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We characterised the oxygen abundance radial distribution of a sample of 102 spiral galaxies observed with VLT/MUSE using the O3N2 calibrator. The high spatial resolution of the data allowed us to detect 14345 H ii regions with the same image quality as with photometric data, avoiding any dilution effect. We developed a new methodology to automatically fit the abundance radial profiles, finding that 55 galaxies of the sample exhibit a single negative gradient. The remaining 47 galaxies also display, as well as this negative trend, either an inner drop in the abundances (21), an outer flattening (10), or both (16), which suggests that these features are a common property of disc galaxies. The presence and depth of the inner drop depends on the stellar mass of the galaxies with the most massive systems presenting the deepest abundance drops, while there is no such dependence in the case of the outer flattening. We find that the inner drop appears always around 0.5 r, while the position of the outer flattening varies over a wide range of galactocentric distances. Regarding the main negative gradient, we find a characteristic slope in the sample of α =-0.10 ± 0.03 dex /r. This slope is independent of the presence of bars and the density of the environment. However, when inner drops or outer flattenings are detected, slightly steeper gradients are observed. This suggests that radial motions might play an important role in shaping the abundance profiles. We define a new normalisation scale (>the abundance scale length>, r) for the radial profiles based on the characteristic abundance gradient, with which all the galaxies show a similar position for the inner drop (~0.5 r) and the outer flattening (~1.5 r). Finally, we find no significant dependence of the dispersion around the negative gradient with any property of the galaxies, with values compatible with the uncertainties associated with the derivation of the abundances.© ESO, 2018. ; This study is based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory (programmes 60.A-9329(A), 095.D-0172(A), 95.D-0091(A), 95.D-0091(B), 096.D-0263(A), 96.D-0296(A), 97.D-0408(A) and 98.D-0115(A)) and has also made use of the services of the ESO Science Archive Facility (programmes 60.A-9319(A), 60.A-9100(B), 60.A-9329(A), 60.A-9339(A), 60.A-9301(A), 196.B-0578(A) and 094.B-0733(B)). We would like to thank the anonymous referee for comments which helped to improve the content of the paper. We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) via grants AYA2012-31935, and from the >Junta de Andalucia> local government through the FQM-108 project. We also acknowledge support to the ConaCyt funding programme 180125 and DGAPA IA100815. L.G. is supported in part by the US National Science Foundation under Grant AST-1311862. T.K. acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to P. Schady from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr).This research also makes use of python (http://www.python.org),of Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), a suite of open-source python modules that provides a framework for creating scientific plots, and Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013).

The military depots form a vital component of America's defense capability, providing for the repair, rebuilding, and major overhaul of weapon systems (e.g., ships, armored vehicles, missile systems, and aircraft), their parts, assemblies, and subassemblies2. In FY 2014, the DoD spent $31.4 billion on depot-level maintenance and repair work (Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Logistics & Materiel Readiness [OASD(L&MR)], 2015). As of 2007, each of the three military departments is required by law to make an annual capital investment in its depots at a rate of at least 6% of their combined average revenue.3 The required investments have been made to support military construction, facilities maintenance and repair, and equipment procurement and process installation. This requirement was enacted in response to the deteriorating capabilities of depots during the 1990s, which lawmakers and military leaders attributed to insufficient investments in facilities, equipment, and human capital. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO; 2001a), this lack of investment could be traced to the "DoD's downsizing of its depot infrastructure and workforce since the end of the Cold War, [which] was done without sound strategic planning"(p. 3). Indeed, by the end of the millennium, the DoD had outsourced a number of logistical support functions to the private sector, including weapon system maintenance and repair activities, with some arguing that inadequate consideration was being given to the definition and protection of so-called "core"capabilities.4 In light of increasing budgetary pressure at all levels of government, improving strategic investment decision-making;the process of correctly identifying, evaluating, and selecting among projects that will have the greatest impact on the organization's ability to perform its mission;is of critical importance. In the case of military depots, there is debate over whether the mandated minimum investment requirement facilitates or inhibits strategic investment decision-making. For instance, although the law does not place upper limits on annual capital investment, there is an implicit assumption that 6% is and will continue to represent an adequate (minimum) level of investment and that previous years' revenues represent the appropriate sum upon which to base the 6%. This is unlikely to be the case. At the same time, it might be argued that in the absence of dedicated funding, routine investment in depots will be overlooked;that it, in fact, was overlooked;to fund more visible, higher-profile programs and projects. This report explores the impact of funding mechanisms on decision-making, investment levels, and capabilities. Barrett and Greene (2013) assert that "when funds are dedicated, often from a special revenue stream,"the advantage of consistent funding "buffers a program from the powerful wind of changing political climate"(p. 1). They contrast dedicated funding (or "earmarkingヤ) with "one-fund-fits-all"(i.e., general fund financing), which gives legislators and managers more financial flexibility to move funds as needs change. They conclude, "Unfortunately, there's no overridingly best practice here;no black or whiteナ but understanding the pros and cons of both routes to funding holds out the hope of coming to the right answer for a particular project"(p. 1). This report evaluates these pros and cons, as well as any barriers to change, within the context of military depot funding. Ultimately, it seeks to determine if and how current capital investment policy should be modified in order to optimize depot capabilities. ; Naval Postgraduate School Acquisition Research Program

The military depots form a vital component of America's defense capability, providing for the repair, rebuilding, and major overhaul of weapon systems (e.g., ships, armored vehicles, missile systems, and aircraft), their parts, assemblies, and subassemblies2. In FY 2014, the DoD spent $31.4 billion on depot-level maintenance and repair work (Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Logistics & Materiel Readiness [OASD(L&MR)], 2015). As of 2007, each of the three military departments is required by law to make an annual capital investment in its depots at a rate of at least 6% of their combined average revenue.3 The required investments have been made to support military construction, facilities maintenance and repair, and equipment procurement and process installation. This requirement was enacted in response to the deteriorating capabilities of depots during the 1990s, which lawmakers and military leaders attributed to insufficient investments in facilities, equipment, and human capital. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO; 2001a), this lack of investment could be traced to the "DoD's downsizing of its depot infrastructure and workforce since the end of the Cold War, [which] was done without sound strategic planning"(p. 3). Indeed, by the end of the millennium, the DoD had outsourced a number of logistical support functions to the private sector, including weapon system maintenance and repair activities, with some arguing that inadequate consideration was being given to the definition and protection of so-called "core"capabilities.4 In light of increasing budgetary pressure at all levels of government, improving strategic investment decision-making;the process of correctly identifying, evaluating, and selecting among projects that will have the greatest impact on the organization's ability to perform its mission;is of critical importance. In the case of military depots, there is debate over whether the mandated minimum investment requirement facilitates or inhibits strategic investment decision-making. For instance, although the law does not place upper limits on annual capital investment, there is an implicit assumption that 6% is and will continue to represent an adequate (minimum) level of investment and that previous years' revenues represent the appropriate sum upon which to base the 6%. This is unlikely to be the case. At the same time, it might be argued that in the absence of dedicated funding, routine investment in depots will be overlooked;that it, in fact, was overlooked;to fund more visible, higher-profile programs and projects. This report explores the impact of funding mechanisms on decision-making, investment levels, and capabilities. Barrett and Greene (2013) assert that "when funds are dedicated, often from a special revenue stream,"the advantage of consistent funding "buffers a program from the powerful wind of changing political climate"(p. 1). They contrast dedicated funding (or "earmarkingヤ) with "one-fund-fits-all"(i.e., general fund financing), which gives legislators and managers more financial flexibility to move funds as needs change. They conclude, "Unfortunately, there's no overridingly best practice here;no black or whiteナ but understanding the pros and cons of both routes to funding holds out the hope of coming to the right answer for a particular project"(p. 1). This report evaluates these pros and cons, as well as any barriers to change, within the context of military depot funding. Ultimately, it seeks to determine if and how current capital investment policy should be modified in order to optimize depot capabilities. ; Naval Postgraduate School Acquisition Research Program

The newspaper «Le Monde» gives testimony, and is almost an actor, of the French Republic and its relations to foreign partners, the most important and influential of which is the United States of America. On one hand we will look into the image given by this country throughout « Le Monde »'s articles. We will consider how the United States are being covered, the way they relate to the rest of the world, the way their economy is valued, their level of development, the description of their society and their people, the image given by their democracy and their power. On the other hand we will watch the acquaintances between the United States and « Le Monde »'s editorial staff in a broad way, that is journalists and directors, from its foundation along the seventy following years and the various US administrations, which will show how the successive directors of the newspaper and the main journalists have had a genuine knowledge and esteem for this country. We will also learn the way America is covered through the designing of the newspaper. We will see how the editorial staff and the american authorities intermate, the way the latter greet and convey informations in an attempt to influence, openly or not, «Le Monde»'s protagonists ans beyond this, how the directors of the newspaper are inspired by the United States and the american press. Last but not least, we will look into the editorial line «Le Monde» choses to refer to the United States. Three major periods will emerge, the first one of which corresponds to Hubert Beuve-Méry's management with a longlasting concern ever since for financial and editorial independance. His successors will try to keep on with his heritage while America is dividing the editorial staff. After the fall of the Berlin wall the new generation will modify the vision « Le Monde » had of America whereas the digital technologies start revolutionizing the media. ; Le journal «Le Monde est un témoin voire un acteur de la vie de la République et de ses relations avec ses partenaires étrangers, à commencer par le plus important et le plus influent d'entre eux : les États-Unis d'Amérique. Cette thèse analyse d'une part l'image de ce pays dans les articles du «Monde». Elle s'intéresse à la place consacrée aux États-Unis, à leur relation avec le reste du monde, à leur image économique et à leur niveau de développement, à la description de leur société et de leur peuple, à l'image de leur système démocratique et enfin à l'image de leur puissance. Cette thèse étudie d'autre part la relation entre les États-Unis et la rédaction du «Monde» au sens large, c'est-à-dire journalistes et direction, durant les soixante-dix années écoulées depuis sa création, au fil des administrations présidentielles américaines. Elle montre comment les directeurs successifs et les principaux rédacteurs concernés connaissent et apprécient ce pays, comment est réalisée la couverture de l'Amérique par le journal. Elle étudie les rapports entre la rédaction du «Monde» et les autorités américaines, comment celles-ci accueillent, informent, essaient d'influencer ouvertement ou non le journal et ses équipes. Au delà, elle montre comment la direction du «Monde» s'inspire des États-Unis et de leur presse. Elle étudie enfin la ligne éditoriale du journal sur les États-Unis. Trois grandes périodes se dessinent, la première correspond à la direction d'Hubert Beuve-Méry qui marque durablement le journal de son souci d'indépendance matérielle et éditoriale. Ses successeurs essaient de maintenir son héritage tandis que l'Amérique divise la rédaction. Après la chute du mur de Berlin, une nouvelle génération, moderne, transforme le regard du journal sur l'Amérique, alors que le numérique révolutionne les médias.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein). ; Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in ≈131K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3, 514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P < 1.0 × 10-5). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in ≈440K individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2, 159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 × 10-8). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P < 5.0 × 10-8) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2) have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension. ; The following authors declare commercial private and/or governmental affiliations: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. Oscar H Franco (OHF) is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Fimlab LTD provided support in the form of salaries for author Terho Lehtimäki (TL) but did not have any additional role in the study design to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Gen‐info Ltd provided support in the form of salaries for author Ozren Polašek (OP) but did not have any additional role in the study design to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed

La cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Mushu Runa, debido a su gran apogeo económico en el sector cooperativo, financiero; iniciando en la ciudad de Ambato, y la diseminación de una gran cantidad de sucursales a muchos cantones del Ecuador. Que para cumplir con sus actividades diarias tiene que contratar y despedir personal, para diferentes cargos y funciones, el departamento de RR.HH, debe cumplir un papel hegemónico, ya que de este recurso depende su éxito; pero en este trámite este departamento de RR.HH. no cumple a cabalidad con ciertas disposiciones legales, segregando contra ciertas sectores de la población, en la ocupación de puestos y vacantes. Nuestro objetivo es evidenciar que actos divisorios están en contra de disposiciones legales ecuatorianas; ya que exigen requisitos discriminatorios como el ser bilingüe con dominio del idioma Quechua y el español, la obligatoriedad de usar la vestimenta indígena todos los días de labores, habitar o provenir de comunidades indígenas requisitos; que no son accesibles para la mayoría de la población mestiza, negra o extranjera que se siente desplazada e indiscriminada; lo que le convierte en una institución que práctica y aplica el monopolio en beneficio de su etnia, raza, castas sociales y con prácticas de nepotismo en sus puestos de dirigencia; nuestro objetivo es, que los reclutamiento de personal nuevo, se realice en forma más democrática; de una forma más abierta y transparente hacia todos los ciudadanos ecuatorianos, tengan las mismas oportunidades que el sector indígena, ya que la captación de dinero si es abierto, a todo ámbito de personas. Nuestra investigación se ha basado en entrevistas, encuestas a directivos y empleados de esa cooperativa, aplicando el método del análisis comparativo, inductivo, deductivo, el método de la observación y el crítico. ; The credit union Mushu Runa, due to its great economic growth in the cooperative, financial sector; starting in the city of Ambato, and the dissemination of a large number of branches in many cantons of Ecuador. That in order to carry out his daily activities he has to hire and fire personnel, for different positions and functions, the HR department must fulfill a hegemonic role, and that this resource depends on his success; But at this point this HR department does not comply with the distribution law, segregating against sectors of the population, in the occupation of positions and vacancies. Our objective is to demonstrate divisive acts that are against the Ecuadorian legal dispositions; since they demand discriminatory requirements such as being bilingual with the command of the Quechua language and Spanish, the obligatory nature of wearing the dress, the days of work, the quality of the person and the state; that are not accessible to the majority of the mestizo, black or foreign population that feels displaced and indiscriminate; What he likes in an institution that practices and applies monopoly for the benefit of his ethnicity, race, social castes and practices of nepotism in his leadership states; Our goal is that the recruitment of new personnel is carried out in a more democratic way; in a more open and transparent way towards all Ecuadorian citizens, have the same opportunities as the indigenous sector, that the collection of money is open, a whole range of people. Our research is based on interviews, surveys of managers and employees of that cooperative, applying the method of comparative, inductive, deductive analysis, the method of observation and the critic.

Esta investigación se propuso describir las tendencias de la inmigración latinoamericana a México y su inserción laboral en las zonas metropolitanas de Ciudad de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey. Por consiguiente se consideró la heterogeneidad interna según colectivo de origen de los latinoamericanos y sus principales diferencias con la población mexicana y otras poblaciones de inmigrantes. Las principales fuentes de información fueron los últimos Censos de Población y Vivienda y la Encuesta Intercensal 2015. Para tal fin se emplearon diversas técnicas cuantitativas, entre ellas el análisis de secuencias y los modelos de regresión múltiple. Los principales resultados muestran un crecimiento del volumen de la inmigración latinoamericana a México en años recientes, una clara selectividad femenina y una tendencia a la diversificación de los países de origen. La inserción laboral en 2015 indica que los latinoamericanos predominan en las ocupaciones no manuales altas del mercado de trabajo, en particular en actividades vinculadas al sector terciario de alta calificación. Además, se observan mayores tasas de trabajadores asalariados en la metrópoli regiomontana, seguida de la capitalina y finalmente la tapatía. En cuanto a las condiciones laborales, con independencia del área metropolitana de residencia, los inmigrantes de América Latina exhiben mejores condiciones laborales que la población de origen mexicano y los otros inmigrantes. No obstante, existen diferencias importantes en el universo de los latinoamericanos según la subregión de origen, siendo los suramericanos los que gozan de mejores condiciones laborales respecto de los inmigrantes de los países del norte de Centroamérica, los caribeños y el resto de la región centro. En tanto mercados de trabajo, son las, metrópolis regiomontana y capitalina las que mejores condiciones laborales brindan a la fuerza de trabajo latinoamericana. ; This research describes the trends of Latin American immigration to Mexico and employability in the three main metropolitan areas: Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey. Therefore, the Internal Heterogeneity was considered according to the Latin Americans' origin group and their main differences with the Mexican population and other inhabitants of non-Latin American immigrants. The major sources of information were the last Population and Housing Censuses and the Intercensus Survey 2015. To fulfill this goal, different quantitative techniques were used, including sequence analysis and multiple regression models. The main results show a volume growth in recent years of Latin American immigration to Mexico, a clear female selectivity and a tendency to diversify the countries of origin. Regarding the labor insertion in 2015, Latin Americans predominate in the high non-manual occupations of the labor market, particularly in activities related to the highly qualified tertiary sector: financial, social and government services. In addition, there are higher rates of salaried employees in the Monterrey metropolis, followed by the capital city and finally the tapatía. In terms of working conditions, regardless of the metropolitan area of residence, immigrants from Latin America exhibit better working conditions than the population of Mexican origin and immigrants from outside our region. However, there are important differences in the universe of Latin Americans according to the origin´s subregion, being the South Americans who enjoy better working conditions with regard to immigrants from countries of northern Central America, the Caribbean and the rest of the central region. Concerning the labor markets, Monterrey and Ciudad de México metropolis provide the best working conditions for the Latin American labor force.

El objetivo principal del desarrollo de un "Plan tecnológico" es plantear líneas estratégicas que consoliden su comercialización y posicionamiento en el mercado, desde el punto tecnológico, de innovación y comercial. Un aspecto fundamental de la detección de VPH no es solo detectarlo, sino que el diagnostico sea el correcto, y por ello la colposcopia se enfrenta a un reto importante para obtener como resultado confiable, de ahí se parte para el desarrollo de un colposcopio con luz actínica que permite la detección oportuna del VPH y también un diagnóstico certero, y de la misma forma su compatibilidad con plataformas gubernamentales que le permitan generar expedientes clínicos; ya que el VPH representa una de las principales enfermedades de muerte en mujeres en un rango de edad entre 25 y 38 años, todo ello causado por falta de detección oportuna. Por ello se desarrolló una propuesta innovadora mediante un paquete tecnológico, que cuentacon un colposcopio de fluorescencia, que tiene tres subsistemas: mecánico, eléctrico, óptico y con un software integrado; que permite realizar un estudio más específico y eficaz e incluye una cámara digital que permite la visualización o grabación del estudio en un monitor externo o computadora, para poder mejorar el manejo del expediente clínico del paciente.Para el desarrollo del plan tecnológico se utilizó una metodología Quicklook, la cual permite demostrar la viabilidad técnica, comercial y de negocio de la presente innovación, utilizando métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos, dentro de los cualitativos se consideró: Propiedad intelectual, análisis de mercado y tecnología y su competencia, y los cuantitativos: Análisis financiero, y una prueba en población objetivo que determine su efectividad de diagnóstico. Los resultados finales demostraron que es un dispositivo muy útil y confiable con un porcentaje alto de sensibilidad y efectividad en el diagnóstico. ; The main objective of the development of a "Technological Plan" is to establish strategic lines that consolidate its commercialization and positioning in the market, from the technological, innovation and commercial point of view. A fundamental aspect of HPV detection is not only to detect it, but the diagnosis is correct, and therefore colposcopy faces an important challenge to obtain a reliable result, hence the development of a colposcope with light actinic that allows the timely detection of HPV and also an accurate diagnosis, and in the same way its compatibility with governmental platforms that allow it to generate clinical files; since HPV represents one of the main diseases of death in women in an age range between 25 and 38 years, all caused by lack of timely detection. Therefore, an innovative proposal was developed through a technological package, which has a fluorescence colposcope, which has three subsystems: mechanical, electrical, optical and with integrated software; that allows a more specific and effective study and includes a digital camera that allows the viewing or recording of the study on an external monitor or computer, in order to improve the handling of the patient's clinical record. For the development of the technological plan a Quicklook methodology was used, which allows demonstrating the technical, commercial and business viability of the present innovation, using qualitative and quantitative methods, within the qualitative ones it was considered: Intellectual property, market analysis and technology and its competence, and the quantitative ones: Financial analysis, and a test in the target population that determines its diagnostic effectiveness. The final results showed that it is a very useful and reliable device with a high percentage of sensitivity and effectiveness in the diagnosis.

La crisi economica che sta attraversando il nostro paese, la depressione che ha colpito il settore immobiliare e le difficoltà sempre maggiori di accesso al credito bancario hanno incentivato la "creazione di modelli negoziali funzionali alla trasmissione di diritti "ambigui", a cavallo tra realità e obbligatorietà". Correlativamente, il meccanismo derivativo della trasmissione del potere dominicale, tipico della compravendita disegnata dal legislatore del '42, rappresenta solo una delle possibili articolazioni del negozio non più monolitico e uniforme, ma che si presenta sempre più articolato e flessibile. Nel presente elaborato, ci si propone di analizzare le "nuove" formule di contrattazione immobiliare caratterizzate da uno iato temporale tra il godimento e il possesso del bene. L'obiettivo della ricerca è dunque quello di comprendere se non possa più considerarsi attuale lo stereotipo proprietario del diritto di godere e di disporre, e se ci si trovi difronte a una nuova forma di articolazione tra titolarità, appartenenza e legittimazione rispetto ai beni immobili. La trattazione viene condotta attraverso un'analisi delle diverse forme contrattuali delineatasi negli ultimi anni, e nello specifico dei "contratti di godimento in funzione della successiva alienazione d'immobili" di cui alla legge 11 Novembre 2014, n. 164 ; del "contratto di locazione finanziaria finalizzato all'acquisto di beni immobili da adibire ad abitazione principale" introdotto dalla legge 28.12.2015 n.208, e infine delle configurazioni che nella prassi ha assunto la contrattazione immobiliare per il rilancio del settore immobiliare (rent to buy, help to buy e buy to rent oggetto del terzo capitolo). Lo scopo è quello di contribuire alla riflessione sulle molteplici configurazioni che la contrattazione immobiliare può assumere per agevolare l'incontro tra domanda ed offerta in tempi di crisi. ; The economic crisis that is going through our country, the depression that has hit the real estate sector and the increasing difficulties of access to bank credit have encouraged the "creation of negotiation models functional to the transmission of" ambiguous "rights, between realities and compulsory. " Correlatively, the derivative mechanism of the transmission of dominican power, typical of the sale drawn up by the legislator of '42, represents only one of the possible articulations of the store that is no longer monolithic and uniform, but which presents itself increasingly articulated and flexible. In this paper, we propose to analyze the "new" formulas of real estate contracts characterized by a temporal hiatus between the enjoyment and possession of the asset. The aim of the research is therefore to understand if the stereotype owner of the right to enjoy and dispose can no longer be considered current, and if we are facing a new form of asset within ownership and legitimacy of real estate,. The discussion is conducted through an analysis of the various forms of contracts that have taken place in recent years, and specifically the "enjoyment contracts according to the subsequent sale of properties" pursuant to Law 11 November 2014, No. 164, of the " financial lease for the purchase of real estate to be used as a main residence "introduced by law 28.12.2015 n.208, and finally of the configurations that in practice has taken over real estate contracting for the relaunch of the real estate sector (rent to buy, help to buy and buy to rent, object of the third chapter). The aim is to contribute to the reflection on the multiple configurations that real estate contracting can take to facilitate the meeting between supply and demand in times of crisis.

Il presente elaborato intende approfondire il tema del Partenariato Pubblico-Privato (PPP) quale strumento sempre più attuale e rilevante, non soltanto all'interno dell'ordinamento giuridico nazionale ed europeo, segnatamente per quanto attiene disciplina che concerne i contratti pubblici e le concessioni, bensì quale premessa, oggi più che mai necessaria e strategica per sviluppare azioni e interventi di cui potersi avvalere per affrontare le molteplici e complesse sfide della crisi economica e finanziaria dominata da stringenti vincoli di finanza pubblica. Il Capitolo II si concentra sulla dimensione contrattuale della collaborazione pubblico-privato in ambito strettamente contrattuale, dedicando particolare attenzione alle concessioni di lavori, di servizi ed alla finanza di progetto, con un excursus dalle origini attraverso un cammino normativo non sempre agevole, fino ai più recenti sviluppi normativi con l'entrata in vigore prima delle direttive 2014/23/UE, 2014/24/UE e 2014/25/UE e quindi del nuovo Codice dei contratti pubblici e delle concessioni (d.lgs. n. 50/2016). Il capitolo III è dedicato alle esperienze di collaborazione pubblico-privato istituzionalizzate, quali in primis le società miste per gestione di servizi di pubblica utilità, aventi interesse economico generale e successivamente le altre fattispecie collaborative quali le fondazioni per la gestione dei servizi, anch'essi d'interesse generale ma privi d'interesse economico, quali i servizi nell'ambito della sanità, della formazione universitaria e della ricerca scientifica. Infine, il Capitolo VI indaga la possibilità per il principio costituzionale di sussidiarietà orizzontale, di potere realmente evolvere da mero principio statico ispiratore delle relazioni collaborative e cooperative tra gli attori istituzionali ed i soggetti privati a modello propulsivo e dinamico di una nuova e più aggiornata strategia di crescita, per promuovere in modo adeguato ed efficiente lo sviluppo dei territori al tempo della crisi, e per favorire gli investimenti pubblici proprio attraverso gli strumenti di PPP. ; The following Thesis aims at detailing the topic of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP), as an increasingly recurrent legal instrument, not just as a legal phenomenon tied with the Italian and European legal order (in particular as for public contracts and concessions) but rather as a preliminary condition that must be held in order to develop the strategies of action that the various challenges posed by the economic and financial crises require in term of limits towards the public spending. The Chapter II focuses on the contractual dimension of the Public-Private Partnership in a stricto sensu contractual ambit, devoting particular attention to concessions of services and to project financing, with an excursus from the origins, through a difficult normative pathway, until the most recent legislative developments with the entrance into force of the directives 2014/23/UE, 2014/24/UE e 2014/25/UE and of the Code of public contracts and of the concessions (d.lgs. n. 50/2016). Chapter III is devoted to the description of experiences institutional PPPs, in primis "mixed" companies established for the management of public utilities (Services having a General Economic Interest) and then to the other examples of cooperation, as foundations for the management of Social Services of General Interest, as healthcare services, secondary and higher education and scientific research. The last Chapter, n. VI, investigates the possibility for horizontal subsidiarity to evolve from a mere "static" principle which inspires the relationship of cooperation between private and institutional actors towards a more dynamic model propelling a fresh and timely strategy of growth, in order to promote adequately and efficiently local development in time of crisis and to favour public investments through PPP.

Il presente lavoro analizza il regime di tassazione di gruppo delineato dall'articolo 11 della Direttiva IVA. La disposizione, con formulazione scarna, autorizza gli Stati membri dell'UE, in ossequio al principio di diritto europeo "substance over form", a considerare come un unico soggetto passivo le persone stabilite nel territorio dello stesso Stato membro che, pur giuridicamente indipendenti, siano strettamente vincolate fra loro da rapporti finanziari, economici ed organizzativi. Al riconoscimento della soggettività passiva unica dei gruppi consegue quale logico corollario la irrilevanza ai fini IVA degli scambi a titolo oneroso tra i suoi membri. L'effetto illumina l'interesse per il regime delle aggregazioni di imprese con membri che soffrono limitazioni all'esercizio del diritto alla detrazione in funzione delle attività svolte, quali i gruppi bancari ed assicurativi, e consente altresì di prospettare la "soggettività passiva unica" come antidoto contro il costo dell'IVA indetraibile e, quindi, quale strumento di ripristino della neutralità del tributo compromessa dalla previsione di operazioni esenti. L'elaborato definisce, a partire dall'esegesi dell'articolo 11 della Direttiva IVA, il framework regolatorio europeo ed evidenzia gli scollamenti dalla matrice delle implementazioni nazionali; descrive il regime italiano; esamina, in un approccio comparatistico, i sistemi belga e svedese; culmina nella valutazione della conformità dei modelli analizzati ai principi europei del diritto tributario e nella denuncia della loro disomogeneità quale possibile fonte di alterazione della parità concorrenziale tra operatori economici. Si conclude con una riflessione sulla opportunità di un sistema di IVA di gruppo obbligatorio e standardizzato e sulla necessità di un intervento di raccordo tra la previsione del regime del gruppo quale soggetto passivo d'imposta unico e gli istituti del sistema comune dell'imposta sul valore aggiunto tagliati sul modello individuale di soggetto passivo. ; This doctoral thesis analyzes the VAT group option provided in Article 11 of Council Directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of value added tax. The provision, in accordance with the "substance over form" principle, allows Member States to treat as a single taxable person for VAT purposes ("VAT group") persons established within their territory who, while legally independent, are closely bound to one another by financial, economic and organizational links. One of the consequences of treating the members of a VAT group as a single taxable person is that transactions between those members are disregarded for VAT purposes. Thus, VAT grouping neutralizes costs incurred on intra-group transactions. This effect highlights the strong interest of groups with members who suffer restrictions on input tax deduction depending on the activities carried out, such as banking and insurance groups, in using the VAT grouping system. It also allows to envisage the "VAT group" as an antidote to the cost of non-deductible VAT and, therefore, as an instrument for restoring the VAT neutrality compromised by the provision of exemptions. The dissertation defines the European regulatory framework; it sheds light on the friction between national implementations and the european provision; it describes the Italian regime; it examines, in a comparative perspective, the Belgian and Swedish systems; it culminates in the evaluation of the compatibity of the analyzed models with general principles of European union law and in the denunciation of the lack of harmonization as a possible source of tax competition between Member States. It concludes with some reflections on the opportunity of a compulsory and harmonized VAT consolidation system and on the need to link up the VAT grouping provision with the rules of the common system of value added tax that have been designed on the individual model of taxable person.

The rising power of regions seems obvious in academic literature in France and abroad. What is the contribution of emerging issues such as environment to this shift? Is there such an increasing power of regions in the climate, air, and energy field? If so, how does it happen? To answer these questions, this doctoral thesis focuses on the changing role of the Île-de-France regional council in climate, air and energy policies since the 90's. The study highlights an increase in power of the Île-de-France Region (also known as « Paris Region ») to address climate, air, and energy issues. This Region has taken a major position among all stakeholders. This observation has been made possible through a combination of a law and political sciences approaches. It allowed to study the actors, their relationships, their area of competence, their constraints, their means, and the way they use it. We studied in this doctoral thesis the jurisdiction of the Île-de-France regional council, its human and financial resources, its positioning regarding other actors in the region, and the way the regional council uses legal rules. Two schemes seem to be essential to understand the increasingly central position of the Île-de-France regional council on climate, air, and energy questions: first, the climate, air, and energy regional plan (schéma régional du climat, de l'air et de l'énergie) and then the chef de file (which could be translate by "leadership role") of regional councils. ; La « montée en puissance des Régions » semble aujourd'hui une évidence dans nombre de travaux universitaires, en France comme à l'étranger. Dans quelle mesure l'apparition de nouveaux enjeux comme l'environnement participe-t-elle à ce mouvement ? Cette montée en puissance s'observe-t-elle dans le domaine des politiques climatiques, énergétiques et de qualité de l'air en France ? Si tel est le cas, comment se traduit-elle ? Pour répondre à ces questions, la présente thèse étudie les évolutions du rôle de la Région Île-de-France en matière de politiques énergétiques, climatiques et de qualité de l'air des années 1990 à aujourd'hui. Il est mis en lumière un mouvement de montée en puissance de cette Région sur les questions climat-air-énergie, processus qui se traduit par une place de plus en plus centrale de cette collectivité dans le système d'acteurs intervenant en la matière. Le constat de ce « gain de centralité » de la Région Île-de-France a été permis par une combinaison d'approches relevant du droit et de la science politique. Croiser les apports de ces disciplines a contribué à appréhender à la fois les acteurs en présence, leurs relations, leurs compétences, les contraintes et ressources dont ils disposent, et les usages faits de ces dernières. Sont explorés dans cette thèse les compétences de la Région Île-de-France, ses moyens financiers et humains, son positionnement vis-à-vis des autres acteurs franciliens et son usage des normes juridiques. Deux outils des politiques climat-air-énergie régionales apparaissent comme essentiels dans le positionnement central de la Région : le schéma régional du climat, de l'air et de l'énergie (SRCAE), d'une part, présenté comme le vecteur d'une approche intégrée, et le chef de filât des Régions en matière de climat, d'air et d'énergie, d'autre part. La logique qui préside à ses outils et les usages qui en sont faits permettent d'avancer l'idée d'une Région Île-de-France de plus en plus au centre du jeu sur les enjeux de climat, d'air et d'énergie.

El proyecto de investigación está relacionado al compromiso organizacional en la asociatividad del sector de limpieza de la Cámara de Economía Popular y solidaria de Tungurahua. En la cual, se puede decir que el compromiso organizacional incide en la asociatividad ya que puede generar un buen o bajo desempeño laboral y no estar administrado correctamente en las organizaciones genera en los socios la deslealtad, el poco compromiso e identidad corporativa. Además, en ocasiones el socio puede percibir que no está gozando de beneficios simplemente se cambia a otra asociación que esté pasando por momentos agradables como puede ser un buen ambiente de trabajo. Desde la perspectiva, de la metodología se realizó una encuesta para la recolección de datos, posteriormente se tabulo, gráfico y se realizó el análisis e interpretación de resultados, en donde, se obtuvo lo siguiente: un 32,14% evidencia que la información financiera permite la adecuada toma de decisiones, con respecto a la equidad y democracia de cada uno de los miembros el 27,86% han manifestado que algunas veces se logra mantener la equidad en la institución. Desde el punto de vista de la asociatividad, el 33,57% piensan que algunas veces si se han presentado conflictos organizacionales y problemas en la asociación por lo que hay que identificar falencias que permitan reducir este tipo de aspecto. Con la finalidad de dar solución a la problemática se ha propuesto un Plan de acción estratégica para mejorar el compromiso organizacional en la asociatividad del sector de limpieza de la Cámara de Economía Popular y Solidaria de Tungurahua. Contiene estrategias capaces de compartir valores, identificación con la misión y visión entre directivos y socios, desarrollar un excelente desempeño laboral, aplicar factores de trabajo en equipo, un buen clima organizacional y comunicación empresarial, con el objetivo de alcanzar un alto grado de satisfacción y convivencia empresarial. ; The research project is related to the organizational commitment in the associativity of the cleaning sector of the Chamber of Popular Economy and solidary of Tungurahua. In which, we can say that organizational commitment affects associativity because it can generate a good or poor job performance and not being properly managed in the organizations generates in the partners the disloyalty, the little commitment and corporate identity. In addition, sometimes the partner may perceive that he is not enjoying benefits simply change to another association that is going through pleasant moments such as a good work environment. From the perspective of the methodology, a survey was carried out for the data collection, afterwards the tabulation, graph and the analysis and interpretation of results was performed, where, the following was obtained: 32.14% evidenced that the financial information Allows adequate decision-making, with respect to equity and democracy of each of the members 27.86% have stated that sometimes it is possible to maintain equity in the institution. From the point of view of the associativity, 33.57% think that sometimes if there have been organizational conflicts and problems in the association so we must identify weaknesses that allow reducing this type of aspect. In order to solve the problem, a Strategic Action Plan has been proposed to improve the organizational commitment in the associativity of the cleaning sector of the Popular and Solidarity Economy Chamber of Tungurahua. It contains strategies capable of sharing values, identification with the mission and vision among managers and collaborators, developing an excellent work performance, applying factors of teamwork, a good organizational climate and business communication, with the aim of achieving a high degree of satisfaction and business coexistence.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Polska od momentu członkostwa w UE zaczęła zwracać szczególną uwagę na kwestię ochrony środowiska. Wspólnota pozwala na dowolność kreowania przez państwa ich bilansów energetycznych, jednak unijne prawo musi być przestrzegane i wdrażane. W związku z tym polityka bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski, kreowana przez rząd oraz organizacje rządowe, pozarządowe, przedsiębiorców, a także społeczeństwo, powinna uwzględniać unijne priorytety, zwłaszcza w przypadku sektora odnawialnych źródeł energii. OZE są jednym z priorytetów polityki energetyczno-klimatycznej UE. Celem artykułu jest m.in. wskazanie roli prosumenta w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem energetycznym Polski oraz analiza tzw. energetyki prosumenckiej. Kwestię prosumenta reguluje w Polsce ustawa o OZE – proces nowelizacji w 2015 r, odbił się szeroką dyskusją nie tylko w gronie naukowym, ale i wśród przedstawicieli organizacji społecznych oraz środowisk skupiających prosumentów w Polsce. Zjawisko to było widoczne również i na początku 2016 r., gdzie nowy rząd, po dojściu do władzy (Patia Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), postanowił wznowić pracę nad zawartością ustawy. Należy podkreślić, że w polskim prawie nie było bezpośredniego wsparcia finansowego (określonego na poziomie ustawowym) dla małych producentów energii elektrycznej. Kredyty i uproszone rozwiązania administracyjne, nie zachęcały konsumentów do indywidualnych inwestycji. W wyniku nowelizacji ustawy o OZE prosument w ramach wsparcia może skorzystać m.in. z zakupu i montażu małych instalacji odnawialnych źródeł energii finansowanych z funduszy unijnych. Artykuł stanowi także próbę odpowiedzi na pytania: kim jest prosument, co to jest energetyka prosumencka oraz jakie są jej założenia? Jaka jest rola prosumenta w procesie zarządzania bezpieczeństwem energetycznym w Polsce? Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniu aktualnym, co zwiększa jego atrakcyjność pod względem badawczym. ; Since its EU membership, Poland has paid special attention to the protection of the natural environment. The Community enables flexible creation of the energy balances by the Member States, but EU law must be respected and implemented. Therefore, the energy security policy created by the Polish government and governmental organizations, NGOs, businesses and the society should take into account the EU priorities, especially in the renewable energy sector. RES is one of the priorities of the energy and climate policy. This article aims to indicate the prosumer role in the management of energy security, and to analyse prosumer energy. The issue of prosumer-driven regulations in the field of renewable energy in Poland, amended in 2015, triggered a broad discussion not only among the scientific community, but also among the representatives of social organizations and communities gathering prosumers in Poland. This phenomenon was evident also at the beginning of 2016, when the new government came to power (the Law and Justice party) and decided to resume work on the content of the Act. It should be emphasized that the Polish law provided for no direct financial support (determined on a statutory level) for small power producers. Simplistic loans and administrative arrangements do not encourage consumers to individual investments. As a result of the amendment to the law on renewable energy in support of prosumer benefits from, among others, the purchase and assembly of small installations of renewable energy sources financed from the EU funds. This article aims to answer a few questions: who is the prosumer, who is the energy prosumer and what are their objectives? What is the role of the prosumer in the management of energy security in Poland? The article focuses on a topical issue, which makes it all the more interesting in terms of research.

The question of how the EU should finance peacebuilding in developing countries has challenged policy-makers and pundits for many years. At one level this is a technical and legal issue of budget lines and financing rules. It nevertheless touches on the much deeper political and even moral issues of whether the EU should use development aid to finance security provision, how best the EU can respond to the legitimate needs of partners in conflict-affected countries and what kind of civil and/or military engagements the EU can support as part of its external relations. The question has come to resemble the proverbial can being kicked along the road by successive European Commissioners, Council working groups and parliamentary committees. It has come to a head again because intra-EU negotiations for the next Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 are starting in earnest. This time, a sensible proposal is on the table which can potentially provide a pragmatic and workable solution, at least for a while. In December 2017, the European Council requested the Foreign Affairs Council to adopt a recommendation on a dedicated instrument for Capacity Building in Support of Security and Development (CBSD) for the post-2020 EU budget by the spring of 2018. In this context, the High Representative (HR) of the EU for Foreign and Security Affairs, Federica Mogherini, proposed that the EU create a European Peace Facility (EPF). While she did not provide any details, the general idea is that the EPF would be an 'off-budget' fund to finance peace support operations and the capacity building of partner countries' security sectors. The fact that HR Mogherini's proposal sounds similar to another EU peacebuilding instrument – the African Peace Facility (APF) – is no accident. It is precisely due to problems experienced by the APF that the EPF is needed. Chief among these is the need to be able to provide stable, predictable funding to the African Union's peacebuilding activities and peacekeeping missions. This has proved more difficult than it should have been because of a second problem: the legal restrictions on financing military activities from the EU's budget. Overcoming this dilemma is only possible through an off-budget instrument which can meet the legitimate requirement of financing peace support operations while respecting one of the EU's core principles. The design of such an instrument presents political, legal and technical challenges for the EU's decision-makers. The most promising model for the EPF is to set it up as a multi-donor trust fund, open for direct contributions from member states. This model has the advantages of flexibility regarding EU budget rules, additionality (it could finance a mixture of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and non-ODA eligible expenses, rather than diverting aid to security activities) and visibility, since the EPF can be a global instrument based on the proven logic of the APF. The model has disadvantages as well, particularly that in the current crisis-driven climate there is strong pressure to use this kind of instrument for protecting Europe against real or perceived threats, such as terrorism or irregular migration. Some member states, and even parts of the Commission and EEAS, are highly likely to try to exempt the EPF from oversight by the European Parliament. The governance of the instrument is crucial, if it is to fulfil its mission of supporting developing countries' efforts to provide a secure basis for development.