Für weitere Informationen zur Variablenliste siehe die Dokumentation (Codebook) des CSES Module 1-3 Harmonized Trend File. Informationen zum Inhalt können den Studiennummern ZA5179 CSES Module 1 Full Release, ZA5180 CSES Module 2 Full Release, und ZA5181 CSES Module 3 Full Release entnommen werden.
For over 20 years, the partnership between the European Union and the Council of Europe in the field of youth (hereinafter EU–Council of Europe youth partnership) has been gathering, analysing and disseminating knowledge for better youth policy and practice. It functions as a "think tank" and a laboratory, gathering and producing knowledge, translating it for its effective use in youth policy and practice, developing and testing new approaches and considering traditional themes and innovative trends. The EU–Council of Europe youth partnership has supported knowledge-based youth policy development in a variety of ways, including by organising thematic events and training on youth policy, publishing the Youth policy manual, a youth knowledge book on cross-sectoral youth policy, and "Youth policy essentials", as well as by organising the massive open online course (MOOC) on youth policy and other activities focused on the same theme. The EU–Council of Europe youth partnership collects, analyses and publishes information on the conditions of young people and on youth policy and practice in the European Knowledge Centre for Youth Policy (EKCYP), supported by a network of EKCYP correspondents and the Pool of European Youth Researchers (PEYR). Yet little is known in Europe about the national realities of youth policy monitoring and evaluation. Based on the principle of promoting knowledge-based youth policy and taking into account the benefits of youth policy evaluation, this review aims at supporting those involved at diverse levels in evaluating youth policy design and implementation, in order to enhance youth policy's relevance, effectiveness and impact. The 2018 Annual Meeting of EKCYP correspondents undertook a first reflection on approaches to youth policy evaluation based on case studies at country level. The conclusions of that reflection were that youth policy evaluation is very complex – it involves a variety of stakeholders, each with their own perspectives on the purpose of such exercises – and there is little knowledge of how it takes place at country level. DefinitionsPage 6 ► Youth policy evaluation review In 2019, EKCYP correspondents pursued this objective of gathering knowledge on how youth policy evaluation takes place and analysing how it can better support youth policy and practice. This review is the first result of that process. This study provides an overview of youth policy evaluation at national level, including a selection of nine national and two European level case studies to help the readers better understand different approaches, methods and aspects of youth policy evaluation. The mid-term evaluation of the current EU Youth Strategy and the series of international reviews of national youth policies undertaken by the Council of Europe are integrated into Chapter 4, which presents case studies for several countries, highlighting the added value of international initiatives in the field. It concludes with a section explaining concepts, theoretical approaches and methods of policy evaluation, as well as with a practical checklist. Monitoring and evaluation of public policies, including youth policy, contribute to ensuring accountability as they offer the information needed to understand how each policy is planned and implemented and allow the sharing of different perspectives on the same policies, thus helping to understanding the resulting benefits, shortcomings and even losses. Monitoring and evaluation of polices also support the dialogue held during policy formulation and implementation and contribute to legitimating policies by allowing public participation, including youth participation. Therefore, monitoring and evaluation support the development of knowledge-based youth policy and interinstitutional and public communication. They support the dissemination of the learning outcomes, results and impact of youth policy. All these benefits of monitoring and evaluation of youth policies are important reasons for learning more about how youth policy evaluation is conducted in Europe. The needs of young people are evolving even faster than the context of public policies. The learning outcomes of monitoring and evaluation of youth policy are extremely valuable to support decision makers in amending and adapting youth and all policy targeting young people to better answer those changing needs. This review pays special attention to impact evaluation because it contributes to the accountability, learning and communication of youth policy, offering policy makers, stakeholders and young people information on the meaningful and lasting (short- or long-term) change generated by youth policy. Impact evaluation informs about the results achieved by the policy, which is relevant when planning new policies, so as to ensure their future impact, and provides data to decision makers when planning budgets. The horizontal, trans-sectoral nature of the youth policy and the numerous correlations needed with other sectoral policies, such as education, social inclusion, employment, health, sport and housing, should also be kept in mind. In this context, monitoring and evaluation are needed to increase the accountability of each institution and stakeholder involved and they allow the promotion of specific results in the field of youth to all relevant policy makers. Participation of young people in the policy process is an important principle in the youth field and the review also takes into consideration participation in evaluation. The participation of policy beneficiaries in the policy process, including its monitoring Introduction ► Page 7 and evaluation, is very important for each sectoral policy in a democratic society. By participating in youth policy evaluation, young people learn to exercise active citizenship. This is an investment that they take with them as they make the transition to informed, active and involved adults. The review includes the result of a survey conducted among the EKCYP and PEYR on the evaluation of national youth policy across Europe, followed by expert discussions in June 2019 and November 2019. The publication presents several good practices of concrete ways youth policy or elements of youth policy are evaluated throughout Europe. Definitions are presented at the beginning to clarify the meaning of the most important concepts used. A final section of the review presents the conceptual framework underlining the idea of knowledge-based policy and provides short presentations of the main theoretical and conceptual approaches in policy evaluation, when they can be used and for what purpose, as well as what advantages and challenges each of those perspectives entail. This review concludes with a practical checklist on youth policy evaluation. The checklist and the whole content of this review should be seen as a complementary resource and not as prescriptive methodology for youth policy evaluation initiatives.
A key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research. ; ENIGMA MDD work is supported by NIH grants U54 EB020403 (Thompson), R01 MH116147 (Thompson), and R01 MH117601 (Jahanshad & Schmaal). LS was supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (1140764). AFFDIS cohort: this study was funded by the University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG Startfoerderung) and the research team is supported by German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01 ZX 1507, "PreNeSt - e:Med"). Barcelona cohort: MJP is funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government and by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through a 'Miguel Servet' research contract (CP16–0020); National Research Plan (Plan Estatal de I + D + I 2016–2019); and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). BRC DeCC cohort: CHYF is supported by NIHR BRC. Calgary cohort: supported by Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Branch Out Neurological Foundation. Cardiff cohort: supported by the Medical Research Council (grant G 1100629) and the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH), funded by Health Research Wales (HS/14/20). CLING cohort: this study was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via grants to OG (GR1950/5–1 and GR1950/10–1). CODE cohort: Henrik Walter is supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WA 1539/4–1). The CODE cohort was collected from studies funded by Lundbeck and the German Research Foundation (WA 1539/4–1, SCHN 1205/3–1, SCHR443/11–1). DIP-Groningen cohort: this study was supported by the Gratama Foundation, the Netherlands (2012/35 to NG). Edinburgh cohort: The research leading to these results was supported by IMAGEMEND, which received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 602450. This paper reflects only the author's views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. This work was also supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award 104036/Z/14/Z. FOR2107-Marburg cohort: funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 KR 3822/7–2 to AK; FOR2107 KI 588/14–2 to TK and FOR2107 JA 1890/7–2 to AJ). Houston cohorts: supported in part by NIMH grant R01 085667 and the Dunn Research Foundation. JCS is supported by the Pat Rutherford, Jr. Endowed Chair in Psychiatry. IMH Study cohort: supported by funding from NHG (SIG/15012) and NMRC CISSP (2018). Melbourne cohort: funded by National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Project Grants 1064643 (Principal Investigator BJH) and 1024570 (Principal Investigator CGD). Minnesota cohort: the study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH090421; Dr. Cullen) and Biotechnology Research Center (P41 RR008079; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research), the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, the University of Minnesota Graduate School, and the Minnesota Medical Foundation. This work was carried out in part using computing resources at the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. Münster cohort: funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 DA1151/5–1 and DA1151/5–2 to UD; SFB-TRR58, Projects C09 and Z02 to UD) and the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the medical faculty of Münster (grant Dan3/012/17 to UD). NESDA cohort: The infrastructure for the NESDA study (www.nesda.nl) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Zon-Mw, grant number 10–000–1002) and is supported by participating universities (VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Leiden University Medical Center, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen) and mental health care organizations, see www.nesda.nl. Pharmo cohort: supported by ERA-NET PRIOMEDCHILD FP 6 (EU) grant 11.32050.26. PSYABM-NORMENT: supported by the Research Council of Norway (project number 229135). The South East Norway Health Authority Research Funding (project number 2015052). The Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. San Francisco cohort: supported by NIH/NCCIH 1R61AT009864–01A1. NIMH R01MH085734. SHIP and SHIP-trend cohorts: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP-TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Stanford cohorts: this work was supported by NIH grant R37 MH101495. The BiDirect Study was supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grants FKZ-01ER0816 and FKZ-01ER1506). MDS is partially supported by an award funded by the Phyllis and Jerome Lyle Rappaport Foundation. TCH is supported by NIMH grant 5K01MH117442. EJWVS, JL, and TFB are supported by European Research Council grant no. ERC-ADG-2014–671084 INSOMNIA. TFB is supported by a VU University Amsterdam University Research Fellowship 2016–2017. JL is supported by a VU University Amsterdam University Research Fellowship 2017–2018. ; publishedVersion
Način funkcioniranja i prilagodba nacionalnog sustava upravljanja i provedbe instrumenata kohezijske (u nastavku: regionalne) politike Europske unije (u nastavku: EU) te, posljedično, učinkovitost toga sustava, ima presudan utjecaj na dinamiku i svrsishodnost povlačenja sredstava fondova regionalne politike EU. Uzimajući u obzir aktualnost te teme uslijed završetka proračunskog razdoblja EU, 2014. - 2020. i perspektivu novog proračunskog razdoblja EU (2021. - 2027.), doktorska disertacija izdiže se iznad vremenskih ograničenja proračunskih razdoblja jer analizira problematiku korištenja sredstava regionalne politike EU u kontekstu znanstvenog doprinosa predlaganju modela institucionalnog okruženja sustava upravljanja instrumentima (fondovima) regionalne politike EU u Hrvatskoj. U tom kontekstu, jedan od najvećih problema i izazova je činjenica da je Hrvatska zadnja država koja je postala članica EU te istovremeno i jedina koja koristi fondove regionalne politike EU samo jednu proračunsku perspektivu. Stoga je i dodatni izazov prikupiti dostatne empirijske i ekonometrijske spoznaje o funkcioniranju sustava upravljanja fondovima regionalne politike u odabranim državama EU, a da bi zaključci bili primjenjivi na Hrvatsku. Posebna pozornost posvećena je prikazu sustava upravljanja fondovima regionalne politike EU u državama sličnih usporednih karakteristika kao i Hrvatska, putem empirijskih spoznaja i zakonitosti, suvremenih pristupa i teorija koje pridonose rješavanju aktualnih, kompleksnih, teorijskih i praktičnih problema, a koji do sada nisu dovoljno istraženi niti prisutni u nacionalnom istraživačkom području. Rezultati organizacijske analize te analize učinkovitosti sustava upravljanja fondovima EU u odabranim državama u fokusu je istraživanja provedenog u okviru ove doktorske disertacije. Znanstveno istraživanje temelj je za davanje smjernica pri definiranju optimalnog modela sustava upravljanja fondovima regionalne politike EU u Hrvatskoj koji, do trenutka izrade doktorske disertacije, zbog svoje nedovoljne učinkovitosti, kompleksnosti sustava donošenja odluka i svojevrsne "isprepletenosti" institucija u procesu pripreme i implementacije, negativno utječe na maksimiziranje iskorištavanja sredstava fondova regionalne politike EU. Kako bi se iz postojećih sustava upravljanja odabranih država EU empirijski mogli utvrditi ključni institucionalni čimbenici apsorpcije fondova EU, uzimaju se u obzir postojeći sustavi upravljanja. Znanstvenim istraživanjem i komparativnom analizom sustava upravljanja fondovima regionalne politike EU u devet država središnje i istočne Europe te iskustvima funkcioniranja hrvatskog sustava, nastoji se formulirati optimalni okvir nacionalnog sustava upravljanja fondovima regionalne politike EU koji bi mogao omogućiti donošenje kvalitetnijih strateških odluka izvršnoj vlasti kako bi se isti, u što je moguće većoj mjeri, odrazio na gospodarski rast putem učinkovitosti korištenja sredstava fondova regionalne politike EU. Rezultati provedene ekonometrijske analize doprinose zaključcima koji potvrđuju da su primljene bespovratne pomoći EU dovele do povećanja gospodarskog razvoja država EU. Međutim, sama alokacija sredstava pomoći nije nužno dovela do povećanja kvalitete institucionalnog okvira te konkurentnosti analiziranih zemalja. Stoga se potvrđuje važnost uspostavljanja institucionalnog okvira upravljanja fondovima EU koji, ne samo da će dovesti do povećanja apsorpcije fondova EU, nego će unaprijediti opću djelotvornost javnog sektora te konkurentnost države. Stoga je, temeljem sustavnog i sveobuhvatnog znanstvenog istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji, predložen i argumentiran model institucionalnog sustava za upravljanje i provedbu instrumenata (fondova) regionalne politike EU u Hrvatskoj, a primjenjiv je u kratkom i dugom roku. ; The national system of management and implementation of the European Union (hereinafter: EU) cohesion (hereinafter: regional) policy, its manner of functioning, its adjustment and, consequently, the effectiveness of this system, has a decisive influence on the dynamics and expediency of drawing from EU regional policy funds. Considering the relevance of this topic due to the end of the European budgetary period 2014-2020, and the perspective of the new budgetary period (2021-2027), this doctoral thesis rises above the time limits of budget periods because it analyses the use of EU regional policy funds in the context of scientific contribution to a draft model of the institutional framework for managing EU regional policy instruments (funds) in Croatia. In this context, one of the biggest problems and challenges is the fact that Croatia was the last to become an EU member country and at the same time the only one that uses EU regional policy funds for only one budgetary period. Therefore, it is an additional challenge to gather enough empirical and econometric knowledge about the functioning of the EU regional policy funds management system in selected EU countries, for the conclusions to apply to Croatia. Special attention was paid to the presentation of the EU regional policy funds management systems in countries with similar characteristics comparative to Croatia, through empirical knowledge and laws, modern approaches and theories that contribute to solving current, complex, theoretical and practical problems, which have not been sufficiently researched or present in the national research area. The results of the organizational and efficiency analyses of the EU funds management system in selected countries are the focus of the research conducted within this doctoral thesis. Scientific research served as the basis for providing guidelines for defining the optimal model of the EU regional policy funds management system in Croatia, which, by the time of this analysis, due to its low efficiency, the complexity of the decision-making system and a kind of "intertwining" of institutions in the process of preparation and implementation, has failed to maximize the utilization of EU regional policy funds. To be able to empirically determine the key institutional factors for the EU funds absorption from the existing management systems of selected EU countries, the existing management systems are considered. Through scientific research and comparative analysis of the EU regional funds management system in nine Central and Eastern European countries, along with the experiences of the Croatian system, this paper aims to determine an optimal framework for a national EU regional policy fund management system that would enable the executive power to adopt better strategic decisions. The abovementioned framework should, to the greatest extent possible, stimulate economic growth through the efficient use of EU regional policy funds. The results of the conducted econometric analysis contribute to the conclusions confirming that the received EU grants have led to an increase in the economic development of EU countries. However, the allocation of funds alone did not necessarily lead to an increase in the quality of the institutional environment and the competitiveness of the countries analysed. Furthermore, it is confirmed that an institutional framework for the management of EU funds should be established, which will not only increase the absorption of EU funds but will also improve the overall efficiency of the public sector and the competitiveness of the state. Therefore, this doctoral thesis, based on systematic and comprehensive scientific research, proposes and asserts a model of an institutional system for management and implementation of instruments (funds) of EU regional policy in Croatia that is applicable in the short and long term.
Citation correct de ce document / Correct citation of this document: Aune, J.B. et al. (2020). L'intensification agricole au Mali et au Soudan à travers l'amélioration de la fertilité du sol et la mécanisation. In: N'Diaye, I. et al. (eds.) Adaptation de l'Agriculture et de l'Élevage au Changement Climatique au Mali: Résultats et leçons apprises au Sahel. Bamako, Mali: Institut d'Economie Rurale. pp. 87-105 ; Le livre complet est accessible sur le site internet suivant / The complete book can be accessed from the following link https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2687372 ; Résumé: Le semis mécanisé a été introduit en Afrique de l'Ouest dans les années 1920 et 1930 pour la culture de l'arachide et du coton. Des usines nationales de production de semoirs ont été établies au Sénégal telles que la Société Industrielle Sénégalaise de Construction de Matériels Agricoles et au Mali, la Société Malienne d'Équipements et de Construction de Matériels Agricoles. Cependant, ces usines qui étaient semipubliques n'ont pas pu résister aux conditions économiques et politiques difficiles des années 1980 et 1990. Les forgerons locaux ont dans une certaine mesure repris en charge l'entretien et la production de cet équipement. Dans ce document, les auteurs relatent les effets des techniques d'intensification sur l'amélioration de la productivité des cultures en zones semi-arides du Mali et du Soudan. Ces techniques portent sur le traitement des semences avec un fongicide/insecticide, le trempage des semences dans de l'eau et le microdosage de l'engrais minéral. Ce type d'intensification peut être décrit telles les marches d'un escalier. L'idée était de développer un ensemble de technologies simples et peu onéreuses qui s'emboîtent et se renforcent mutuellement pour augmenter la production agricole au niveau des exploitations sahéliennes. Au cours des 10 dernières années, la recherche a également inclus la mécanisation en combinaison avec ces technologies. En outre, il est montré comment les différentes technologies peuvent être combinées pour une plus grande productivité des terres et un allègement du travail. Il est aussi signalé les avantages en termes de rendement et d'économie de main-d'oeuvre dus à la mécanisation en combinaison avec le trempage et le traitement phytosanitaire des semences et le microdosage des engrais minéraux. Ces technologies assurent en plus, une densité optimale, une amélioration de la levée des cultures et une récolte plus précoce. La mécanisation motorisée semble être une option réalisable par les agriculteurs qui cultivent plus de 5 hectares. L'accès au crédit sera nécessaire pour une mise à échelle rapide de cette mécanisation. Les Organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) impliquées dans le processus de transfert de ces technologies ont été, entre autres, CARE International (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywere), Sasakawa Global 2000, ADRA (Agence Adventiste d'Aide et de Développement/Adventist Development Relief Agency), YAGTU (Association pour la Promotion de la Femme), AMAPROS (Association Malienne pour la Promotion du Sahel), ADAF/Gallè (Association pour le Développement des Activités de Production et de Formation), AFAD (Association de Formation et d'Appui au Développement) et CARE-Mali. Ces organisations ont reçu des fonds de l'USAID (Agence Américaine pour le Développement International), du Gouvernement Australien, du Fonds International pour le Développement Agricole (FIDA), de l'Union Européenne (UE), de l'ASDI (Agence Internationale pour le Développement International, Suède), du JIRCAS (Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences) et du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères du Royaume de Norvège. Les technologies de trempage, de microdosage et de mécanisation des semis ont été également recommandées par le Comité National de la Recherche Agricole au Mali. Au Soudan, ces technologies ont reçu une recommandation du Comité National de Recherche sur les Cultures. Cela donne aux technologies une crédibilité supplémentaire facilitant leur diffusion. ; Abstract: Mechanized seeding was introduced in West Africa in the 1920s and 1930s for groundnut and cotton production. National seeder factories have been established in Senegal such as Société Industrielle Sénégalaise de Construction de Matériels Agricoles and in Mali, Société Malienne d'Équipements et de Construction de Matériels Agricoles. However, these semi-public factories failed to withstand the adverse economic and political conditions of the 1980s and 1990s. Local blacksmiths have to some extent taken over the maintenance and production of this equipment. The authors report on the impacts of intensification techniques on improving crop productivity in the arid zones of Mali and Sudan. These techniques include seed treatment with fungicide/insecticide, seed priming and micro-dosing. This type of intensification can be described as ladder steps. The idea was to develop a set of simple and low-cost technologies that fit together and reinforce each other to increase agricultural production in Sahelian farms. Over the last 10 years, research has also included mechanization in combination with these technologies. In addition, the study shows how different technologies can be combined to improve land productivity and ensure labor saving. The benefits in terms of yield and labor laving of the introduction of mechanization, in combination with the priming and phytosanitary treatment of seeds, and the micro-dosing of mineral fertilizers, are also reported. These technologies also ensure optimal seeding, improved crop emergence and earlier harvesting. Motorized mechanization seems to be a feasible option for farmers who farm more than 5 hectares. Access to credit will be necessary to quickly scale up such mechanization. The Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in the transfer process of these technologies have been, among others, CARE International (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere), Sasakawa Global 2000, ADRA (Agence Adventiste d'Aide et de Développement/Adventist Development Relief Agency), YAGTU (Association pour la Promotion de la Femme), AMAPROS (Association Malienne pour la Promotion du Sahel), ADAF/Galle (Association pour le Développement des Activités de Production et de Formation), AFAD (Association de Formation et d'Appui au Développement) and CARE-Mali. These organizations have received funding from USAID (United States Agency for International Development), the Australian Government, IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development, the European Union (EU), SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency) (Sweden), JIRCAS (Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences) (Japan) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway. Seed priming, mineral fertilizer micro-dosing, seed treatment and seeding mechanization technologies were also recommended by the National Committee for Agricultural Research in Mali. In Sudan, these technologies have been recommended by the National Crops Research Committee. This gives the technologies additional credibility to facilitate their dissemination.
For over 20 years, the partnership between the European Union and the Council of Europe in the field of youth (hereinafter EU–Council of Europe youth partnership) has been gathering, analysing and disseminating knowledge for better youth policy and practice. It functions as a "think tank" and a laboratory, gathering and producing knowledge, translating it for its effective use in youth policy and practice, developing and testing new approaches and considering traditional themes and innovative trends. The EU–Council of Europe youth partnership has supported knowledge-based youth policy development in a variety of ways, including by organising thematic events and training on youth policy, publishing the Youth policy manual, a youth knowledge book on cross-sectoral youth policy, and "Youth policy essentials", as well as by organising the massive open online course (MOOC) on youth policy and other activities focused on the same theme. The EU–Council of Europe youth partnership collects, analyses and publishes information on the conditions of young people and on youth policy and practice in the European Knowledge Centre for Youth Policy (EKCYP), supported by a network of EKCYP correspondents and the Pool of European Youth Researchers (PEYR). Yet little is known in Europe about the national realities of youth policy monitoring and evaluation. Based on the principle of promoting knowledge-based youth policy and taking into account the benefits of youth policy evaluation, this review aims at supporting those involved at diverse levels in evaluating youth policy design and implementation, in order to enhance youth policy's relevance, effectiveness and impact. The 2018 Annual Meeting of EKCYP correspondents undertook a first reflection on approaches to youth policy evaluation based on case studies at country level. The conclusions of that reflection were that youth policy evaluation is very complex – it involves a variety of stakeholders, each with their own perspectives on the purpose of such exercises – and there is little knowledge of how it takes place at country level. DefinitionsPage 6 ► Youth policy evaluation review In 2019, EKCYP correspondents pursued this objective of gathering knowledge on how youth policy evaluation takes place and analysing how it can better support youth policy and practice. This review is the first result of that process. This study provides an overview of youth policy evaluation at national level, including a selection of nine national and two European level case studies to help the readers better understand different approaches, methods and aspects of youth policy evaluation. The mid-term evaluation of the current EU Youth Strategy and the series of international reviews of national youth policies undertaken by the Council of Europe are integrated into Chapter 4, which presents case studies for several countries, highlighting the added value of international initiatives in the field. It concludes with a section explaining concepts, theoretical approaches and methods of policy evaluation, as well as with a practical checklist. Monitoring and evaluation of public policies, including youth policy, contribute to ensuring accountability as they offer the information needed to understand how each policy is planned and implemented and allow the sharing of different perspectives on the same policies, thus helping to understanding the resulting benefits, shortcomings and even losses. Monitoring and evaluation of polices also support the dialogue held during policy formulation and implementation and contribute to legitimating policies by allowing public participation, including youth participation. Therefore, monitoring and evaluation support the development of knowledge-based youth policy and interinstitutional and public communication. They support the dissemination of the learning outcomes, results and impact of youth policy. All these benefits of monitoring and evaluation of youth policies are important reasons for learning more about how youth policy evaluation is conducted in Europe. The needs of young people are evolving even faster than the context of public policies. The learning outcomes of monitoring and evaluation of youth policy are extremely valuable to support decision makers in amending and adapting youth and all policy targeting young people to better answer those changing needs. This review pays special attention to impact evaluation because it contributes to the accountability, learning and communication of youth policy, offering policy makers, stakeholders and young people information on the meaningful and lasting (short- or long-term) change generated by youth policy. Impact evaluation informs about the results achieved by the policy, which is relevant when planning new policies, so as to ensure their future impact, and provides data to decision makers when planning budgets. The horizontal, trans-sectoral nature of the youth policy and the numerous correlations needed with other sectoral policies, such as education, social inclusion, employment, health, sport and housing, should also be kept in mind. In this context, monitoring and evaluation are needed to increase the accountability of each institution and stakeholder involved and they allow the promotion of specific results in the field of youth to all relevant policy makers. Participation of young people in the policy process is an important principle in the youth field and the review also takes into consideration participation in evaluation. The participation of policy beneficiaries in the policy process, including its monitoring Introduction ► Page 7 and evaluation, is very important for each sectoral policy in a democratic society. By participating in youth policy evaluation, young people learn to exercise active citizenship. This is an investment that they take with them as they make the transition to informed, active and involved adults. The review includes the result of a survey conducted among the EKCYP and PEYR on the evaluation of national youth policy across Europe, followed by expert discussions in June 2019 and November 2019. The publication presents several good practices of concrete ways youth policy or elements of youth policy are evaluated throughout Europe. Definitions are presented at the beginning to clarify the meaning of the most important concepts used. A final section of the review presents the conceptual framework underlining the idea of knowledge-based policy and provides short presentations of the main theoretical and conceptual approaches in policy evaluation, when they can be used and for what purpose, as well as what advantages and challenges each of those perspectives entail. This review concludes with a practical checklist on youth policy evaluation. The checklist and the whole content of this review should be seen as a complementary resource and not as prescriptive methodology for youth policy evaluation initiatives.
Full author list: M dal Ponte, B Santiago, A Carnero Rosell, B Burningham, B Yanny, J L Marshall, K Bechtol, P Martini, T S Li, L De Paris, T M C Abbott, M Aguena, S Allam, S Avila, E Bertin, S Bhargava, D Brooks, E Buckley-Geer, M Carrasco Kind, J Carretero, L N da Costa, J De Vicente, H T Diehl, P Doel, T F Eifler, S Everett, B Flaugher, P Fosalba, J Frieman, J García-Bellido, E Gaztanaga, D W Gerdes, D Gruen, R A Gruendl, J Gschwend, G Gutierrez, S R Hinton, D L Hollowood, K Honscheid, D J James, K Kuehn, N Kuropatkin, M A G Maia, M March, F Menanteau, R Miquel, A Palmese, F Paz-Chinchón, A A Plazas, E Sanchez, V Scarpine, S Serrano, I Sevilla-Noarbe, M Smith, E Suchyta, M E C Swanson, G Tarle, D Thomas, T N Varga, A R Walker, DES Collaboration ; We present the discovery of 255 binary and 6 multiple system candidates with wide (> 5 arcsec) separation composed by ultracool dwarfs (UCDs) companions to stars, plus nine double ultracool dwarf systems. These systems were selected based on common distance criteria. About 90 per cent of the total sample has proper motions available and 73 per cent of the systems also satisfy a common proper motion criterion. The sample of ultracool candidates was taken from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the candidate stellar primaries are from Gaia DR2 and DES data. We compute chance alignment probabilities in order to assess the physical nature of each pair. We find that 174 candidate pairs with Gaia DR2 primaries and 81 pairs with a DES star as a primary have chance alignment probabilities < 5. Only nine candidate systems composed of two UCDs were identified. The sample of candidate multiple systems is made up of five triple systems and one quadruple system. The majority of the UCDs found in binaries and multiples are of early L type and the typical wide binary fraction over the L spectral types is 2-4. Our sample of candidate wide binaries with UCDs as secondaries constitutes a substantial increase over the known number of such systems, which are very useful to constrain the formation and evolution of UCDs. ; Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the US Department of Energy, the US National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the DES. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020, and the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, and NEOWISE, which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. WISE and NEOWISE are funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The analysis presented here is based on observations obtained as part of the VHS, ESO Programme, 179.A-2010 (PI: McMahon). This paper has gone through internal review by the DES collaboration. ACR acknowledges financial support provided by the PAPDRJ CAPES/FAPERJ Fellowship and by 'Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu de CIEMAT – Física de Partículas (Proyecto MDM)'
Introduction. In the modern educational space, an intensive digital transformation is currently taking place, which imposes new requirements for teacher competencies. This determines the relevance of setting goals and solving problems in order to develop up-to-date models for improving the qualifications of teachers of vocational education and training (VET). The paper discusses the current state of the development of digital competencies of teachers and teachers of Serbia and Russia in line with the European Digital Competence Framework (DigComp) and the European Digital Competence Framework for Educators (DigСompЕdu). The paper includes an analysis of the peculiarities of vocational education and training systems, as well as the directions of further training of teachers, conducted by participants in the international project "Professional Development of Vocation Education Teachers with European Practices (Pro-VET)". In order to better understand national contexts, the content of the reports of the participating countries of the project was analysed in the context of the EU policy and strategy for the development of digital competency of VET teachers. In this article, the authors focus on exploring digital competencies required of VET teachers within the European Digital Competence Framework for Educators (DigСompЕdu) to identify digital competencies and development needs of Serbian and Russian VET teachers when working in online learning environments. The aims of the research are the following: 1) to compare the educational needs of Russian and Serbian VET teachers in the development of their digital pedagogical competencies; 2) to identify the theoretical and practical base for VET teachers' digitally competent development programme design in the context of online learning according to the best European practices in the field of VET. Methodology and research methods. The development of the model was based on learning theories, didactics and practical approaches to soft skills development in online learning environments. The research has been conducted by the means of document analysis, theoretical analysis and synthesis methods, comparative method, modelling method and expert estimation method. Results and scientific novelty. Key aspects of VET teacher training systems in Russia and Serbia are compared and needs in development of digital pedagogical skills of Russian and Serbian VET teachers are identified. A developed model of VET teachers' digitally competent development programme design in the context of online learning according to best European practices in this fields is represented by two components: structural and functional. The structural component of VET teachers' digitally competent development model contains: learning theories and didactics, adult learning theories, soft skills development approaches in online learning, learning outcomes development approaches. The functional component of the model contains: national and European educational policy, strategies in the field of digitalisation of education and the development of digital competencies of teachers, European Union policies related to online learning; pedagogical, psychological and didactical design parameters of the content of advanced training programmes in the context of e-learning. Practical significance. The demonstrated model is being tested in the framework of the implementation of the international Pro-VET project supported by ERASMUS+. Methodological approaches, procedure and tools of VET teachers' digitally competent development are being developed and tested. The application of digitally competent development programmes ensures the transparency of training and allows for the correlation of national and international training programmes as well as the development of academic and professional mobility of VET teachers. The process of designing such educational training programmes in online environment for VET teachers has begun at some universities in Russia and Serbia (participants of the project). The developed online training programmes can be used as a basis to design more quality online courses beyond the Pro-VET project in the sphere of professional development for VET teachers. ; Введение. В современном образовательном пространстве происходит интенсивная цифровая трансформация, которая предъявляет новые требования к компетентности преподавателя. Это определяет актуальность постановки и решения проблемы разработки современных моделей повышения квалификации преподавателей профессионального образования и обучения (ПОО). В статье обсуждается текущее состояние развития цифровых компетенций преподавателей ПОО Сербии и России в соответствии с европейскими рамками цифровизации образования (DigComp) и цифровой компетентности преподавателей (DigCompEdu); представлен анализ особенностей систем профессионального образования и обучения, а также направлений повышения квалификации педагогов, проведенный участниками международного проекта «Повышение квалификации пре подавателей профессионального образования и обучения по европейским практикам (Pro-VET)». С целью лучшего понимания национальных контекстов проанализировано содержание докладов стран – участников данного проекта в контексте политики и стратегии ЕС в области развития цифровой компетентности преподавателей ПОО. Выявлены соответствующие образовательные потребности сербских и российских преподавателей ПОО и цифровые компетенции, которые, согласно европейской рамке цифровой компетентности преподавателей (DigCompEdu), необходимы педагогам ПОО для работы в онлайн-среде обучения. Цели исследования: 1) сравнить образовательные потребности российских и сербских преподавателей ПОО в развитии их цифровых педагогических компетенций; 2) определить теоретическую и практическую основы разработки модели развития цифровой компетентности педагогов в контексте онлайн-обучения в соответствии с лучшими европейскими практиками в области ПОО. Методология и методы исследования. Разработка указанной модели базировалась на теориях обучения, дидактики и практических подходах к развитию гибких навыков в онлайн-среде обучения. Исследование проводилось с помощью анализа документов, теоретического анализа, сравнительного метода, методов синтеза, моделирования и экспертной оценки. Результаты и научная новизна. Сопоставлены аспекты системы подготовки преподавателей ПОО в России и Сербии, определены их потребности в совершенствовании цифровых компетенций. Разработана модель развития цифровой компетентности преподавателей ПОО, включающая два компонента: структурный и функциональный. Структурный компонент, представленный теориями обучения и дидактики, теориями обучения взрослых, определяет подходы к вырабатыванию мягких навыков в онлайн-обучении и использованию его результатов. Функциональный компонент, который основывается на национальной и европейской образовательной политике, стратегиях в сфере цифровизации образования и развития цифровых компетенций педагогов, политике Европейского союза в области онлайн-обучения, содержит педагогические, психологические и дидактические параметры дизайна содержания программ повышения квалификации в контексте электронного обучения. Практическая значимость. Указанная модель тестируется в рамках реализации международного проекта Pro-VET. Разрабатываются и тестируются методологические подходы, процедуры и инструменты совершенствования цифровой компетентности преподавателей ПОО. Применение программ повышения квалификации в сфере цифровых технологий обеспечивает прозрачность и сопоставимость национальных и международных образовательных программ, а также способствует развитию академической и профессиональной мобильности преподавателей ПОО. В университетах России и Сербии (участниках проекта) создаются программы онлайн-обучения для преподавателей ПОО на базе разработанной модели. Данные программы могут стать основой для разработки эффективных онлайн-курсов за пределами проекта Pro-VET в сфере повышения квалификации педагогов ПОО.
Proper care that is adequate to the condition of the newborn's skin and hair is the necessary condition for maintaining health, preventing possible allergic manifestations and various diseases. The main components of a daily skin care are bathing, face, eyes, nose and ears care, etc. At the same time, parents often independently choose, dose and use cosmetic and hygienic, therapeutic and prophylactic products of cleansing action, fully relying on promotional offers, recommendations of their acquaintances. In addition, most often the choice of drugs is influenced by the personal preferences or parents' tastes, financial ability and general culture. Therefore, the composition of cosmetic preparations for the baby skin and hair should be particularly safe and balanced.Аim. To conduct the analysis of modern products for the baby skin and hair care of various dosage forms, categories and segments, price ranking for the latest trends when selecting active surfactants with a mild action, conditions for their administration, development of foaming bases and creation of hygienic, therapeutic and preventing drugs.Materials and methods. The study of the range of drugs formed within five years by the products of the foaming action of the baby-segment (from birth 0+). Modern competitive tendencies was determined by monitoring this segment of products in the form of shampoos, shampoo-foams, shampoo-gels, a wide range of cost from 25-00 UAH to 650-00 UAH presented by different manufacturers that were in demand with consumers from Ukraine, countries of the European Union and CIS.Results. The analysis of the composition of foaming agents in the baby-segment (from the birth of 0+) shows that when selecting the basic substances – detergents the advantage is given to substances with a low threshold of the irritant action, such as Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate and others. However, these surfactants are not able to independently fully provide high functional and consumer properties of the final product (foaming ability, foam number, pH, viscosity), while having the necessary dermatological characteristics.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate that it is important to search for new and promising substances in order to create safe, hypoallergenic foaming bases for baby cosmetics. There is a need for research to determine the conditions for the introduction of the priority primary and secondary surfactants. ; Правильный уход, адекватный состоянию кожи и волос новорожденного ребенка, – это необходимое условие поддержания здоровья, предупреждения возможных аллергических проявлений и профилактики возникновения различных заболеваний. Основными компонентами ежедневного ухода за кожей является: купание, туалет за лицом, глазами, носом, ушами и др. При этом родители зачастую самостоятельно выбирают, дозируют и применяют косметико-гигиенические, лечебно-профилактические средства очищающего действия, полностью полагаясь на рекламные предложения, рекомендации своих знакомых. Кроме того, зачастую на выбор препаратов влияют личные предпочтения или вкусы родителей, материальная состоятельность и общая культура. Поэтому состав косметических препаратов для детской кожи и волос должен быть максимально безопасным и сбалансированным.Цель исследования. Проведение анализа современных средств пеномоющего действия для детской кожи и волос различной формы выпуска, категорий и сегментов, ценового ранжирования для установления новейших тенденций при подборе активных сурфактантов мягкого действия, условий их введения, для разработки пеномоющих основ и создания гигиенических и лечебно-профилактических препаратов.Материалы и методы. Исследование ассортимента препаратов, который был сформирован в течение пяти лет продукцией пеномоющего действия baby-сегмента (от рождения 0+). Установка современных тенденций конкурентной среды осуществлялась путем мониторинга этого сегмента продукции в форме шампуней, шампуней-пенок, шампуней-гелей, широкого диапазона стоимости от 25-00 грн до 650-00 грн, представленных различными производителями Украины, стран Европейского Союза, СНГ и пользующихся спросом у потребителей.Результаты. Анализ пеномоющих средств в baby-сегменте (от рождения 0+) показал, что преимущество при выборе основных веществ – детергентов имеют вещества с низким порогом раздражающего действия, такие как Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate и др. Однако, данные сурфактанты не способны самостоятельно в полной мере обеспечивать высокие функциональные и потребительские свойства конечному продукту (пенообразующая способность, пенное число, рН, вязкость), при этом проявляя необходимые дерматологические свойства.Выводы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что актуальным является поиск новых и перспективных веществ с целью создания безвредных, гипоаллергенных пеномоющих основ для детской косметики. Есть потребность в исследованиях по определению условий введения приоритетных первичных и вторичных сурфактантов. ; Правильний догляд, адекватний до стану шкіри та волосся новонародженої дитини, – це необхідна умова підтримки здоров'я, попередження можливих алергічних проявів та профілактики виникнення різних захворювань. Основними компонентами щоденного догляду за шкірою є: купання, туалет за обличчям, очима, носом, вухами та ін. При цьому батьки найчастіше самостійно обирають, дозують та застосовують косметико-гігієнічні, лікувально-профілактичні засоби очищувальної дії, повністю покладаючись на рекламні пропозиції, рекомендації своїх знайомих. Крім того, найчастіше на вибір препаратів впливають особисті вподобання або смаки батьків, матеріальна спроможність та загальна культура. Тому склад косметичних препаратів для дитячої шкіри та волосся повинен бути максимально безпечним та збалансованим. Мета дослідження. Проведення аналізу сучасних засобів піномиючої дії для дитячої шкіри та волосся різної форми випуску, категорій та сегментів, різного цінового ранжування для встановлення новітніх тенденцій при доборі активних сурфактантів м'якої дії, умов їх введення, для розробки піномийних основ та створення гігієнічних і лікувально-профілактичних препаратів. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження асортименту препаратів, який був сформований впродовж п'яти років продукцією піномиючої дії baby-сегменту (від народження 0+). Встановлення сучасних тенденцій конкурентного середовища здійснювалося шляхом моніторингу цього сегменту продукції у формі шампунів, шампунів-пінок, шампунів-гелів, широкого діапазону вартості від 25-00 грн до 650-00 грн, представленої різними виробниками України, країн Європейського Союзу, СНГ, яка користується попитом у споживачів. Результати. Аналіз складу піномийних засобів у baby-сегменті (від народження 0+) виявив, що перевага при доборі основних речовин – детергентів надається речовинам з низьким порогом подразнювальної дії, таких як – Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate та ін. Проте дані сурфактанти не здатні самостійно в повній мірі забезпечувати високі функціональні та споживчі властивості кінцевому продукту (піноутворювальну здатність, пінне число, рН, в'язкість), маючи при цьому необхідні дерматологічні характеристики. Висновки. Отримані дані свідчать про те, що актуальним є пошук нових і перспективних речовин з метою створення нешкідливих, гіпоалергенних піномийних основ для дитячої косметики. Є потреба у дослідженнях зі встановлення умов введення пріоритетних первинних та вторинних сурфактантів.
Правильний догляд, адекватний до стану шкіри та волосся новонародженої дитини, – це необхідна умова підтримки здоров'я, попередження можливих алергічних проявів та профілактики виникнення різних захворювань. Основними компонентами щоденного догляду за шкірою є: купання, туалет за обличчям, очима, носом, вухами та ін. При цьому батьки найчастіше самостійно обирають, дозують та застосовують косметико-гігієнічні, лікувально-профілактичні засоби очищувальної дії, повністю покладаючись на рекламні пропозиції, рекомендації своїх знайомих. Крім того, найчастіше на вибір препаратів впливають особисті вподобання або смаки батьків, матеріальна спроможність та загальна культура. Тому склад косметичних препаратів для дитячої шкіри та волосся повинен бути максимально безпечним та збалансованим. Мета дослідження. Проведення аналізу сучасних засобів піномиючої дії для дитячої шкіри та волосся різної форми випуску, категорій та сегментів, різного цінового ранжування для встановлення новітніх тенденцій при доборі активних сурфактантів м'якої дії, умов їх введення, для розробки піномийних основ та створення гігієнічних і лікувально-профілактичних препаратів. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження асортименту препаратів, який був сформований впродовж п'яти років продукцією піномиючої дії baby-сегменту (від народження 0+). Встановлення сучасних тенденцій конкурентного середовища здійснювалося шляхом моніторингу цього сегменту продукції у формі шампунів, шампунів-пінок, шампунів-гелів, широкого діапазону вартості від 25-00 грн до 650-00 грн, представленої різними виробниками України, країн Європейського Союзу, СНГ, яка користується попитом у споживачів. Результати. Аналіз складу піномийних засобів у baby-сегменті (від народження 0+) виявив, що перевага при доборі основних речовин – детергентів надається речовинам з низьким порогом подразнювальної дії, таких як – Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate та ін. Проте дані сурфактанти не здатні самостійно в повній мірі забезпечувати високі функціональні та споживчі властивості кінцевому продукту (піноутворювальну здатність, пінне число, рН, в'язкість), маючи при цьому необхідні дерматологічні характеристики. Висновки. Отримані дані свідчать про те, що актуальним є пошук нових і перспективних речовин з метою створення нешкідливих, гіпоалергенних піномийних основ для дитячої косметики. Є потреба у дослідженнях зі встановлення умов введення пріоритетних первинних та вторинних сурфактантів. ; Proper care that is adequate to the condition of the newborn's skin and hair is the necessary condition for maintaining health, preventing possible allergic manifestations and various diseases. The main components of a daily skin care are bathing, face, eyes, nose and ears care, etc. At the same time, parents often independently choose, dose and use cosmetic and hygienic, therapeutic and prophylactic products of cleansing action, fully relying on promotional offers, recommendations of their acquaintances. In addition, most often the choice of drugs is influenced by the personal preferences or parents' tastes, financial ability and general culture. Therefore, the composition of cosmetic preparations for the baby skin and hair should be particularly safe and balanced.Аim. To conduct the analysis of modern products for the baby skin and hair care of various dosage forms, categories and segments, price ranking for the latest trends when selecting active surfactants with a mild action, conditions for their administration, development of foaming bases and creation of hygienic, therapeutic and preventing drugs.Materials and methods. The study of the range of drugs formed within five years by the products of the foaming action of the baby-segment (from birth 0+). Modern competitive tendencies was determined by monitoring this segment of products in the form of shampoos, shampoo-foams, shampoo-gels, a wide range of cost from 25-00 UAH to 650-00 UAH presented by different manufacturers that were in demand with consumers from Ukraine, countries of the European Union and CIS.Results. The analysis of the composition of foaming agents in the baby-segment (from the birth of 0+) shows that when selecting the basic substances – detergents the advantage is given to substances with a low threshold of the irritant action, such as Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate and others. However, these surfactants are not able to independently fully provide high functional and consumer properties of the final product (foaming ability, foam number, pH, viscosity), while having the necessary dermatological characteristics.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate that it is important to search for new and promising substances in order to create safe, hypoallergenic foaming bases for baby cosmetics. There is a need for research to determine the conditions for the introduction of the priority primary and secondary surfactants. ; Правильный уход, адекватный состоянию кожи и волос новорожденного ребенка, – это необходимое условие поддержания здоровья, предупреждения возможных аллергических проявлений и профилактики возникновения различных заболеваний. Основными компонентами ежедневного ухода за кожей является: купание, туалет за лицом, глазами, носом, ушами и др. При этом родители зачастую самостоятельно выбирают, дозируют и применяют косметико-гигиенические, лечебно-профилактические средства очищающего действия, полностью полагаясь на рекламные предложения, рекомендации своих знакомых. Кроме того, зачастую на выбор препаратов влияют личные предпочтения или вкусы родителей, материальная состоятельность и общая культура. Поэтому состав косметических препаратов для детской кожи и волос должен быть максимально безопасным и сбалансированным.Цель исследования. Проведение анализа современных средств пеномоющего действия для детской кожи и волос различной формы выпуска, категорий и сегментов, ценового ранжирования для установления новейших тенденций при подборе активных сурфактантов мягкого действия, условий их введения, для разработки пеномоющих основ и создания гигиенических и лечебно-профилактических препаратов.Материалы и методы. Исследование ассортимента препаратов, который был сформирован в течение пяти лет продукцией пеномоющего действия baby-сегмента (от рождения 0+). Установка современных тенденций конкурентной среды осуществлялась путем мониторинга этого сегмента продукции в форме шампуней, шампуней-пенок, шампуней-гелей, широкого диапазона стоимости от 25-00 грн до 650-00 грн, представленных различными производителями Украины, стран Европейского Союза, СНГ и пользующихся спросом у потребителей.Результаты. Анализ пеномоющих средств в baby-сегменте (от рождения 0+) показал, что преимущество при выборе основных веществ – детергентов имеют вещества с низким порогом раздражающего действия, такие как Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate и др. Однако, данные сурфактанты не способны самостоятельно в полной мере обеспечивать высокие функциональные и потребительские свойства конечному продукту (пенообразующая способность, пенное число, рН, вязкость), при этом проявляя необходимые дерматологические свойства.Выводы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что актуальным является поиск новых и перспективных веществ с целью создания безвредных, гипоаллергенных пеномоющих основ для детской косметики. Есть потребность в исследованиях по определению условий введения приоритетных первичных и вторичных сурфактантов.
Правильний догляд, адекватний до стану шкіри та волосся новонародженої дитини, – це необхідна умова підтримки здоров'я, попередження можливих алергічних проявів та профілактики виникнення різних захворювань. Основними компонентами щоденного догляду за шкірою є: купання, туалет за обличчям, очима, носом, вухами та ін. При цьому батьки найчастіше самостійно обирають, дозують та застосовують косметико-гігієнічні, лікувально-профілактичні засоби очищувальної дії, повністю покладаючись на рекламні пропозиції, рекомендації своїх знайомих. Крім того, найчастіше на вибір препаратів впливають особисті вподобання або смаки батьків, матеріальна спроможність та загальна культура. Тому склад косметичних препаратів для дитячої шкіри та волосся повинен бути максимально безпечним та збалансованим. Мета дослідження. Проведення аналізу сучасних засобів піномиючої дії для дитячої шкіри та волосся різної форми випуску, категорій та сегментів, різного цінового ранжування для встановлення новітніх тенденцій при доборі активних сурфактантів м'якої дії, умов їх введення, для розробки піномийних основ та створення гігієнічних і лікувально-профілактичних препаратів. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження асортименту препаратів, який був сформований впродовж п'яти років продукцією піномиючої дії baby-сегменту (від народження 0+). Встановлення сучасних тенденцій конкурентного середовища здійснювалося шляхом моніторингу цього сегменту продукції у формі шампунів, шампунів-пінок, шампунів-гелів, широкого діапазону вартості від 25-00 грн до 650-00 грн, представленої різними виробниками України, країн Європейського Союзу, СНГ, яка користується попитом у споживачів. Результати. Аналіз складу піномийних засобів у baby-сегменті (від народження 0+) виявив, що перевага при доборі основних речовин – детергентів надається речовинам з низьким порогом подразнювальної дії, таких як – Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate та ін. Проте дані сурфактанти не здатні самостійно в повній мірі забезпечувати високі функціональні та споживчі властивості кінцевому продукту (піноутворювальну здатність, пінне число, рН, в'язкість), маючи при цьому необхідні дерматологічні характеристики. Висновки. Отримані дані свідчать про те, що актуальним є пошук нових і перспективних речовин з метою створення нешкідливих, гіпоалергенних піномийних основ для дитячої косметики. Є потреба у дослідженнях зі встановлення умов введення пріоритетних первинних та вторинних сурфактантів. ; Proper care that is adequate to the condition of the newborn's skin and hair is the necessary condition for maintaining health, preventing possible allergic manifestations and various diseases. The main components of a daily skin care are bathing, face, eyes, nose and ears care, etc. At the same time, parents often independently choose, dose and use cosmetic and hygienic, therapeutic and prophylactic products of cleansing action, fully relying on promotional offers, recommendations of their acquaintances. In addition, most often the choice of drugs is influenced by the personal preferences or parents' tastes, financial ability and general culture. Therefore, the composition of cosmetic preparations for the baby skin and hair should be particularly safe and balanced.Аim. To conduct the analysis of modern products for the baby skin and hair care of various dosage forms, categories and segments, price ranking for the latest trends when selecting active surfactants with a mild action, conditions for their administration, development of foaming bases and creation of hygienic, therapeutic and preventing drugs.Materials and methods. The study of the range of drugs formed within five years by the products of the foaming action of the baby-segment (from birth 0+). Modern competitive tendencies was determined by monitoring this segment of products in the form of shampoos, shampoo-foams, shampoo-gels, a wide range of cost from 25-00 UAH to 650-00 UAH presented by different manufacturers that were in demand with consumers from Ukraine, countries of the European Union and CIS.Results. The analysis of the composition of foaming agents in the baby-segment (from the birth of 0+) shows that when selecting the basic substances – detergents the advantage is given to substances with a low threshold of the irritant action, such as Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate and others. However, these surfactants are not able to independently fully provide high functional and consumer properties of the final product (foaming ability, foam number, pH, viscosity), while having the necessary dermatological characteristics.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate that it is important to search for new and promising substances in order to create safe, hypoallergenic foaming bases for baby cosmetics. There is a need for research to determine the conditions for the introduction of the priority primary and secondary surfactants. ; Правильный уход, адекватный состоянию кожи и волос новорожденного ребенка, – это необходимое условие поддержания здоровья, предупреждения возможных аллергических проявлений и профилактики возникновения различных заболеваний. Основными компонентами ежедневного ухода за кожей является: купание, туалет за лицом, глазами, носом, ушами и др. При этом родители зачастую самостоятельно выбирают, дозируют и применяют косметико-гигиенические, лечебно-профилактические средства очищающего действия, полностью полагаясь на рекламные предложения, рекомендации своих знакомых. Кроме того, зачастую на выбор препаратов влияют личные предпочтения или вкусы родителей, материальная состоятельность и общая культура. Поэтому состав косметических препаратов для детской кожи и волос должен быть максимально безопасным и сбалансированным.Цель исследования. Проведение анализа современных средств пеномоющего действия для детской кожи и волос различной формы выпуска, категорий и сегментов, ценового ранжирования для установления новейших тенденций при подборе активных сурфактантов мягкого действия, условий их введения, для разработки пеномоющих основ и создания гигиенических и лечебно-профилактических препаратов.Материалы и методы. Исследование ассортимента препаратов, который был сформирован в течение пяти лет продукцией пеномоющего действия baby-сегмента (от рождения 0+). Установка современных тенденций конкурентной среды осуществлялась путем мониторинга этого сегмента продукции в форме шампуней, шампуней-пенок, шампуней-гелей, широкого диапазона стоимости от 25-00 грн до 650-00 грн, представленных различными производителями Украины, стран Европейского Союза, СНГ и пользующихся спросом у потребителей.Результаты. Анализ пеномоющих средств в baby-сегменте (от рождения 0+) показал, что преимущество при выборе основных веществ – детергентов имеют вещества с низким порогом раздражающего действия, такие как Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Ammonium, Laureth Sulfate и др. Однако, данные сурфактанты не способны самостоятельно в полной мере обеспечивать высокие функциональные и потребительские свойства конечному продукту (пенообразующая способность, пенное число, рН, вязкость), при этом проявляя необходимые дерматологические свойства.Выводы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что актуальным является поиск новых и перспективных веществ с целью создания безвредных, гипоаллергенных пеномоющих основ для детской косметики. Есть потребность в исследованиях по определению условий введения приоритетных первичных и вторичных сурфактантов.
Problem setting. The system of state management of regulatory and legal regulation of social and economic relations in construction adopted by the countries of the European Union can today be considered as an effective model for international cooperation, since its creation envisaged the formation of a single economic space. North America, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and, likewise, most of the economically advanced states in the region have a state policy of denationalizing the system of managing socio-economic relations in construction. They lose the monopoly of managing this system by passing state regulatory functions to the private sector. These actions are usually driven by a number of objective reasons, they can be both political and economic, and may be social. Therefore, in the world, the refusal of the monopoly on regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which was formed historically and the transition to self-regulatory systems, is gradually increasing. In Ukraine, today, there is a shortage of skilled personnel, financial, material and human potential in the public sector, which prompts the transfer of the regulatory functions of the state to the private sector, which, as historically, is a state prerogative. Moreover, the situation is close to a deadlock, because simply increasing financial support and expanding the staff of skilled personnel, the problems of handling huge engineering data arrays that are accompanied by a stream of innovations will not find a solution. That is why international practice of solving such problems is so important in order to be able to identify all possible risks in a timely manner and possibly take additional measures to reduce them.Recent research and publications analysis. Theoretical and methodological analysis of public administration by the regulation of social and economic relations in construction has devoted its scientific works to such domestic scientists as: V. Averyanov, Y. Brusentsov, A. Vorobyov, D. Isaenko, A. Korotich, V. Logvinenko, O. Nepomnyashchy, N. Nyzhnik, V. Romosko and many other scholars.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Many scientific foreign and domestic studies are devoted to the analysis and evaluation of mechanisms of self-regulation in the field of socio-economic relations in construction. However, today, the situation in our country affects the development of the construction industry, which is why the issue of the dissatisfied demand of the population for services on the construction of social housing is very acute. Proceeding from the above it can be argued that the chosen topic of the article is relevant and timely.Paper main body. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction.Emphasized on the relevance of the formation of an effective mechanism of self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which requires the analysis of scientific research and will allow the formation of alternative solutions, taking into account international experience. Studies are based on the use of information resources, generalization of scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists, personal observations. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction. Indicates the need for a conscious transfer of state functions in the regulatory and legal regulation of socio-economic relations in the construction of the non-state sector. In Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, it is these organizations that have the functions of licensing business activities, which is associated with the construction of buildings, professional certification. Such procedure is carried out by architects, design engineers, technicians and experts who regulate admission to the market of these categories of persons, etc. Thus, these organizations (the so-called chambers) have certain powers of authority, which, as a rule, are monopolistic powers of the state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The conducted researches have shown that the change of the structure of the modern system of legal regulation of socio-economic relations in construction is determined by many factors. The most influential ones are globalization of the world economy; close economic integration; the fact that the national trade and economic frontiers collapse; a technical revolution that is increasingly affecting the construction industry and caused by the growth of various technical regulation objects. On the latter, we can say, as the biggest economic reason for the denationalization of such systems, since it is likely that, in many cases, the public sector does not have adequate resources to track new technologies, materials, products, methods and processes, and especially, for a qualified assessment their safety and suitability for practical use.In the long run, the importance of studying the state policy on strengthening the institutional capacity of self-regulatory organizations to regulate socio-economic relations in construction and formulating a legislative framework in order to be able to implement a European model of the organizational structure of the technical support system of the industry is not diminished. ; Акцентовано увагу на актуальності питання формування ефективного механізму саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві, що потребує здійснення аналізу наукових досліджень та дасть змогу формувати альтернативні рішення, беручи до уваги міжнародний досвід. Узагальнено інформаційні ресурси, що представляють наукові розробки вітчизняних і закордонних вчених. Визначено сутність міжнародних підходів до формування і реалізації механізмів саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві. Вказано на необхідність свідомої передачі державою частини функцій із нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві недержавному сектору. Зазначено, що у Німеччині, Великобританії, США саме саморегулюючим організаціям належать функції з ліцензійного забезпечення господарської діяльності, яка пов'язана зі створенням будівель та споруд, проведенням професійної атестації. Зауважено, що таку процедуру професійної атестації проходять архітектори, інженери-проектувальники, інженери технічного нагляду та експерти, що дає змогу врегулювати допуск на ринок цих категорій осіб тощо. Доведено, що зазначені організації (т. зв. палати) володіють певними владними повноваженнями, що, як правило, є монопольними повноваженнями держави. Обґрунтовано, що для впровадження світових тенденцій та підтримки напряму подальшого роздержавлення національної системи нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у галузі будівництва необхідно посилити інституційну спроможність організацій саморегулювання та удосконалити законодавче підґрунтя, щоб мати можливість впровадити європейські та кращі світові моделі його організаційної структури.
Problem setting. The system of state management of regulatory and legal regulation of social and economic relations in construction adopted by the countries of the European Union can today be considered as an effective model for international cooperation, since its creation envisaged the formation of a single economic space. North America, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and, likewise, most of the economically advanced states in the region have a state policy of denationalizing the system of managing socio-economic relations in construction. They lose the monopoly of managing this system by passing state regulatory functions to the private sector. These actions are usually driven by a number of objective reasons, they can be both political and economic, and may be social. Therefore, in the world, the refusal of the monopoly on regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which was formed historically and the transition to self-regulatory systems, is gradually increasing. In Ukraine, today, there is a shortage of skilled personnel, financial, material and human potential in the public sector, which prompts the transfer of the regulatory functions of the state to the private sector, which, as historically, is a state prerogative. Moreover, the situation is close to a deadlock, because simply increasing financial support and expanding the staff of skilled personnel, the problems of handling huge engineering data arrays that are accompanied by a stream of innovations will not find a solution. That is why international practice of solving such problems is so important in order to be able to identify all possible risks in a timely manner and possibly take additional measures to reduce them.Recent research and publications analysis. Theoretical and methodological analysis of public administration by the regulation of social and economic relations in construction has devoted its scientific works to such domestic scientists as: V. Averyanov, Y. Brusentsov, A. Vorobyov, D. Isaenko, A. Korotich, V. Logvinenko, O. Nepomnyashchy, N. Nyzhnik, V. Romosko and many other scholars.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Many scientific foreign and domestic studies are devoted to the analysis and evaluation of mechanisms of self-regulation in the field of socio-economic relations in construction. However, today, the situation in our country affects the development of the construction industry, which is why the issue of the dissatisfied demand of the population for services on the construction of social housing is very acute. Proceeding from the above it can be argued that the chosen topic of the article is relevant and timely.Paper main body. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction.Emphasized on the relevance of the formation of an effective mechanism of self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which requires the analysis of scientific research and will allow the formation of alternative solutions, taking into account international experience. Studies are based on the use of information resources, generalization of scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists, personal observations. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction. Indicates the need for a conscious transfer of state functions in the regulatory and legal regulation of socio-economic relations in the construction of the non-state sector. In Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, it is these organizations that have the functions of licensing business activities, which is associated with the construction of buildings, professional certification. Such procedure is carried out by architects, design engineers, technicians and experts who regulate admission to the market of these categories of persons, etc. Thus, these organizations (the so-called chambers) have certain powers of authority, which, as a rule, are monopolistic powers of the state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The conducted researches have shown that the change of the structure of the modern system of legal regulation of socio-economic relations in construction is determined by many factors. The most influential ones are globalization of the world economy; close economic integration; the fact that the national trade and economic frontiers collapse; a technical revolution that is increasingly affecting the construction industry and caused by the growth of various technical regulation objects. On the latter, we can say, as the biggest economic reason for the denationalization of such systems, since it is likely that, in many cases, the public sector does not have adequate resources to track new technologies, materials, products, methods and processes, and especially, for a qualified assessment their safety and suitability for practical use.In the long run, the importance of studying the state policy on strengthening the institutional capacity of self-regulatory organizations to regulate socio-economic relations in construction and formulating a legislative framework in order to be able to implement a European model of the organizational structure of the technical support system of the industry is not diminished. ; Акцентовано увагу на актуальності питання формування ефективного механізму саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві, що потребує здійснення аналізу наукових досліджень та дасть змогу формувати альтернативні рішення, беручи до уваги міжнародний досвід. Узагальнено інформаційні ресурси, що представляють наукові розробки вітчизняних і закордонних вчених. Визначено сутність міжнародних підходів до формування і реалізації механізмів саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві. Вказано на необхідність свідомої передачі державою частини функцій із нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві недержавному сектору. Зазначено, що у Німеччині, Великобританії, США саме саморегулюючим організаціям належать функції з ліцензійного забезпечення господарської діяльності, яка пов'язана зі створенням будівель та споруд, проведенням професійної атестації. Зауважено, що таку процедуру професійної атестації проходять архітектори, інженери-проектувальники, інженери технічного нагляду та експерти, що дає змогу врегулювати допуск на ринок цих категорій осіб тощо. Доведено, що зазначені організації (т. зв. палати) володіють певними владними повноваженнями, що, як правило, є монопольними повноваженнями держави. Обґрунтовано, що для впровадження світових тенденцій та підтримки напряму подальшого роздержавлення національної системи нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у галузі будівництва необхідно посилити інституційну спроможність організацій саморегулювання та удосконалити законодавче підґрунтя, щоб мати можливість впровадити європейські та кращі світові моделі його організаційної структури.
"Opportunities multiply as they are seized."Sun TzuOn the eve of the one hundredth day of his Presidency, Barack Obama received a wonderful gift: Senator Arlen Specter, Republican of Pennsylvania, announced he was leaving the Republican Party to become a Democrat. This puts the number of Senate Republicans at 40, the lowest level in over 30 years, and gives the Democrats, at least on paper, the special majority of 60 votes needed for them to override a filibuster of legislation by the opposition. Besides the obvious advantages for Democrats, Specter's pivotal decision has other important implications, not only for Republicans but also for Democrats.First, it highlights the sad state of the Republican Party: Specter explained that he felt compelled to leave the party because he knew that, as a moderate, he could not win another Republican primary election. The Republican Party under G.W Bush employed the electoral tactic of consolidating the white, Southern, right -wing Christian base, rather than reaching out to the middle. This helped them win two presidential elections and gave credence to the claim that they were the "party of the permanent majority". That was only four years ago. But Bush's disastrous second term had the effect of alienating two major constituencies: the realist establishment in foreign policy who were dismayed by his stated goals of bringing democracy to Iraq and Afghanistan, and the fiscal conservatives who saw the federal budget surplus rapidly turn into deficit. The party then entered a downward spiral of contraction. It lost ground with centrist voters, at a time when the center of the political spectrum was expanding. It suffered from a leadership void that left it at times voiceless, while at other times it spoke in a cacophony of inchoate opinions. During these 100 days, no articulate Republican counter-case was made to Obama's proposals. The "big tent" party has become so narrow in its geographical and ideological base that it is as irrelevant today as the Whigs were in the 1850s.Second, Arlen Specter's switch is also significant in that it may have a moderating force on the Obama agenda, forcing him to accommodate it toward the center instead of pushing ahead at full steam. This could be a timely correction, since some fiscally conservative Democrats (so-called Blue Dog Democrats) are increasingly voicing their concern, not only about the frenetic pace of reforms but also about the ambitious scale of the spending: the request for $ 800 billion in the form of a fiscal stimulus will be followed by another $ 600 billion for health care and $ 500 billion for infrastructure. This will add two trillion dollars to the national debt, and would represent the biggest expansion in the role of the Federal Government since Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society program. According to Niall Ferguson, economic historian at Harvard, the federal debt which is now around a still-healthy 70% of GDP, will balloon to 180% of GDP, similar to Japan's. These are serious concerns that may come back to haunt the administration further down the line, if the economy does not pull ahead in a year or two.The first one hundred days is by most measures an inconclusive, artificial period of time in which to evaluate a President's success. In all likelihood the next one hundred days will be more determinative, once the legislative agenda moves forward. But we can still use this early stage as a barometer of public support and as a measure of how much Obama has worked to fulfill his campaign promises. In many ways, this period only writes the afterword of the 2008 presidential election. The President has been given an extended period of grace by the American people, in the understanding that he inherited the worst economic crisis since 1930. In the face of tumultuous times and unprecedented unease over the economy, he has maintained his calm and collected demeanor and continued to communicate, explain, and give hope. Thus he was able to avoid a flare- up of populist rage at the excesses of Wall Street, and focus with calm persistence on fixing the economic mess at home and the frayed international ties abroad. His ability to recognize US missteps and open up to the world reaching out to Iran and Cuba has already changed the entire tone of US foreign policy. This new moderation and sensitivity about how others perceive the United States was welcomed around the world and even has not borne fruit yet, it bodes well for future exchanges.The main criticism that has been raised is that the Obama team is embarking on too many different tasks and that this "frenzied flurry" of activity will not allow it to focus on solving the two main problems it faces: the economy and the fight against terrorism. Both are labor intensive and complicated and demand full-time attention and concentration. There is some value in these criticisms, but there are two main reasons why the White House has chosen this approach. First, the President has a vision that ties all his initiatives together, and he so far deserves praise for pursuing it without neglecting any of the major problems he faces. For Obama, fixing the economy alone is not feasible without changing the country's energy base, reforming its health care and education systems. His vision encompasses a technological, knowledge- based economy where the new jobs will be in the green energy sector and in bio-technology and robotics. To meet the job demands of these two revolutions in technology and energy, a third revolution will have to take place in the educational field, with a renewed stress on mathematics and science, as well as a restructuring of curriculums and developing inter-disciplinary skills for problem-solving. At the same time, these revolutions would also transform the international landscape in many ways, some predictable (the demise of oil-based economies would certainly solve a problem or two in the Middle East), others not so. But the United States is clearly at a crossroads in its history and must choose between continuity and demise, or change and a renewed claim to leadership in the XXI century.Second, blessed by a prolonged period of grace granted to them by the American people and the media, and with no opposition in the horizon, the administration has adopted this frenetic pace to make the most of this enlarged window of opportunity. Propelled forward by a vision but at the same time imbued of a healthy pragmatism, Obama has not kept every single promise to every constituency, and has preferred instead to pick his battles. For example, he did not re-open NAFTA in the realization that economic recovery will require free trade. Similarly, he has postponed a fight over making permanent a ban on the sale of assault weapons. He also gave up on pushing for a reduction of farm subsidies when it was clear that Congress Democrats would not yield on that issue. Instead, he has focused on a set of non-negotiable priorities, trying to do as much as he can and knowing that only a few will bear fruit in the long run. Obama is now at the peak of his power but has not lost sense of the ephemeral nature of politics, and he knows that the seeds of the downfall are often sowed at the highest point of power. A student of history, he is well aware that presidents inevitably become reactive, as unforeseen events beyond their control begin to shape their tenures and their place in history. If a year or two from now the economy has not recovered and promises made in the first hundred days remain unfulfilled, disillusionment will set in and his power will wane accordingly. His outsized expansion of the federal government would then be harshly criticized and cost him the support of moderates. His strong repudiation of all of Bush's national security policies, including the publishing of the torture memos, could also become a huge liability in the case of another major terrorist attack. Ultimately, the strongest moment for a president is also the riskiest, since there is a temptation to overreach. Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
The beginning of the 21st century has posed numerous challenges for the global population, including the growth of inequality both worldwide and in specific societies. Inequality in access to good education is also increasing. The debate on our understanding of what modern education should be like is broadening. It was this atmosphere of crisis in society and education in the UK after the 2008 global financial and economic downturn that galvanised the search for "critical hope" for the possibility of transforming formal and informal education. For the sake of this hope, representatives of critical pedagogy and popular education have united into a single group (Critical Pedagogy/Popular Education Group). Modernisation of the education system in Ukraine also requires unity of all those interested and involved in the education process. Thus, the UK's experience is of considerable interest. The possibility and rationale of combining these two areas into a single Critical Pedagogy/Popular Education Group in the UK has so far remained under-researched. The article studies theoretical preconditions and practical consequences of the combination of critical pedagogy and popular education in the UK. It is emphasised that the common basic principles and purpose, even with the background of theoretical debate, create unity in critical conditions, as it has occurred in the United Kingdom. Common for critical pedagogy and popular education are: the orientation towards the student's life experience; confidence in representation of politics in education; resistance against official hierarchies; development of critical thinking; and critical reflection on important subjects of public life with a view to improve it. However, critical pedagogy and popular education cannot be considered as one and the same. Popular education goes beyond the boundaries of traditional educational institutions with the aim of maximum adaptation to the experience of those who are studying. It aims to meet with the learners not only in the field of their experience, but also in the literal sense: in their homes, public spaces, and so on. Representatives of popular education also do not differentiate the positions of the teacher and the student, emphasising that their experience is of equal importance. Thus, popular education is based on a horizontal connection instead of the usual vertical hierarchies in the educational space. The process of popular education should correspond to the following general characteristics: its curriculum should be based on the concrete experience and material interests of people in the communities of resistance and struggle; its methods and practices of teaching are collective and focused on the group unlike individual learning and development; and it tries where possible to promote direct links between education and social actions. Critical pedagogy, like popular education, also focuses on the student's life experiences. Critical pedagogy offers a curriculum which focuses on the study of everyday life, informal and popular culture, historical models of governance, the subjectivity and identity of the individual. Thus, critical pedagogy interprets pedagogical reality as widely as possible, which allows its theorists to unite with popular education in order to solve social and transformational problems through socio-pedagogical practices. Critical Pedagogy / Popular Education Group has united theorists, political activists, artists and people's educators for the sake of progressive education in the purpose of social change. Common to them is the recognition of deep injustice, dehumanization and attacks on human dignity in many areas of life of the founders of the group, and the lives of those who are less privileged than the founders of the group. This group has connected those working in formal educational institutions to others beyond their boundaries. The aim of the group, as the founders emphasise in its program document, is to enable those involved in social transformation and political struggle in formal and informal education to integrate their knowledge, to develop pedagogy of involvement, life and hope in order to break down the barriers between informal and formal education and connect them again to make possible a progressive change; rethink university as a radically democratic social and political institution; change individualised atomisation, instrumental and fatalistic thinking proposed by neoliberalism under the slogan "there is no alternative"; combine activism outside the academic institutions and inside them; combine academic theory and practice in order to improve the world; use the experience of other institutions, movements, and groups with similar views; and develop an independent community of those working for social justice and a sustainable future. We emphasise that the union emerged for the sake of joint actions, while theoretical differences undoubtedly remain. In the opinion of the group's founders, a number of issues are still subject to debate. Among them is the refinement of the concept of practice – namely, whether there is a distinction between theory and practice, or whether academic theory, learning and teaching can be considered practices. There is also a need to clarify the understanding of the concept of community in the environment of blurring of face-to-face communities, and whether there is a need to develop a collective action strategy in the absence of community. There is even discussion around the basic vocabulary terms of the group, subversion and transformation. There is debate about the limits of the subversion and transformation of the dominant definitions of education and the forms of institutional power. In our opinion, the long list of discussion points proves that the process of integration was not a simple matter. The task of modernising the education system in Ukraine needs the same broad coalition, in the middle of which there will undoubtedly be a number of controversial theoretical issues. However, the common ground principles and purpose would allow us to unite in critical conditions, as it happened in the UK. The consideration of the theoretical intentions of critical pedagogy and popular education, the clarification of the underlying conditions and the purpose of their unification into a single group in the UK allows us to renew our vision of the place of education in public life.Key words: critical pedagogy, Critical Pedagogy/Popular Education Group, popular education, modernisation of education system. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу теоретичних передумов і практичних наслідків об'єднання критичної педагогіки і народної (популярної) освіти у Великій Британії. Доводиться, що атмосфера кризи у суспільстві і освіті актуалізувала пошуки "критичної надії" щодо можливості трансформувати формальну та неформальну освіту. Підкреслюється, що спільні засадничі принципи і мета, навіть на фоні теоретичних дискусій, дозволяють у критичних умовах об'єднатися, як то сталося у Великій Британії. Наголошується значення широкої коаліції задля модернізація системи освіти.Ключові слова: критична педагогіка, об'єднання "Гурт критична педагогіка/народна (популярна) освіта", народна (популярна) освіта, модернізація системи освіти. Статья посвящена анализу теоретических оснований и практических последствий объединения критической педагогики и народного (популярного) образования. Доказывается, что атмосфера кризиса в обществе и образовании актуализировала поиски «критической надежды» в отношении возможности трансформировать формальное и неформальное образование. Подчеркивается, что общие основные принципы и цель, даже на фоне теоретических дискуссий, позволяют в критических условиях объединиться, как это произошло в Великобритании. Подчеркивается значение широкой коалиции для модернизации системы образования.Ключевые слова: критическая педагогика, объединение «Группа критическая педагогика/народное (популярное) образование», народное (популярное) образование, модернизация системы образования. The beginning of the 21st century has posed numerous challenges for the global population, including the growth of inequality both worldwide and in specific societies. Inequality in access to good education is also increasing. The debate on our understanding of what modern education should be like is broadening. It was this atmosphere of crisis in society and education in the UK after the 2008 global financial and economic downturn that galvanised the search for "critical hope" for the possibility of transforming formal and informal education. For the sake of this hope, representatives of critical pedagogy and popular education have united into a single group (Critical Pedagogy/Popular Education Group). Modernisation of the education system in Ukraine also requires unity of all those interested and involved in the education process. Thus, the UK's experience is of considerable interest. The possibility and rationale of combining these two areas into a single Critical Pedagogy/Popular Education Group in the UK has so far remained under-researched. The article studies theoretical preconditions and practical consequences of the combination of critical pedagogy and popular education in the UK. It is emphasised that the common basic principles and purpose, even with the background of theoretical debate, create unity in critical conditions, as it has occurred in the United Kingdom. Common for critical pedagogy and popular education are: the orientation towards the student's life experience; confidence in representation of politics in education; resistance against official hierarchies; development of critical thinking; and critical reflection on important subjects of public life with a view to improve it. However, critical pedagogy and popular education cannot be considered as one and the same. Popular education goes beyond the boundaries of traditional educational institutions with the aim of maximum adaptation to the experience of those who are studying. It aims to meet with the learners not only in the field of their experience, but also in the literal sense: in their homes, public spaces, and so on. Representatives of popular education also do not differentiate the positions of the teacher and the student, emphasising that their experience is of equal importance. Thus, popular education is based on a horizontal connection instead of the usual vertical hierarchies in the educational space. The process of popular education should correspond to the following general characteristics: its curriculum should be based on the concrete experience and material interests of people in the communities of resistance and struggle; its methods and practices of teaching are collective and focused on the group unlike individual learning and development; and it tries where possible to promote direct links between education and social actions. Critical pedagogy, like popular education, also focuses on the student's life experiences. Critical pedagogy offers a curriculum which focuses on the study of everyday life, informal and popular culture, historical models of governance, the subjectivity and identity of the individual. Thus, critical pedagogy interprets pedagogical reality as widely as possible, which allows its theorists to unite with popular education in order to solve social and transformational problems through socio-pedagogical practices. Critical Pedagogy / Popular Education Group has united theorists, political activists, artists and people's educators for the sake of progressive education in the purpose of social change. Common to them is the recognition of deep injustice, dehumanization and attacks on human dignity in many areas of life of the founders of the group, and the lives of those who are less privileged than the founders of the group. This group has connected those working in formal educational institutions to others beyond their boundaries. The aim of the group, as the founders emphasise in its program document, is to enable those involved in social transformation and political struggle in formal and informal education to integrate their knowledge, to develop pedagogy of involvement, life and hope in order to break down the barriers between informal and formal education and connect them again to make possible a progressive change; rethink university as a radically democratic social and political institution; change individualised atomisation, instrumental and fatalistic thinking proposed by neoliberalism under the slogan "there is no alternative"; combine activism outside the academic institutions and inside them; combine academic theory and practice in order to improve the world; use the experience of other institutions, movements, and groups with similar views; and develop an independent community of those working for social justice and a sustainable future. We emphasise that the union emerged for the sake of joint actions, while theoretical differences undoubtedly remain. In the opinion of the group's founders, a number of issues are still subject to debate. Among them is the refinement of the concept of practice – namely, whether there is a distinction between theory and practice, or whether academic theory, learning and teaching can be considered practices. There is also a need to clarify the understanding of the concept of community in the environment of blurring of face-to-face communities, and whether there is a need to develop a collective action strategy in the absence of community. There is even discussion around the basic vocabulary terms of the group, subversion and transformation. There is debate about the limits of the subversion and transformation of the dominant definitions of education and the forms of institutional power. In our opinion, the long list of discussion points proves that the process of integration was not a simple matter. The task of modernising the education system in Ukraine needs the same broad coalition, in the middle of which there will undoubtedly be a number of controversial theoretical issues. However, the common ground principles and purpose would allow us to unite in critical conditions, as it happened in the UK. The consideration of the theoretical intentions of critical pedagogy and popular education, the clarification of the underlying conditions and the purpose of their unification into a single group in the UK allows us to renew our vision of the place of education in public life.Key words: critical pedagogy, Critical Pedagogy/Popular Education Group, popular education, modernisation of education system.