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International audience ; Purpose: To develop a comprehensive account for careers within the Greek academic system. Historical, cultural and geographical features of the country have created a unique context that has shaped the way academic careers evolve. Design/methodology/approach: The primary methods of data collection were retrospective participant observation and discussions in interview form with individuals who have had various types of experience with the Greek Higher Education system. Findings: The major factor that shapes careers in Greek academia is social capital or Know-whom that operates within a broader cultural environment where institutional collectivism is extremely low, the in-group - out-group distinction is a major element, and political party affiliation plays a key role in everyday affairs. As a result academic careers in Greece are almost exclusively determined by membership, a priory or earned, to an "in-group" that is linked via blood, family friendship, business and political party ties. This "in-group" uses its social capital to control academic careers across all stages for the benefit of its members. Research limitations/implications: There are method limitations, but relevant concerns were largely alleviated by precautionary measures and the way data were utilized. Ethnography may be the most appropriate method to disentangle the way networks and social capital impact careers. Practical implications: Achieving substantive change, such as increasing meritocracy, within a sector may be impossible without considering the broader cultural context that encapsulates it. Originality/value: The study is amongst the very first to unveil the "dark side" of social capital, and show how social capital may benefit the interests of in-groups at the expense of the collective. ; Objectif : développer un compte-rendu complet des carrières au sein du système scolaire grec. Les caractéristiques historiques, culturelles et géographiques du pays ont créé un contexte unique qui a façonné la manière dont les carrières universitaires évoluent. Conception / méthodologie / approche : les principales méthodes de collecte de données sont l'observation participante rétrospective, ainsi que des discussions sous forme d'interview avec des personnes qui ont eu différents types d'expérience au sein du système d'enseignement supérieur grec. Conclusions : le principal facteur qui façonne la carrière dans le milieu universitaire grec est le capital social ou le "connaître-qui", à l'oeuvre dans un environnement culturel plus large où le collectivisme institutionnel est extrêmement faible, la distinction "en-groupe" - "hors-groupe" est un élément important, et l'appartenance à un parti politique joue un rôle-clé dans la vie quotidienne. En conséquence, les carrières universitaires en Grèce sont presque exclusivement déterminées par l'affiliation, a priori ou acquise, à un "en groupe", lié par le sang, les relations familiales et amicales, les affaires et l'appartenance à un parti politique. Cet "en groupe" utilise son capital social pour contrôler les carrières universitaires, à toutes les étapes et au bénéfice de ses membres. Limites de la recherche / implications : des limites méthodologiques existent, mais elles ont été largement atténués par des mesures de précaution et par l'usage effectif des données. L'ethnographie est peut-être la méthode la plus appropriée pour démêler la façon dont les réseaux et le capital social influent sur les carrières. Implications pratiques : parvenir à un changement substantiel dans un secteur particulier, par une méritocratie accrue, semble impossible sans tenir compte du contexte culturel plus large de ce secteur. Originalité / valeur : cette étude est parmi les premières à dévoiler le "côté sombre" du capital social, et montre comment le capital social peut servir les intérêts des "en-groupes", au détriment du collectif.

Avrupa Birliği, global politika da önemli bir ekonomik ve siyasi figürdür ve kendine özgü yapısı hem rasyonel yaklaşımlar hem de entegrasyon kuramcıları tarafından analiz edilmektedir. Rasyonel maddeci ontolojiye karşılık, sosyal konstrüktivist (inşaacı) okumaları incelediğimizde, Avrupa Birliği, bir aktör olarak kendi konumunu besleyici ve güçlendirici çok sayı da tedrici ilerlemeler kaydetmiştir, bilhassa, Lizbon Antlaşması Avrupa Birliği'nin siyasi kimliğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Gelişmeye yönelik bu adımlar, geleneksel maddeci yönelimli yaklaşımlardan ziyade, daha çok sivil kavramlar üzerine atılmıştır. Bu sivil zemin, siyasi kimliği canlandırarak, Avrupa Birliği antlaşmalarıyla ve diğer yasal yollarla güçlendirilmiştir. Sonuç itibariyle, bu çabalar Avrupa Birliğinin siyasi kimliğini hazırlamıştır, üstelik, Avrupa Birliği, temel özgürlükler, demokrasi ve hukukun üstünlüğü olan bu siyasi kimlik bileşenlerini diğer ülkelere ihraç etmeye başlamıştır. Bu alıcı ülkelerin, genellikle Avrupa Birliğine bazı tarihsel veya kültürel bağlılıkları vardır. Bundan dolayı, bu araştırma, hangi entegrasyon kuramının Avrupa Birliği'nin siyasi kimlik düzenine ve onun temsiliyetine en iyi şekilde cevap vereceğini incelemeye çalışacaktır. Bu makale, önce 1993'teki Kopenag Konseyi, ardından Lizbon Antlaşması'nın Avrupa Birliğinin imajı için roloynadığını, hukuki açıdan, siyasi adımların Avrupa Birliği'ne bir siyasi kimlik verdiğini tartışmaktadır. Siyasi kimlik üzerindeki bu fikir birliği, uluslararası sahnedeki aktör profilini pekiştirmiştir. Ekonomi kentegrasyon, bu şekillendirilmeye çalışılan Avrupa Birliği siyasi kimliğin daimi ve güçlü bir parçası haline gelmesine rağmen, son yıllarda Avrupa Birliği Eurozone (Euro bölgesi) ekonomik krizlerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda, bir araç olarak sosyal ilişkilerden faydalanan ve sosyal ontolojiye referans veren sosyal konstrüktivist (inşaacı) bir yaklaşım, özellikle Avrupa Birliği'nin yasal statü kazanmasının ardından, Avrupa Birliği siyasi kimliğine ve yapısına aracılık edecek en iyi yaklaşım olarak görünmektedir. ; The EU is an important economic and political figure in global politics and its sui generis presence has been analyzed both from a rationalist approach and by integration theorists. Despite the rationalist material ontology, when we examine the social constructivist reading, the EU has achieved many gradual improvements that foster and strengthen its position as an actor; in particular, the Treaty of Lisbon has emphasized the political identity of the EU. These developmental steps have mostly been constructed on civilian concepts rather than traditional material oriented approaches. This civilian ground has been reinforced by EU treaties and other forms of legislation, giving flesh and bones to the political identity. As a consequence, these efforts have formulated the political identity of the EU; moreover, the EU has begun to export these political identity components, which are fundamental freedoms and the rule of law and democracy, towards other countries. The addressee states generally have some historical or cultural bonds to the EU. Therefore, this research will try to examine which integration theory best answers the EUs political identity setting and its representation. This paper argues that first the Copenhagen Council in 1993 and then the Treaty of Lisbon have acted as starting points for EUs self-image; in legal terms, these political steps have given the EU a stable political identity. This consensus in political identity has consolidated the actor profile on the international stage. When considering this progress from a theoretical perspective, traditional integration theories fail to comprehend and clarify this formative process, as they are immersed in the early economic integration process. Interestingly, although this shaped political identity became a robust and constant part of the EU, in recent years the EU has come face to face with the Eurozone economic crisis. In this context, a social constructivist approach, which makes use of social relations as a tool and references social ontology, seems the best approach to intervene the EU political identity and its presence, particularly after the EU gained legal status.

Доктринальное оформление основных направлений внешней политики Болгарии претерпело некоторые изменения в течение 1998­2013 гг. Основными воздействующими факторами были ход европейской и евроатлантической интеграции, внешнеполитические предпочтения находившихся у власти правительств, изменение международной и региональной среды безопасности. В процессе определения внешнеполитических направлений Болгарии преобладала преемственность.Ключевыми периодами в процессе доктринального оформления направлений внешней политики Болгарии были 1998­2005 и 2009­2011 гг. Основными чертами первого периода являлись создание комплекса официальных документов, определяющих основы внешней политики Болгарии, поэтапное формирование структуры внешнеполитических приоритетов. Во время второго периода в результате принятия новых доктринальных документов происходит изменение данной структуры. Закрепляются и усиливаются тенденции предыдущего периода (разделение европейского и евроатлантического направлений, провозглашение их первостепенными внешнеполитическими приоритетами, уменьшение приоритетности Юго­Восточной Европы). Вносятся новые положения (Черноморский регион как внешнеполитический приоритет, отношения с Россией рассматриваются в рамках сотрудничества с ЕС и НАТО).На данный момент основными направлениями внешней политики Болгарии, согласно доктринальным документам, являются (в порядке их приоритетности) ЕС (1), НАТО (1), Юго­Восточная Европа (2), Черноморский регион (3), Северная Африка, Ближний и Средний Восток (4), Россия (5). ; Доктринальное оформление основных направлений внешней политики Болгарии претерпело некоторые изменения в течение 1998­2013 гг. Основными воздействующими факторами были ход европейской и евроатлантической интеграции, внешнеполитические предпочтения находившихся у власти правительств, изменение международной и региональной среды безопасности. В процессе определения внешнеполитических направлений Болгарии преобладала преемственность.Ключевыми периодами в процессе доктринального оформления направлений внешней политики Болгарии были 1998­2005 и 2009­2011 гг. Основными чертами первого периода являлись создание комплекса официальных документов, определяющих основы внешней политики Болгарии, поэтапное формирование структуры внешнеполитических приоритетов. Во время второго периода в результате принятия новых доктринальных документов происходит изменение данной структуры. Закрепляются и усиливаются тенденции предыдущего периода (разделение европейского и евроатлантического направлений, провозглашение их первостепенными внешнеполитическими приоритетами, уменьшение приоритетности Юго­Восточной Европы). Вносятся новые положения (Черноморский регион как внешнеполитический приоритет, отношения с Россией рассматриваются в рамках сотрудничества с ЕС и НАТО).На данный момент основными направлениями внешней политики Болгарии, согласно доктринальным документам, являются (в порядке их приоритетности) ЕС (1), НАТО (1), Юго­Восточная Европа (2), Черноморский регион (3), Северная Африка, Ближний и Средний Восток (4), Россия (5). ; Doctrinal design of the main foreign­policy directions of Bulgaria has undergone some changes during the 1998­2013. The main influencing factors were the progress of European and Euro­Atlantic integration, foreign­policy preferences of ruling governments, changes in the international and regional security environment. Succession was dominated in the process of identifying of Bulgaria's foreign­policy directions.Key periods in the process of doctrinal design of the foreign policy of Bulgaria were 1998­2005 and 2009­2011 years. The main features of the first period were the creation of a complex of official documents defining principles of the foreign policy of Bulgaria, the gradual formation of the structure of foreign­policy priorities. During the second period change of the structure occurred as a result of adoption of new doctrinal document. It was fixed and increased trends of the previous period (division of the European and Euro­Atlantic directions, their proclamation as paramount foreign­policy priorities, reducing of the priority of South­Eastern Europe). It was introduced new provisions (the Black Sea region as a foreign­policy priority, relations with Russia are considered in the framework of cooperation with the EU and NATO).At the moment, the main directions of the foreign policy of Bulgaria according to the doctrinal documents are (in order of priority) EU (1) NATO (1), South­Eastern Europe (2), the Black Sea region (3), North Africa, Middle East (4), Russia (5).

One of the legal institutions of the punishment realization, i.e. the probation release, is investigated in the article from the legal comparative point of view. The article covers the legal relations, appearing as the result of application of the probation (setting and realization) towards the imprisoned convicts. The norms of the international and national juridical acts on the punishment realization, which regulate the probation, and the juridical doctrine of the punishment realization, brought forward by Lithuania and foreign countries, is analyzed in the present article. The misunderstandings within the practices of imposition and execution of probation result in continuous discussions on the factual influence of the said institution to the development of social behaviour of the convicted person. The process of execution of probationary release must be directed towards the management of the risk of repeated criminal behaviour of the convicted person and neutralizing of criminal factors, however the existing structure of legal regulation does not provide a possibility to reach the said objectives. This shows one of the main deficiencies of criminal justice of Lithuania - a frequent and sustained application of imprisonment. It should be noted that no progressive innovations were implemented in the area of probationary release, therefore the directions of optimization of application and execution of probationary release and evaluate the grounds for application of probation, the most important provisions, pertaining to the activities of society when executing the probation, as well as the basis for preparation of the social conclusion, evaluation of the risk of a repeated criminal behaviour and the basis for individual working with the convicted person, the procedure for monitoring of convicts, the legal status of convicts and the rules for its tightening or softening are examined in this article. The article emphasizes the necessity of resolution of the most important questions, pertaining to ensuring effective treatment with offenders; therefore incorporation of the electronic surveillance is discussed. Thus the perspective probation system concept is analyzed in the article. While explicating this goal, it should be noted that the article is aimed at creation of the theoretical grounds for the probation and electronic surveillance and at ascertaining how to model an efficient system of setting and realization of the probation and electronic monitoring, which is oriented towards management of the risk of the persons' repeated delinquent behavior, which creates the conditions for securing security of the society, for reducing recurrence of delinquent deeds and of the number of imprisoned convicts. ; Vienas pagrindinių baudžiamosios justicijos Lietuvoje trūkumų – dažnas ir ilgalaikis laisvės atėmimo bausmės taikymas, probacijos skyrimo ir vykdymo praktikos kazusai verčia diskutuoti apie šio instituto faktišką poveikį nuteistojo socialaus elgesio ugdymui. Probacijos vykdymo procesas turi būti nukreiptas į nuteistojo pakartotinio nusikalstamo elgesio rizikos valdymą ir kriminogeninių veiksnių neutralizavimą, tačiau dabartinis teisinis reguliavimas neleidžia pasiekti šių tikslų. Tarp probacijos skyrimo ir vykdymo proceso bei jo veiksmingumo egzistuoja organiškas ir dėsningas tarpusavio ryšys, tačiau akivaizdu, kad esama probacijos skyrimo ir vykdymo logika nėra prielaida kalbėti apie šio instituto veiksmingumą de facto. Straipsnyje diskutuojama apie probacijos skyrimo ir vykdymo optimizavimo kryptis, nagrinėjami visuomenės dalyvavimo probacijos procese aspektai, aktualizuojama socialinės išvados rengimo, pakartotinio nusikalstamo elgesio rizikos vertinimo ir individualaus darbo su nuteistuoju, nuteistųjų teisinės padėties švelninimo bei griežtinimo problematika. Pabrėžiama būtinybė spręsti svarbiausius klausimus, susijusius su efektyvios nuteistųjų priežiūros užtikrinimu, – diskutuojamas siektinas elektroninio stebėjimo bausmių vykdymo sistemoje reguliavimas. Taigi, straipsnyje aptariama perspektyvinė probacijos sistemos ir nuteistųjų stebėsenos koncepcija, kuri sudarytų sąlygas optimizuoti asmenų resocializacijos procesą ir mažinti kalinių skaičių Lietuvoje.

В статье рассматриваются способы осуществления политики ЕС по расширению полномочий регионов стран-членов на примере регионов Бельгии Фландрии и Валлонии. Автор анализирует механизмы продвижения внешних региональной связей на примере Бельгии как способа решения проблем на национальном и общеевропейском уровне, приводя конкретные примеры инициатив ЕС для реализации данного направления своей деятельности. В статье рассматривается деятельность Комитета регионов ЕС (КОР) консультативного органа ЕС, обладающего правом политической инициативы и защищающего принцип субсидиарности в осуществлении региональной политики стран-членов ЕС. Одновременно прослеживается участие Фландрии и Валлонии в работе Комитета регионов. Отдельным пунктом рассматривается очередное полугодовое председательство Бельгии в ЕС в 2010 г., когда страну, погружённую в тяжёлый правительственный кризис и оставшуюся без федерального правительства, представляли оба региона. Особое внимание в статье уделяется участию бельгийских регионов в реализации стратегической программы Евросоюза «Европа 2020». Приводятся конкретные примеры инициатив Фландрии и Валлонии в осуществлении данной программы. Автор подробно разбирает примеры самостоятельного участия Фландрии и Валлонии в различных структурах ЕС, выявляя черты, характерные для продвижения региональных интересов в рамках ЕС. В этой связи особую актуальность приобретает, к примеру, самостоятельное участие Фландрии в международной программе сотрудничества в области энергетики «Пакт 2020». В статье приводятся высказывания фламандских и валлонских политических деятелей, отражающие отношение бельгийского общества к процессам регионализации в стране. Большое значение для развития регионального направления в деятельности институтов ЕС имеют структурные фонды, которые призваны помогать в финансировании этой политики. В заключении автор делает вывод о причинах возрастающего внимания институтов ЕС к поощрению политики большего развития межрегиональных связей стран-членов. ; The article explores the variety of tools and vehicles applied within the EU to expand the prerogative of the regions of the EU member states. The author uses as an example the inter-regional policies in Belgium in respect of the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region. The author analyzes the mechanisms of promotion of external regional relations in Belgium as a means of addressing different problems both on national and all-European level, supporting the arguments and conclusions by examples of relevant EU initiatives. The article details the activities of the EU Regional Committee (RC), the EU advisory body with the powers of political initiative, upholding the principle ofsubsidarity in the implementation of the EU member states' regional policies. The involvement of the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region in the activities of EU RC is described and summarized. As a case study, the article deals with Belgium's rotating six months presidency in the EUin 2010 when the country, which was going through a severe political crisis with no federal government in place, was represented by the two regions. The special focus of the article is on the strategic EU program "Europe2020" and its implementation by the regions of Belgium. There is an account of the initiatives undertaken by the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region within the framework of this program outlining the interaction of the two regions. The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region with various EU institutions describing how each party achieves the promotion of its regional interests. Within this context, it is a noteworthy development that the Flemish Region is participating in the international program "Pact 2020" on energy all by its own. The article features quotations by Flemish and Walloon political figures which serve as an illustration of the prevailing attitudes in the Belgian society to the process of regionalization of their country. The EU structural funds aimed at funding these policies play a crucial role in the maturing of the regional dimension of the activities pursued by the EU institutions. The author finalizes with the review of the EU reasons for placing high importance on the promotion of the development of inter-regional ties between member states.

La tesi affronta il tema dell'innovazione della scuola, oggetto di costante attenzione da parte delle organizzazioni internazionali e dei sistemi educativi nazionali, per le sue implicazioni economiche, sociali e politiche, e intende portare un contributo allo studio sistematico e analitico dei progetti e delle esperienze di innovazione complessiva dell'ambiente di apprendimento. Il concetto di ambiente di apprendimento viene approfondito nelle diverse prospettive di riferimento, con specifica attenzione al framework del progetto "Innovative Learning Environments" [ILE], dell'Organisation For Economic And Cultural Development [OECD] che, con una prospettiva dichiaratamente olistica, individua nel dispositivo dell'ambiente di apprendimento la chiave per l'innovazione dell'istruzione nella direzione delle competenze per il ventunesimo Secolo. I criteri presenti nel quadro di riferimento del progetto sono stati utilizzati per un'analisi dell'esperienza proposta come caso di studio, Scuola-Città Pestalozzi a Firenze, presa in esame perché nell'anno scolastico 2011/2012 ha messo in pratica appunto un "disegno" di trasformazione dell'ambiente di apprendimento e in particolare dei caratteri del tempo/scuola. La ricerca, condotta con una metodologia qualitativa, è stata orientata a far emergere le interpretazioni dei protagonisti dell'innovazione indagata: dall'analisi del progetto e di tutta la documentazione fornita dalla scuola è scaturita la traccia per un focus-group esplorativo attraverso il quale sono stati selezionati i temi per le interviste semistrutturate rivolte ai docenti (scuola primaria e scuola secondaria di primo grado). Per quanto concerne l'interpretazione dei risultati, le trascrizioni delle interviste sono state analizzate con un approccio fenomenografico, attraverso l'individuazione di unità testuali logicamente connesse a categorie concettuali pertinenti. L'analisi dei materiali empirici ha permesso di enucleare categorie interpretative rispetto alla natura e agli scopi delle esperienze di insegnamento/apprendimento, al processo organizzativo, alla sostenibilità. Tra le implicazioni della ricerca si ritengono particolarmente rilevanti quelle relative alla funzione docente. ; This doctoral thesis explores the issue of innovation in school education, a topic international institutions and school organization are increasingly interested in for the economic and socio-political implications involved. The research undertaken aims at offering a contribution to the systemic and analytic studies in the field of learning approaches innovation, focusing on a theoretical investigation and empirical analysis. The concept of learning environment has been approached from different perspectives, focusing mainly on the project framework "Innovative Learning Environment" (ILE) of the Organization for Economic and Cultural Development (OECD). A holistic approach is at the basis of the above project, making the learning environment the key factor to educational innovation in keeping with 21st century skills. The criterions used in the project framework have been used for analyzing an experience proposed as a case-study, Scuola-Città Pestalozzi in Florence, selected as in the school year 2011/2012 it carried out a transformation "plan" of the learning environment affecting above all the features of time/school. The qualitative research aimed at bringing out the interpretations of the actors: from the analysis of the project and the material provided by the school a guideline for an exploratory focus-group has followed, leading to the choice of the issues of the semi-structured interviews to primary and lower secondary schools teachers. As for the results, the transcriptions of the interviews are interpreted through phenomenographical analysis selecting text units logically connected to relevant conceptual categories. The empirical material thus analyzed has pointed out some interpretative categories in relation to the nature and to the aims of teaching/learning experiences, to the organization process, to sustainability. Of special interest among the research results are those played by the teacher role.

El papel protagónico que han adquirido algunos Estados en el Sistema Internacional ha permitido replantear las formas como se están relacionando los países, generando con ello cambios en las estructuras de poder, a la vez que sobresalen nuevos actores. Se trata de las potencias líderes regionales, cuya posición está dada frente a los recursos materiales e ideológicos que éstas poseen, en relación a otros, bien sea con potencias hómologas o frente a potencias secundarias (países con menor capacidad y socios en la integración). En este sentido, los Estados suramericanos han decidido apostarle a la integración de América del Sur; con el propósito de crear una verdadera identidad sin estimar, por un lado la influencia directa del país hegemón - los Estados Unidos, y por otro, desarrollar de manera participativa y consecuada el establecimiento de las bases que consoliden a Suramericana en el campo cultural, social, político, económico, infraestructural y energético. Bajo este último, la integración sectorial ha sido una estrategia de gobernanza, por cuanto se destacan importantes avances en cada una de ellas, siendo estos los pilares de la suramericanización. Es así, como el regionalismo suramericano intenta explicar el proceso que se viene adelando para el cumplimiento de este propósito, además, caracteriza a Brasil como esa potencia regional que asume el liderazgo. Por lo anterior, se desea conocer ¿cuál es la participación de Brasil, como potencia líder regional, en la construcción de la integración energética en Suramérica desde un enfoque de gobernanza multinivel? Entendiendo este concepto como la apertura a nuevos dinámicas de interrelación, redes regionales, pluralidad de actores y demás aspectos que en este marco se encuentran; sumado el hecho, de que los países suramericanos cuentan con recursos materiales, específicamente en el campo energético, que no solamente le garantizan un consumo interno, también proveen de seguridad energética a otros Estados que no son necesatiamente sus vecinos. En otras palabras garantizan el suministro de un bien público. ; The leading role they have acquired some states in the International System has allowed rethink the ways in which countries are relating, thereby generating changes in the structures of power, while new players stand. It is the regional leading powers, whose position is given with regard to material and ideological resources they possess in relation to others, either with homologous powers or against secondary powers (countries with less capacity and partners in the integration). In this regard, the South American States have decided to bet on the integration of South America; in order to create a real identity without estimating the one hand the direct influence of the hegemon country - the United States, and secondly, to develop participating and accord establishing bases to consolidate South America in the field of culture, social political, economic, infrastructure and energy. Under the latter, sectorial integration has been a strategy of governance, because highlights important developments in each of them, which are the pillars of "suramericanization". Thus, as the South American regionalism attempts to explain the process that has been started to fulfill this purpose, further characterized Brazil as a regional power that takes the lead. Therefore, want to know what is the participation of Brazil as a regional leader power in the construction of energy integration in South America from the perspective of multilevel governance? Understanding this concept as the opening of new dynamic interrelation, regional networks, plurality of actors and other aspects in this context are; plus the fact that the South American countries have material resources, specifically in the energy field, which not only guarantee a domestic consumption also provide energy security to other States not only its neighbors. In other words ensure the supply of a public good.

В условиях глобализации происходит быстрый рост глобальных компаний, усиливающих свое влияние на контрагентов и экономическую политику. Выявление специфики функционирования и механизмов влияния глобальных компаний является базой для выработки решений по повышению конкурентоспособности крупнейших отечественных компаний и возрастания роли России в мировой экономике. В статье рассмотрены особенности функционирования глобальных продовольственных компаний как разновидности глобальных компаний, которые резко усилили свое влияние на развитие мировой экономики в последние два десятилетия; раскрыты механизмы влияния глобальных компаний стран Центра на экономическое пространство, основанные как на экономических, так на внеэкономических методах. Сквозь призму эволюции ТНК, функционирующих на продовольственных рынках, рассмотрено расширение сферы их влияния от первоначального контроля над перепродажей определенных продуктов до жесткого доминирования в создаваемых данными компаниями глобальных цепочках добавленной стоимости. Приводятся данные рейтинга Fortune Global 500 за 2014 г., иллюстрирующие масштабы глобальных продовольственных компаний по объемам их продаж и получаемой прибыли; масштабы слияний и поглощений в пищевой промышленности за 2007-2013 гг.; оценивается воздействие данных процессов на развитие глобальных продовольственных компаний. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам проникновения и функционирования на российских продовольственных рынках глобальных продовольственных компаний, которые как контролируют многие традиционно российские бренды, так и продвигают новые. В работе анализируются позитивные и негативные последствия воздействия глобальных продовольственных компаний на компании из развивающихся стран и страны в целом, а также довольно слабые попытки регулирующего воздействия на эти компании со стороны международных организаций, в частности Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации ООН. В статье поднимается актуальная в наши дни проблема экономических санкций в условиях обострения политических отношений между США, странами Евросоюза и Россий, коснувшихся ряда продовольственных товаров. ; In the conditions of globalization the global companies rapidly grow strengthening their influence on the counterparties and economic policy. The detection of specificfunctioning and mechanisms of the global companies' influence is the basis for the decision-making on increasing competitiveness of the largest domestic companies and the role ofRussiain the world economy. The article considers the features of the functioning of the global food companies as varieties of the global companies which have abruptly strengthened their influence on the development of the world economy in the last two decades. The mechanisms of the Central countries' global companiesinfluence on economic space based on both economic and non-economic methods are revealed. The expansion of the multinational corporation influence from initial control over certain product resale to hard domination in the global value-added chains created by these companies is considered through the evolution prism of the multinational corporation functioning in the food markets. The data of Fortune Global 500 2014 illustrating the scales of the global food companies as to sales volume and profit and the merges' scales for 2007-2013 in the food industry are given; the impact of these processes on development of the global food companies is estimated. The special attention is given to questions of penetration and functioning of the global food companies in the Russian food markets which both control many traditionally Russian brands and promote new brands. In the article positive and negative consequences of the impact of the global food companies on the companies from developing countries and the country in general, and also quite feeble attempts of the regulating impact on these companies from the international organizations, in particular, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations are analyzed. In the article the actual problem of the economic sanctions under the conditions of aggravation of the political relations between the USA, the EU countries and Russia, concerning a number of food products is risen

In 1990, Australian governments embarked upon a radical policy experiment to create an 'open training market', comprising public Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and private providers. The idea that vocational education and training could be traded in a marketplace, with provision subject to market forces and competition between public and private providers, was unthinkable for most at the time. Underwritten by government, TAFE had been the dominant post-school provider of trade and technical training, and 'second chance' education for disadvantaged groups since the early 1970s. From the early 1990s, however, vocational education and training was progressively redesigned within a market framework, and TAFE institutes have since been required to compete with private providers for government funding on a more 'level playing field'. Justified by policy makers solely on the basis of economic theory, the construction of an 'open training market' has proceeded in the absence of any evidential support, and on the untested assumption that market-based competition produces better outcomes than government planning and coordination. Despite the unprecedented nature and potential implications of marketisation, 'So far the great change in education has been undertheorised and under-investigated' (Marginson 1999, p.229), not least in relation to vocational education and training. To rectify the knowledge deficit and promote informed policy debate, this thesis investigates and evaluates the impact and outcomes of market reforms in vocational education and training from a national perspective. The conceptual and evaluation framework for the thesis integrates the theory of 'quasi-markets' (Le Grand and Bartlett 1993) with insights and resources from the fields of political economy and the sociology of education policy. The thesis comprises a review of local and international literature on market reform in the public sector, particularly vocational education and training; an examination of the Australian policy, financial and regulatory framework for vocational education and training markets; an analysis of national data on student participation and finances; an investigation of the structure, composition and dynamics of the quasi-market for vocational education and training; and an evaluation of the operation and effects of market reform, with special emphasis on the two main market mechanisms of competitive tendering and 'user choice'. The thesis employs a quantitative research methodology, and the main data collection instrument is a survey administered to a stratified sample of 2,581 public and private providers across Australia. The findings indicate that market reform in vocational education and training has produced mixed outcomes. Client choice, provider flexibility, and responsiveness to employers and private fee-paying clients have increased. But efficiency gains are questionable and the quality of educational provision, responsiveness to publicly subsidised students, and access and equity for disadvantaged groups appear to have declined. On balance, the costs appear to outweigh the benefits of market reform. The research also finds that, as a result of marketisation, TAFE and private providers are trading places with respect to organisational identity, values, priorities and income sources, with private providers becoming more dependent on government funds and TAFE institutes less so. Overall, the research casts doubt on the efficacy and desirability of markets in vocational education and training, and raises questions about their potentially adverse consequences from a public interest perspective. Policy alternatives are discussed, and areas for further research are proposed. The thesis concludes by arguing the need for a more creative and judicious mix of state planning and market forces; one that serves the needs and interests of all stakeholders and preserves the distinctive character and mission of the public TAFE sector. However in the wake of more recent market reforms, as discussed in the epilogue to the thesis, TAFE's market share and financial base have shrunk to the point where its future viability is now in question.

Актуальность и цели. Инвестиционный климат выступает ключевым фактором, определяющим тенденции развития инвестиционной деятельности как в экономике страны в целом, так и в нефтяной отрасли в частности. В соответствии с различными международными системами оценок инвестиционный климат России признается неблагоприятным, поэтому высокую важность представляет цель исследования выделить его ключевые составляющие, снижающие инвестиционную привлекательность экономических субъектов страны, определить возможности реализации собственной стратегии предприятий, направленной на повышение своей инвестиционной привлекательности. Материалы и методы. В основу исследования легли статистические данные по отрасли, подготовленные Росстатом, методика оценки инвестиционного климата Всемирного экономического форума, опросы и маркетинговые исследования, проводившиеся крупнейшими кредитными институтами страны, а также публично доступные программы компаний нефтяной отрасли по реализации стратегических инициатив. Статистико-экономический метод исследования на ряду с аналитическим подходом позволил отследить динамику изменений, происходящих в отрасли под влиянием наблюдаемых улучшений в инвестиционном климате, сделать прогнозы касательно перспектив развития инвестиционного процесса в будущем. Результаты. В статье рассмотрены наиболее важные характеристики инвестиционного климата России, его перспективы, определены его роль в формировании государственной инвестиционной стратегии и влияние на инвестиционное поведение субъектов отечественной и зарубежной экономики. Проанализирована зависимость между текущим положением экономики России и ее инвестиционным климатом. Определены пути самостоятельного повышения предприятиями нефтяной отрасли собственной инвестиционной привлекательности, изучен опыт привлечения инвестиций крупнейшими предприятиями отрасли в стране, а также проанализированы государственные инициативы, реализующиеся в рамках проводимой инвестиционной политики. Выводы. Изучение вопроса о роли инвестиционного климата в развитии нефтяной отрасли России позволило прийти к выводу, что российским нефтяным предприятиям крайне важно строить собственную политику реализации инвестиционной стратегии, позволяющую повысить собственную инвестиционную привлекательность путем повышения открытости, публичности, прозрачности ведения сделок, совершенствования кадрового резерва в условиях малоблагоприятного инвестиционного климата, воздействовать на который под силу скорее государству, нежели частным субъектам экономики. ; Background. The investment climate is a key factor determining trends in the development of investment activity in the economy as a whole, and in the oil industry in particular. In accordance with various international systems evaluations, the investment climate in Russia is recognized as a negative one that stipulates high importance of the study's objective to highlight the key components reducing the investment attractiveness of the country's economic subjects, to determine the feasibi­lity of private enterprise strategy aimed at increasing its investment attractiveness. Materials and methods. The study is based on industry statistics prepared by the State Statistics Service, the investment climate assessment methodology of the World Economic Forum, surveys and marketing studies conducted by major lending institutions in the Russian Federation, as well as publicly available oil companies' programmes for the strategic initiatives implementation. The statistical and econo­mic research method along with the analytical approach allowed to track the dyna­mics of changes in the industry under the influence of the observed improvements in the investment climate, to make predictions regarding the prospects of the investment process in the future. Results. The article deals with the most important characteristics of the investment climate in Russia, its outlook. The authors determined its role in government investment strategy forming and its impact on investment behavior of subjects of national and foreign economies. Relations between the current situation in the Russian economy and its investment climate were analyzed. The authrors defined the ways of oil-entrprises' self-support of the investment attractiveness, studied the experience of the largest Russian oil companies in investment attracting, as well as analyzed the government initiatives realized in the framework of the investment policy. Conclusions. The study of the investment climate's role in the Russian oil industry development led to a conclusion that Russian oil companies are imperative to build their own implementation of the investment policy strategy for making their own investment attractiveness by increasing transparency, publicity, credibility in transactions, improving personnel reserve under the negative investment climate, which can be affected rather by the state, than by private economic entities.

Задача - выявить особенности применения медиации к спорам, возникающим из семейных правоотношений. Методология - в процессе исследования автор использовал метод сравнительно-правового анализа, метод системного анализа, буквальное толкование. Использование данных методов позволяет комплексно охватить проблемы, составляющие предмет данного исследования и верно истолковать волю законодателя по рассматриваемым вопросам. Выводы - Большинство семейных споров могут разрешаться посредством медиации. Учитывая, что в семейных конфликтах затронуты интересы детей, медиатор должен их учитывать в полной мере. В тоже время некоторые семейные споры требуют решения суда - это зависит от обстоятельств дела, сути спора и требований закона. По мнению автора, нет необходимости в принятии специального акта о медиации в семейных спорах, как это имеет место быть в ряде зарубежных государств. Однако, действующий Закон о медиации должен предусматривать не только возможность применения медиации, но и особенности ее применения в семейных правоотношениях. Рамки исследования/возможность последующего использования результатов научной работы (если применимо) - основные выводы данной работы опираются на анализ ныне действующего российского и зарубежного законодательства, что создает теоретическую основу для дальнейшего изучения данного института. Практическое значение - результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы в практической работе судей, адвокатов, преподавателей юридических дисциплин, медиаторов. Социальные последствия - применение медиации в семейных спорах положительно влияет на атмосферу в семье, помогает избежать затянувшихся конфликтов и судебных разбирательств. Оригинальность/ценность - данная работа может быть полезна студентам и преподавателям юридических вузов, практикующим юристам, представителям бизнеса. Новизна работы обусловлена анализом зарубежного законодательства наряду с национальным. Статья подготовлена в рамках Плана научно-исследовательской деятельности Северо-Западного института (филиала) Университета имени О.Е.Кутафина (МГЮА) на 2014 год, тема НИР №2 «Правовой статус субъектов общественных отношений, регулируемых гражданско-правовыми отраслями». ; The task is to identify the features of mediation for disputes arising from family relationships. Methodology the research process the author used the method of comparative legal analysis, the method of system analysis, literal interpretation. The use of these methods allows us to comprehensively cover the issues that are the subject of this study and to correctly interpret the will of the legislator on issues. Conclusions the Majority of family disputes can be resolved through mediation. Given that family conflict affected children, the mediator must be taken into account fully. At the same time, some family disputes require a court decision it depends on the circumstances of the case, the merits of the dispute and the requirements of the law. According to the author, there is no need to adopt special act on mediation in family disputes, as this is the place to be in some foreign countries. However, the current Law on mediation should not only provide for the possibility of mediation, but also its application in family law. Research/future use of results of scientific work (if applicable) the main conclusions of this work are based on the analysis of the current Russian and foreign legislation that creates a theoretical basis for further study of this institution. The practical value of the results of this study can be used in the practical work of judges, lawyers, legal educators, mediators. Social implications the use of mediation in family disputes has a positive effect on the atmosphere in the family, helps to avoid protracted conflicts and litigation. Originality/value this work can be useful for students and law professors, practicing lawyers, representatives of business. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of international legislation as well as national. The article was prepared within the framework of the Plan of scientific-research activities of the North-West Institute (branch) of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL) for 2014, the theme of research №2 «The Legal status of subjects of social relations regulated by civil law industries».

В работе автор исследует роль этнических меньшинств Канады в формировании внутренней и внешней политики страны. Исследуется влияние англоканадского, франкоканадского и аборигенного населения на принятие решений в Канаде, выделены основные этнические лобби-группы и их организации. Основное внимание посвящено израильскому лобби, деятельность которого характеризуется самой большой активностью и эффективностью. Корме того, проанализирована деятельность арабской и китайской лобби-групп, а также исследован вес украинских канадцев, их роль в формировании политики Канады относительно Украины. ; The article is devoted to study of role of ethnic minorities in forming of Canada's domestic and foreign policy. Analysis of ethnic minorities in Canada is pressing issue in view of two main reasons. Firstly, ethnocultural mosaicity of Canadian society is one of the most distinctive characteristic of Canada. Secondly, at present Canada has one of the widest and most developed legal bases of lobbying in the world, considering its 25-years experience. Two the biggest ethnic groups historically has had significant influence on Canadian policy. They are French Canadians and British Canadians. Canadian relations with Francophonie and Latin America have been formed under the influence of French Canadians. British Canadians historically have lobbied for strategic partnership with Great Britain and cooperation within the scope of British Commonwealth. Besides these two peoples-founders, Canada has more than hundred different ethnic communities. As resulting from the policy of multiculturalism, hold in Canada since 1970s, the state has formed cultural environment, based on principle of cultural diversity, freedom of expression, tolerant attitude towards representatives of different culture. Organisations of Jewish, Italian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Polish, Chinese and other Canadians decide fate of elections in many electoral districts. In turn, it demands from power to take into consideration interests of different national groups. Organisations of ethnic communities do not limit its lobbying activity to domestic policy issues. They seek to protect interests of country of their origin. Jewish community is the most successful in this issue in Canada. Especially, this influence became evident during premiership of Stephen Harper, who in 2006 refused to neutral stance of Canada in Arab-Israeli conflict. Canada demonstrates its support of Israel on international arena, particularly in the U.N.O. Unconditional support of Israel was confirmed by Stephen Harper during his speech in Knesset in January, 2014. Success of Jewish lobby is in its homogeneity, coordinated activity of numerous organisations. By-turn, Arabian community is not notable for homogeneity. Although Arabian Canadians outnumber Jewish, their lobbying activity is less successful. Ukrainian lobby also plays significant role in Canadian policy. Ukrainian Canadians have numerous of different ethnic organisations, which lobby in favour of country of their origin. Support of Ukraine in political crisis, which started in 2013, is striking example of such influence. From the start of Euromaidan in Kiev Ukrainian Canadians were active supporters of this protest. The Ukrainian Canadian Congress launched initiative, called Euromaidan Canada, within the scope of which they held information campaign, round tables, conferences, etc. dedicated to the reasons of protest in Ukraine. At present Canadian government is one of the most active critic of Russian actions in Ukraine and Crimea. Canada imposed sanctions on 73 persons and 19 legal entities of Russia and grant financial aid to Ukraine in amount of200 million CAD. Aboriginal community also has influence on policy of the state. Organisations of Indians, Metises, Innuits lobby for embody of land and other rights in the laws, preservation of language and culture, etc. Such significant role of ethnic lobbies in life of the country is quit dangerous, as their activity directed on protection of interests of foreign government, which may not coincide with national interests of state of abode. But in the other hand, institute of ethnic lobbyism may be considered as specific reinforcement and counterbalance system, multidirectional strategy of these lobbies ensures pluralism in decision-making process.

Until early 1980s, the main aim of the existing system for the management in the state of emergency was the Continuity of Government (CoG). A few years later a new program of Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM), which was conceptually clearer and wider, was adopted. This program indicated that government and the state had reoriented their relation to different dangerous situations which may endanger the civilians and the entire society. In the theoretical and practical sense, a different course was taken with respect to natural, industrial and other dangers. The lack of the precise formulation of the role of each subject in the comprehensive emergency management demanded the definition of the new program. This was the reason for the greatest number of states to determine a more precise and original model of the Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS). This program should put the emphasis on the civil readiness of the state, in regard to all potential risks and threats, but at the same time it should have ensure that the states subjects at each level achieve the integrated cooperation in the sense of the coordination regardless of the danger in question. Bearing in mind In regard to the changed security environment, and the efforts which the national states were making to create the integrated response to the states of emergency, the EU has developed a large number of instruments to make an integrated response to the emergency situations. The establishment of European Emergency Response Capacity on the basis of the property of the member states and the development of the European Emergency Response Centre (EERC) were proposed as the base of the response strategy in emergency situations. The main component in the integrated security sector and the management of the states of emergency in Bulgaria is the command and control system C-2. The crucial element is the integration of the horizontal and vertical services on the national, regional and international levels and the factor which shows their mutual functioning and networking. ; Sve do ranih osamdesetih godina dvadesetog veka glavni cilj postojećeg sistema za upravljanje u vanrednim situacijama bio je kontinuitet funkcionisanja državnih organa (Continuity of Government - CoG). Kao konceptualno jasniji i širi program, nekoliko godina kasnije usvojen je novi program sveobuhvatnog upravljanja vanrednim situacijama (Comprehensive Emergency Management - CEM). Ovaj program je označio preorijentaciju u odnosu vlade i države prema različitim opasnostima koje mogu da ugroze građane i društvo u celini. U teorijskom i praktičnom smislu definisano je drugačije usmerenje prema prirodnim, industrijskim i drugim opasnostima. Nedostatak precizne formulacije koja je uloga svih subjekata u sveobuhvatnom upravljanju vanrednim situacijama zahtevao je definisanje novog programa. Većina država se iz tih razloga opredelila za precizniji i originalniji model integrisanog upravlja- nja vanrednim situacijama (Integrated Emergency Management System - IEMS). Ovaj program je trebalo da stavi naglasak na civilnu pripravnost države u odnosu na sve potencijalne rizike i pretnje, ali da istovremeno obezbedi da različiti nivoi i subjekti u državi ostvare integrisanu saradnju u pogledu koordinacije u svim vrstama opasnosti. Imajući u vidu promenjeno bezbednosno okruženje i napore nacionalnih država u kreiranju integrisanog odgovora na vanredne sitaucije, EU je razvila niz instrumenata za integrisani odgovor na vanredne situacije. Stvaranje Evropskog kapaciteta za odgovor u katastrofama (European Emergency Response Capacity) na temelju imovine država članica, kao i razvoj Evropskog centra za odgovor u katastrofama (European Emergency Response Centre - EERC) predloženi su kao osnov strategije odgovora na vanredne situacije. Ključna komponenta u integrisanom sektoru bezbednosti i upravljanju vanrednim situacijama u Bugarskoj jeste komandni i kontrolni sistem (Command and control system C-2). To je suštinski element horizontalne i vertikalne integracije službi na nacionalnom, regionalnom i međunarodnom nivou, i faktor koji pokazuje njihovu međusobnu operativnost i umreženost.

The thesis focuses on history textbooks in the contemporary Anglophone Cameroon and aims at studying what kind of history consciousness and national identity is promoted in the textbooks. History is essential for the forming of national identity. School textbooks reveal officially recognised historical truths in a country, and therefore provide a fruitful source for studies on historical consciousness and national identity. Eurocentrism and western traditions of historiography are essential to take into account in the African context. Also in Cameroon, the schooling was originally established by colonial regimes and aimed at colonizing the mind of the natives. Colonial heritage has shaped the history writing in the African context until the present day and has its effects also on the analysed Cameroonian textbooks. The production of a nationally distinguished publishing house Anucam Educational Books (ANUCAM) was chosen, because of the vast potential that lays in the national publishing industry in African countries, including in Cameroon. The levels of education covered primary (classes 4–6) and lower secondary education (forms 1–5) where the enrolment rates are higher than in the upper secondary education. The historical consciousness is likely to have a more significant basis in these levels of education. Both quantitative (space analysis) and qualitative content analysis (imagology) were used in analyzing the textbooks. I first sketched quantitative tables on the geographical division of the textbook contents into world history, regional history (history of Africa and Europe) and the national history (history of Cameroon). The majority of contents discusses national history (32 %) and the history of Africa (32 %). With a share of 15 %, the history of Europe has a significant role in the textbooks. As regards the timely periods, the contemporary history is almost totally absent. For example, the past 30 years of the history of Cameroon, hence the period under the rule of president Paul Biya, is covered with only 5 %. In the qualitative analysis it will be examined, how the "self" and the "nation" are perceived in the textbooks In examining the image provided of the "self", the narratives examined are: the origins of Cameroon and the Cameroonians, the "exterior self" and the relation of the "self" with the Western civilisation. The entire formation of Cameroon is seen as a European creation, terminology stemming from the colonial interpretations, is used in descriptions on the Cameroonians and the image of the Western civilisation is loaded with positive connotations of development. In examining the image of the "nation", the narratives were linked with the state-produced discourse of "national unity". The process of becoming independent was examined as well as images of leading historical figures and the presidents of Cameroon. Achieving independence appears as a destined historical thread in the textbooks. Leading historical figures are represented necessary for the national unity, which again is seen central for the prosperity of civilisations. Mostly without any criticism or analytical reflection, the presidents are presented as creators of this national unity in Cameroon. Taking into account the central role of history in the forming of national identity, it seems surprising that textbook content analyses in the African context are largely absent. When aiming at improving the quality of education, it is not enough to focus on increasing the access to textbooks. As the international discourse on educational development goals Post-2015 is increasingly tuned to learning, more attention should be paid also to the quality of learning materials. Textbook content analysis can support national efforts of improving the quality of learning materials — an objective explicitly expressed also by the government of Cameroon in its educational policy lines.

YÖK Tez No: 344586 ; Küreselleşme, son yıllarda dünyada yaşanan değişim ve dönüşümlerin temel hatlarını belirleyen kavram olarak etkisini birçok alanda hissettirmektedir. Küreselleşmenin tanımı ve kavramsal çerçevesinde bir fikir birliği olmasa da, farklı disiplinlerce farklı şekilde tanımlanan bir süreç olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ekonomik, teknolojik, siyasi, ekolojik, sosyo-kültürel alanlarda çeşitli değişim ve dönüşümlerin yaşanmasına sebep olan küreselleşme olgusu, yerel yönetimleri de etkilemektedir. Küreselleşme süreci ile birlikte yerel yönetimlerin örgütlenme yapısında, hizmet sunum yöntemlerinde, katılımcı mekanizmalarda, mali yapısında, sorumluluk ve hesap verebilirlik anlayışında değişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Küreselleşmenin demokratikleşme eğilimlerinin güç kazanması ve yerel demokrasinin vurgulanması yönünde yerel yönetimleri etkilemesi neticesinde, Yerel Gündem 21 Programı ile gündeme taşınan kent konseyleri de çalışmada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, küreselleşmenin yerelde ve yerel yönetimlerde sebep olduğu değişim ve dönüşüm anlatılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde ?küreselleşme?, ?yerelleşme? ve ?yerel yönetim? kavramlarına ilişkin olarak teorik ve kavramsal bir çerçeve ortaya konulmuştur. Küreselleşmenin ekonomik, teknolojik, siyasal ve sosyo-kültürel boyutları ele alınmış ve küreselleşme ile yerelleşme kavramına yönelik farklı yaklaşımlar ele alınmıştır. Tezin ikinci bölümünde küreselleşme sürecinde yerel yönetimlerin yapısal ve işlevsel dönüşümünü etkileyen yeni eğilimler incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde; küreselleşmenin ulus devlet üzerindeki etkilerine ve bununla birlikte, yerel yönetimlere olan yansımalarına değinilmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde, küreselleşme sürecindeki uluslararası yapılanmalar ve bu yapılanmaların Türkiye?deki yerel yönetimlere yansımaları incelenmiştir. Tezin dördüncü bölümünde; küreselleşme sürecinde yerel yönetimlerde oluşan yeni eğilimler çalışılmakta, Yerel Gündem 21, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve kent konseylerinden bahsedilmektedir. Tezin beşinci ve son bölümünde, küreselleşme sürecinde yerel demokrasi ve kent konseyleri bağlantısı incelenmiştir. ; Globalization, as the concept of basic outlining of changes and transformations in the world in recent years, has a noticeable impact in many areas. Though there isn?t a consensus about the definition and conceptual framework of globalization, it is assumed that is a defined process in different ways by different disciplines. The phenomenon of globalization is a cause of various changes and transformations in economic, technological, political, ecological, and socio-cultural areas and affects to the local governments. The changes about local governments have emerged as well as the organization structure of its and the methods of service delivery, participatory mechanisms, financial structure, the understanding of responsibility and accountability. Globalization affected to the local governments by the way of local democracy. As a result of carrying the agenda of the Local Agenda 21 Program, city councils are located in the study. The changes and transformations which caused by the globalization are explained in this study. In this context, the study consists of five sections. The theoretical and conceptual framework of ?globalization?, ?localization? and ?local government? put forward in the first section. The economic, technological, political, and socio-cultural dimensions of globalization are discussed and put forward different approaches to the concept of globalization and decentralization. In the second part of thesis, the new trends are examined which affected the structural and functional transformation of local governments during globalization process. The effects of globalization on the nation state, and with it, the reflections of local governments are mentioned in this section. The international structures during the process of globalization and the reflections of these structures to the local governments in Turkey are examined in third part of thesis. The new trends in local governments during the process of globalization have studied and the Local Agenda 21, sustainable development and city councils have mentioned in fourt section of the study. The relation between city councils and local democracy during the process of globalization is focused on the fifth and final part of the thesis.