to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of human corporeality. In this article we review and analyse different aspects of human physicality in an attempt to prove that the distinction between "body" and "physicality" of cultural studies exists. What is physicality in contrast to body? Primarily, they are distinguished in the measure of "vitality". "Body" generally means, above all, a physical object, which does not possess subjectivity and spirituality. Talking about body, we imagine either natural (body as a biological and physiological organism), aesthetic, or, finally, practical (common understanding of the body) look. In psychology, we do not consider body itself certain changes in consciousness are associated with body, such as violation of the scheme, borders, or body sensations. The legitimacy of the separation of these concepts is supported by historical linguistics, derived from the experience of lin guistic traditions of various peoples of the world. For example, in the past the word "body" in the Russian language, in addition to its modern meaning, denoted a lifeless thing. Similar examples are found in other linguistic cultures. Also in the structure of the body we can distinguish internal and external components. Internal components (internal living space) are learned through interceptive sensations and feelings. External components (external appearance and living space) are not only perceived, but also seen. A modern trend in the works of Z. Freud, R. Berduaystel, G. Calero, J. Nirenberg, A. Pis, K. Ryukle, J. Fast, R. Sheflen, Giddens, and A. Loewen is to analyse body language and nonverbal aspects of communication between people. Bodily experiences and bodily expression create conditions for distinguishing between external and internal body language. The history of body became a subject of intense study in many branches of the Humanities in medical anthropology. In addition, each theory is not similar in content to other theories, because in one case history of sexuality (M. Foucault), in another  the history of body psychology (V.I. Shkuratov) in the third  history of anatomical and physiological studies of body (G. Glaser) is considered. A major scientific interest for development of human corporeality is the study of political anthropology (A. Deris, O.Yu. Rybakov, S. Espinoza).

[Resumen] Las Universidades Laborales forman un conjunto singular dentro de la historia de la arquitectura española del siglo veinte debido a las circunstancias políticas y sociales en las que surgieron. Siguiendo los principios ideológicos falangistas y los del nacional catolicismo, se plantea como esencial la existencia de un espacio dedicado al culto, como complemento de la función docente en el diseño pedagógico y arquitectónico de los nuevos centros. Las necesidades programáticas demandadas por estos centros precisan de una respuesta arquitectónica hasta el momento inexistente y difícilmente resoluble con las metodologías anteriores. Los primeros intentos para dotar de una expresión formal y funcional adecuada a las Universidades Laborales ofrecen una clara confrontación entre clasicismo y modernidad, con la figura de Luis Moya como cruzado antimoderno cuya propuestas se materializarán como un modelo de ciudad ideal –vinculada a la Civitas Dei–, dónde la capilla se convierte en elemento capital y articulador del conjunto. Con los concursos para la realización de nuevas Universidades Laborales convocados a partir de 1960, la arquitectura moderna sentirá el empujón definitivo, estableciéndose como la única solución posible de abordar el proyecto. Estas «máquinas para aprender» serán propuestas formuladas en el momento de recuperación de la modernidad en nuestro país, de la mano de arquitectos cuyo oficio ofrece garantías de soluciones más que correctas. La revisión y análisis de sus capillas permiten entender cómo un programa religioso similar se hará espacio sagrado a través de la introducción en el proyecto de aspectos lingüísticos, vernaculares y simbólicos, haciendo evolucionar y enriqueciendo con ello la arquitectura moderna española de la segunda mitad del siglo veinte. ; [Abstract] Labor Universities form a uniquely within the history of twentieth-century Spanish architecture because of the political and social circumstances in which they arose. Following the ideological Phalangists, and National - Catholicism, is seen as essential to the existence of a space dedicated to worship, to supplement the teaching in educational and architectural design of the new centers. Programmatic needs demanded by these centers require an architectural response so far non-existent and hardly resolvable with previous methodologies. The first attempts to provide a formal and functional expression appropriate to the Labor Universities offer a clear confrontation between classicism and modernity, with the figure of Luis Moya as anti-modern crusader whose proposals will materialize as a model of ideal city - linked to the Civitas Dei -, where the chapel becomes capital and articulating element set. With competitions for the realization of new Labour Universities convened since 1960, modern architecture feel the final push, establishing itself as the only possible solution to tackle the project. These 'learning machines' will be proposals made in the recovery time of modernity in our country, in the hands of architects whose office provides assurance that correct solutions. The review and analysis of its chapels allow to understand how a program will be similar religious sacred space through the introduction of the draft linguistic, and symbolic Vernacular, by evolving and thus enriching the Spanish modern architecture of the second half of the century twenty.