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Bill introduced by the Texas Senate relating to certain required reports received or prepared by state agencies and other governmental entities.

Bangladesh has documented consistent reductions in poverty since 2000 and has also seen considerable transformation in the sector and location of economic activities. This paper exploits variation in sectoral growth and migration across districts and time to examine whether spatial variation in sectoral growth patterns—growth in agriculture, industry, or services—can explain spatial variation in poverty reduction, and what the role of migration was. We control for district fixed effects and instrument growth in agriculture and international migration to explore causal effects. We find that reductions in poverty were largest in places where agricultural output growth was highest and where industrial growth was highest. Poverty reduction was greater in districts which were sending larger numbers of international migrants. The relationship between agricultural growth and poverty reduction holds when instrumenting agricultural growth with rainfall data, and manufacturing growth has a significant impact on poverty reduction when proxied by a Bartik-style instrument, indicating that some of these findings are causal.

Seit 2010 nimmt die Zuwanderung nach Deutschland aufgrund der ökonomischen Diskrepanzen auch zwischen den europäischen Staaten stetig zu. So lag 2013 die Zahl der Zuzüge erstmals seit 20 Jahren wieder deutlich über der Zahl der Fortzüge: Deutschland zählte Ende des Jahres etwa 430.000 Menschen mehr als zu Anfang. Dies stellt vor allem die Großstädte, die wesentlich als "Integrationsdrehscheibe" fungieren, vor immer neue Herausforderungen.

Section A The Mediterranean diet: Concepts and overviews -- The Mediterranean diet: History, concepts and elements / Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Christopher Papandreou -- Mediterranean diet: A long journey toward intangible cultural heritage and sustainability / Lluís Serra-Majem, F. Xavier Medina -- Mediterranean diet in children and adolescents / Emmanuella Magriplis, Antonis Zampelas -- The Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: An overview / Emmanuella Magriplis, Antonis Zampelas -- Socioeconomic factors for the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in North Africa: The shift from 1990 to 2019 / Karima El Rhazi, Khaoula El Kinany, Vanessa Garcia-Larsen -- Mediterranean lifestyle: Linking social life and behaviors, residential environment, and cardiovascular disease prevention / Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou, Elena S. George, Duane D. Mellor, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos -- Orthodox religious fasting: A vital subset of the Mediterranean diet / Theocharis Koufakis, Spyridon N. Karras, Pantelis Zebekakis, Kalliopi Kotsa -- Food security and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: An interplay of socio-demographic characteristics / Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Antigoni Tranidou, Dimitrios G. Goulis -- Mediterranean diet, nutrition transition, and cardiovascular risk factor in children and adolescents / Roberta Ricotti, Marina Caputo, Flavia Prodam -- Precision nutrition: Mediterranean diet and genetic susceptibility / Mahmut Cerkez Ergoren, Gulten Tuncel -- Mediterranean food and environmental impacts / Youssef Aboussaleh, Hamid El Bilali, Francesco Bottalico, Gianluigi Cardone, Giovanni Ottomano Palmisano, Roberto Capone - -Mediterranean adequacy index: Features and applications / Alessandro Menotti, Paolo Emilio Puddu -- Nutritional adequacy of the Mediterranean diet / Itandehui Castro-Quezada, Blanca Román-Viñas, Lluís Serra-Majem -- Toward a Mediterranean-style diet beyond the Mediterranean countries: Evidence of implementation and adherence / Fotini Tsofliou, Xenophon Theodoridis, Eirini-Iro Arvanitidou -- Section B Components of the Mediterranean diet -- Contribution of nuts to the Medierranean diet / Emilio Ros -- The Mediterranean diet and mineral composition / Marta Mesías, Isabel Seiquer, Cristina Delgado-Andrade -- Hydroxytyrosol as a component in the Mediterranean diet and its role in disease prevention / MCarmen Ramírez-Tottosa, Cristina Ramirez-Perez, José J. Gaforio, José L. Quiles, Juan A. Moreno, Cesar L. Ramirez-Tortosa -- Light, regular red wine consumption at main meals: A key cardioprotective element of traditional Mediterranean diet / Marcello Iriti, Elena Maria Varoni, Sara Vitalini -- Frying a cultural way of cooking in the Mediterranean diet and how to obtain improved fried foods / Alba Garcimartin, Adrián Macho-González, Giulia Caso, Juana Benedi, Sara Bastida, Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz -- Wild greens used in the Mediterranean diet / Rúbia C.G. Corrêa, Francesco Di Gioia, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira, Spyridon A. Petropoulos -- Raisins and the other dried fruits: Chemical profile and health benefits / Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron, Beata Czarczyńska-Goślińska -- Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Nutritional values and potential benefits on health / Najla Bentrad, Asma Hamida-Ferhat -- Dietary fiber intake and the Mediterranean population / Ligia J. Dominguez, Mario Barbagallo -- Oleic acid and implications for the Mediterranean diet / Aleksandra Arsic -- Fish in the Mediterranean diet / María Molina-Vega, Ana María Gómez-Pérez, Francisco J. Tinahones -- The Mediterranean diet and its individual components: Linking with obesity in Italy / Silvio Buscemi, Davide Corleo, Fabio Galvano, Antonino De Lorenzo -- Bioactive compounds in oranges from the Mediterranean climate area / Laura Cebadera-Miranda, Patricia Morales, Montaña Cámara -- Section C Medical, health, and nutritional aspects of the Mediterranean diet -- Gestational diabetes mellitus and Mediterranean diet principles / Carla Assaf-Balut, Nuria Garcia de la Torre, Laura del Valle, Johanna Valerio, Alejandra Durán, Elena Bordiú, Ana Barabash, Miguel Angel Rubio, Alfonso Luis Calle-Pascual -- The Mediterranean diet and asthma / Despina Koumpagioti, Barbara Boutopoulou, Konstantinos Douros -- The Mediterranean diet, dietary inflammatory index, and adiposity / Cristina Galarregui, M. Angeles Zulet, J. Alfredo Martínez, Itziar Abete -- Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Mediterranean diet / Ruth Hornedo-Ortega, Rocío M. de Pablos, Ana B. Cerezo, Tristan Richard, M. Carmen Garcia-Parrilla, Ana M. Troncoso -- Mediterranean diet, inflammation, and telomere length maintenance / Sergio Davinelli, Giovanni Scapagnini -- Olive oil nutraceuticals and chronic disease prevention: More than an offshoot of the Mediterranean diet / Ahmad Alkhatib -- The Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome / E. Gouveri, G. Marakomichelakis, E.J. Diamantopoulos -- The Mediterranean diet and breast cancer risk / Christiana A. Demetriou, Maria G. Kakkoura, Andreas Hadjisavvas, Maria A. Loizidou, Carlotta Sacerdote, Paolo Vineis, Kyriacos Kyriacou -- The Mediterranean diet and arthritis / Francesca Oliviero, Paolo Sfriso, Paola Galozzi, Leonardo Punzi, Paolo Spinella -- Mediterranean diet and pregnancy / E. Gesteiro, Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz, Sara Bastida -- Laryngopharyngeal reflux and the Mediterranean diet / Craig H. Zalvan, Jan Geliebter, Raj Tiwari -- The Mediterrarean style diet and cognition / Roy J. Hardman, Melissa Formica -- Mediterranean diet and mental well-being in the young / J.J. Muros, E. Knox -- Mediterranean diet and female fertility: Cross-talk of an evidence-based approach / Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Maria Lampropoulou, Dimitrios G. Goulis -- Mediterranean diet and the postprandial state: A focus on inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hemostatis / Prarskevi Detopoulou, Elizabeth Fragopoulou, Tzortzis Nomikos, Smaragdi Antonopoulou -- Socioeconomic determinants of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet / Marialaura Bonaccio, Americo Bonanni, Maria Benedetta Donati, Giovanni de Gaetano, Licia Iacoviello -- Fungal species and toxins in wines and grapes in the Mediterranean area / Francesco Tini, Giovanni Beccari, Lorenzo Covarelli -- Metabolomics and the Mediterranean diet / M. Isabel Ruiz-Moreno, Alberto Vilches-Perez, Cristina Gallardo-Escribano, Maria Garces-Martin, M. Rosa Bernal-Lopez -- Antiinflammatory activity exerted by minor compounds found in virgin olive oils / Cristina Sánchez-Quesada, Carmen Rodríguez-García, José J. Gaforio -- Red wine and atherosclerosis: Implications for the Mediterranean diet / Bianca Scolaro, Inar Alves Castro -- Section D Novel nutraceuticals and edible plants used in the Mediterranean region -- Effects of nutraceuticals of Mediterranean diet on aging and longevity / Anna Aiello, Giulia Accardi, Calogero Caruso, Giuseppina Candore -- Essential oils from Mediterranean aromatic plants / Filomena Nazzaro, Laura De Martino, Florinda Fratianni, Vincenzo De Feo -- Apoptotic activities of Mediterranean plants / José-Luis Rios, Isabel Andújar.

Romina Boccia


Conservative Washington Post columnist George Will wrote about an idea I've been pitching for several months: a BRAC‐​like fiscal commission to help Congress stabilize the growth in the debt. In his column, titled "A fiscal crisis awaits. Here's a provocative idea for heading it off," Will grapples with the core objection conservatives are prone to raise over empowering an unelected body with vast powers. He writes:
"This nation is slouching into the most predictable fiscal crisis in its history. There is no mystery about what the crisis is; there is clarity about what broadly must be done. There is, however, fatalism about the political system's inability to do it. The fatalism is refutable, but with a mechanism that should make constitutionalists queasy: Should we protect the nation's fiscal future by further diminishing Congress, which would exacerbate the braided problems of a rampant executive and an unaccountable administrative state?"

I am grateful for George Will boldly hitting the nail on the head. It won't be easy to convince Congress to empower an independent, unelected body to propose sweeping changes to major entitlement and revenue programs. Doing the right thing is hardly ever easy. What will be even harder is trying to course‐​correct when this fiscal train goes off the rails. If something cannot go on forever it will stop.
Conservatives feel like they've been burned by Congress delegating too much power to the executive and to unelected regulatory bodies. And they're not wrong. It's one thing to establish independent bodies to further burden the American people with new regulations and more government spending. It's quite another to set up an independent commission to help Congress avoid driving us into a catastrophic debt crisis or slow‐​walk us into becoming a nation in decline.
As the old adage goes: desperate times call for desperate measures.
Who will lend more than $100 trillion to the U.S. federal government over the next three decades—a sum that's more than four times what this government has borrowed over its entire history?

A fiscal crisis is an almost certain outcome of the current unsustainable budget trajectory. Who will be willing to lend more than $100 trillion to the U.S. federal government over the next three decades—a sum that's more than four times the amount that investors have been willing to lend to this government over its entire history?
The major drivers of this brewing fiscal storm are beloved entitlement programs, Medicare and Social Security, whose constituencies will only grow bigger as time goes on. The nation is aging, and older constituents also happen to have the financial resources and the time to amplify their voices in Washington. The fact that 95 percent of long‐​term U.S. unfunded obligations originate from Medicare and Social Security spending growth be darned, "don't touch seniors' benefits", those running for office are told.
Asking politicians running for office to reform entitlement programs is like asking astronauts in space to shut off their oxygen.

An understanding of how incentives work dictates that asking politicians to self‐​sacrifice for the greater good is a futile attempt. Will suggests:
"Adopting Boccia's recommendation — "a new mechanism for forcing action" — would be an admirable acknowledgment by Congress of an unadmirable weakness."

Without reforming underfunded entitlement programs, the best case scenario is a much slower growing U.S. economy that blocks pathways of opportunity for people to rise above the hand they were dealt at birth. This would alter the very fabric of our nation, turning an exceptional country, that churns out entrepreneurs and innovators like no other, into yet another gerontocratic nanny state. The old country has plenty of those.
In the worst case scenario, America may be staring down the barrel of a fiscal crisis that nobody knows when it will trigger. But when it does, the outcome will be catastrophic, likely making the economic repression of the financial crisis of 2008 and the post‐​pandemic inflation look like blips.
The magnitude of America's fiscal challenge and the political sacrifices it will demand hasn't escaped the watchful eyes of the world's major credit agencies. Fitch Ratings followed S&P's 2011 decision just last week, downgrading U.S. Treasury bonds from AAA to AA+. More downgrades could lie ahead.
A BRAC‐​like fiscal commission has the potential of overcoming the polarization and policy gridlock plaguing this Congress, addressing directly "the expected fiscal deterioration […], a high and growing general government debt burden, and the erosion of governance…" Fitch cites in its rating decision.
The cure in this case cannot be worse than the disease. Delegating broad legislative authority to a fiscal commission may seem like a step too far. Why not just ask the experts for advice and leave it to Congress to enact reforms at will, or at least to take an up‐​or‐​down vote? Congress has tried this approach before, and not just once. It's failed nearly every time. George captures my views perfectly when he writes:
Boccia has the courage of her conviction that the alternative is even worse than this aspect of her proposal: The commission's recommendations must be "self‐​executing upon presidential approval, without Congress having to affirmatively vote on their enactment." With a bracing candor reminiscent of another realistic child of Italy (Machiavelli, in "The Prince"), Boccia says: Making the commission's recommendations self‐​executing without Congress's having to endorse them is necessary to give legislators "political cover to vocally object to reforms" vital to the national interest but impossible to enact by normal procedures.

In the words of Machiavelli, in "The Prince": "Wisdom consists of knowing how to distinguish the nature of trouble, and in choosing the lesser evil."

16 páginas, 5 figuras ; Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease. ; The present work has been performed as part of the doctoral program of I. de Rojas at the Universitat de Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain) supported by national grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III FI20/00215. The Genome Research @ Fundació ACE project (GR@ACE) is supported by Grifols SA, Fundación bancaria "La Caixa", Fundació ACE, and CIBERNED. A.R. and M.B. receive support from the European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint undertaking ADAPTED and MOPEAD projects (grant numbers 115975 and 115985, respectively). M.B. and A.R. are also supported by national grants PI13/02434, PI16/01861, PI17/01474, PI19/01240 and PI19/01301. Acción Estratégica en Salud is integrated into the Spanish National R + D + I Plan and funded by ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)—Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER—"Una manera de hacer Europa"). Some control samples and data from patients included in this study were provided in part by the National DNA Bank Carlos III (www.bancoadn.org, University of Salamanca, Spain) and Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme (Sevilla, Spain); they were processed following standard operating procedures with the appropriate approval of the Ethical and Scientific Committee. Amsterdam dementia Cohort (ADC): Research of the Alzheimer center Amsterdam is part of the neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience. The Alzheimer Center Amsterdam is supported by Stichting Alzheimer Nederland and Stichting VUmc fonds. The clinical database structure was developed with funding from Stichting Dioraphte. Genotyping of the Dutch case-control samples was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW project number 733051061). 100-Plus study: We are grateful for the collaborative efforts of all participating centenarians and their family members and/or relations. This work was supported by Stichting Alzheimer Nederland (WE09.2014-03), Stichting Diorapthe, horstingstuit foundation, Memorabel (ZonMW project number 733050814, 733050512) and Stichting VUmc Fonds. Genotyping of the 100-Plus Study was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW project number 733051061). Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is largely supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long-Term Care. The authors are grateful to all LASA participants, the fieldwork team and all researchers for their ongoing commitment to the study. This work was supported by a grant (European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) from the EU Joint Program—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and also funded by Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, the Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine, the French government's LABEX DISTALZ program (development of innovative strategies for a transdisciplinary approach to AD). Genotyping of the German case-control samples was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF: 01ED1619A). Full acknowledgments for the studies that contributed data can be found in the Supplementary Note. We thank the numerous participants, researchers, and staff from many studies who collected and contributed to the data. We thank the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP) for providing summary results data for these analyses. The investigators within IGAP contributed to the design and implementation of IGAP and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. IGAP was made possible by the generous participation of the control subjects, the patients, and their families. The i–Select chips was funded by the French National Foundation on AD and related disorders. EADI was supported by the LABEX (laboratory of excellence program investment for the future) DISTALZ grant, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2 and the Lille University Hospital. GERAD was supported by the Medical Research Council (Grant n° 503480), Alzheimer's Research UK (Grant n° 503176), the Wellcome Trust (Grant n° 082604/2/07/Z) and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): Competence Network Dementia (CND) grant n° 01GI0102, 01GI0711, 01GI0420. CHARGE was partly supported by the NIA/NHLBI grants AG049505, AG058589, HL105756 and AGES contract N01–AG–12100, the Icelandic Heart Association, and the Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University. ADGC was supported by the NIH/NIA grants: U01 AG032984, U24 AG021886, U01 AG016976, and the Alzheimer's Association grant ADGC–10–196728. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank public resource obtained through the University of Edinburg Data Share (https://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/3364). ; Peer reviewed

Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. ; Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) measured in blood plasma has recently been proposed as an accessible, scalable, and highly specific biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Longitudinal studies, however, investigating the temporal dynamics of this novel biomarker are lacking. It is therefore unclear when in the disease process plasma p-tau181 increases above physiological levels and how it relates to the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer's disease characteristic pathologies. We aimed to establish the natural time course of plasma p-tau181 across the sporadic Alzheimer's disease spectrum in comparison to those of established imaging and fluid-derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. We examined longitudinal data from a large prospective cohort of elderly individuals enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (n = 1067) covering a wide clinical spectrum from normal cognition to dementia, and with measures of plasma p-tau181 and an 18F-florbetapir amyloid-β PET scan at baseline. A subset of participants (n = 864) also had measures of amyloid-β1–42 and p-tau181 levels in CSF, and another subset (n = 298) had undergone an 18F-flortaucipir tau PET scan 6 years later. We performed brain-wide analyses to investigate the associations of plasma p-tau181 baseline levels and longitudinal change with progression of regional amyloid-β pathology and tau burden 6 years later, and estimated the time course of changes in plasma p-tau181 and other Alzheimer's disease biomarkers using a previously developed method for the construction of long-term biomarker temporal trajectories using shorter-term longitudinal data. Smoothing splines demonstrated that earliest plasma p-tau181 changes occurred even before amyloid-β markers reached abnormal levels, with greater rates of change correlating with increased amyloid-β pathology. Voxel-wise PET analyses yielded relatively weak, yet significant, associations of plasma p-tau181 with amyloid-β pathology in early accumulating brain regions in cognitively healthy individuals, while the strongest associations with amyloid-β were observed in late accumulating regions in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional and particularly longitudinal measures of plasma p-tau181 were associated with widespread cortical tau aggregation 6 years later, covering temporoparietal regions typical for neurofibrillary tangle distribution in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we estimated that plasma p-tau181 reaches abnormal levels ∼6.5 and 5.7 years after CSF and PET measures of amyloid-β, respectively, following similar dynamics as CSF p-tau181. Our findings suggest that plasma p-tau181 increases are associated with the presence of widespread cortical amyloid-β pathology and with prospective Alzheimer's disease typical tau aggregation, providing clear implications for the use of this novel blood biomarker as a diagnostic and screening tool for Alzheimer's disease. ; M.J.G. is supported by the "Miguel Servet" program [CP19/00031] of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FEDER). T.K.K. holds a research fellowship from the Brightfocus Foundation (#A2020812F), and is further supported by the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (Alzheimerfonden; #AF-930627), the Swedish Brain Foundation (Hjärnfonden; #FO2020-0240), the Swedish Dementia Foundation (Demensförbundet), the Agneta Prytz-Folkes & Gösta Folkes Foundation (#2020-00124), the Aina (Ann) Wallströms and Mary-Ann Sjöbloms Foundation, the Anna Lisa and Brother Björnsson's Foundation, Gamla Tjänarinnor, and the Gun and Bertil Stohnes Foundation. A.S. is supported by the Paulo Foundation and the Orion Research Foundation. M.S.C. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement No 752310, and currently receives funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00155) and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Juan de la Cierva Programme grant IJC2018-037478-I). H.Z. is a Wallenberg Scholar supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862), and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. K.B. is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809-2016615), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881), Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986), and European Union Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disorders (JPND2019-466-236). M.S. is supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine; KAW 2014.0363), the Swedish Research Council (#2017-02869), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-813971), and the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-740191). Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada.

Introduction. The trend of teaching staff aging in secondary schools is evident in many countries. A negative consequence of this is the growing gap between the personal resources of teachers and the requirements of the profession. Solving the problem of maintaining an optimal age structure involves studying its dynamics and forecasting its development in order to develop measures for personnel planning. The present paper presents the results of the analysis of the current age structure of teachers in the regional context (in the subjects of the Russian Federation) and develops a forecast for its development. The aim of the current research was to present the results of the development of a medium-term (until 2024) forecast of the age structure of teachers in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Methodology and research methods. The research was based on a general scientific methodology applying a systematic approach and the methods of statistical analysis, comparison, generalisation, systematisation, structuring, interpretation, extrapolation, forecasting, and graphical representation of data. The authors analysed the data in official statistics of the Russian Federation and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The provisions of normative and legislative documents in the field of strategic regulation of education in the Russian Federation, scientific publications of Russian and foreign researchers in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Index databases were investigated as well. Results. The authors identify and highlight the factors, which have the most significant impact on the current state of personnel support for educational activities in the world. The analysis of age-specific teacher characteristics in cross-country comparison is performed. The assessment of age structure of general education teaching personnel in Russia as a whole and at the regional level is carried out. The forecast for its development for the period up to 2024 is developed. Scientific novelty. The conceptual feature of the present study lies in the view of the trends in the development of age cohorts in homogeneous groups. The approach employed allows for increasing the accuracy of forecasting of teacher demand, taking into account the specifics of regional demand. Practical significance. Taking the specifics of the regions into consideration, it will be possible to improve the quality of education. The results of the research can be used by specialists in the course of conducting international research, planning teacher training, and developing measures to enhance the prestige of teaching profession and to stimulate the influx of young personnel to schools at the Federal level and in the regions of the Russian Federation. ; Введение. Тенденция старения педагогических кадров общеобразовательных школ проявляется во многих странах. Негативным следствием этого процесса является растущий разрыв между личными ресурсами педагогов и требованиями профессии. Решение проблемы поддержания оптимальной возрастной структуры предполагает исследование ее динамики и прогнозирование развития с целью выработки мер по кадровому планированию. В статье рассмотрены результаты анализа сложившейся возрастной структуры педагогических работников в региональном разрезе (в субъектах Российской Федерации) и разработан прогноз ее развития. Цель исследования – представление результатов разработки среднесрочного (до 2024 года) прогноза возрастной структуры педагогических работников в субъектах Российской Федерации. Методология и методы. Исследование базировалось на общенаучной методологии с использованием системного подхода и методов статистического анализа, сравнения, обобщения, систематизации, структуризации, интерпретации, экстраполяции, прогнозирования, графического представления данных. Анализировались данные официальной статистики Российской Федерации и Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития, положения нормативно-законодательных документов в области стратегического регулирования сферы образования Российской Федерации, научные публикации российских и зарубежных исследователей в базах данных Scopus, Web of Science, Science Index. Результаты. Выявлены факторы, оказавшие наиболее существенное влияние на современное состояние кадрового обеспечения образовательной деятельности в мире. Представлен анализ возрастных характеристик учительского корпуса в межстрановом сравнении. Дана оценка возрастной структуры педагогических кадров общего образования России в целом и на региональном уровне, разработан прогноз ее развития на период до 2024 года. Научная новизна. Концептуальной особенностью исследования является учет тенденций развития возрастных когорт в группах однородных субъектов. Использованный подход позволяет повысить точность прогнозов потребности в педагогических работниках с учетом особенностей спроса регионов. Практическая значимость. Учет специфики регионов будет способствовать повышению качества образования. Результаты работы могут быть использованы специалистами как при проведении международных исследований, так и на федеральном уровне, и в субъектах Российской Федерации при планировании подготовки педагогических кадров, разработке мер по повышению престижа преподавательского труда и стимулированию притока молодых кадров в школы. ; The work was performed within the framework of the government task of the Institute for Strategy of Education Development of the Russian Academy of Education No. 073-00007-20-01 for 2020 and for the planning period of 2021 and 2022. The project "Development of Forecast of Socio-Economic Development in Pursuance of the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 14 November, 2015 № 1234 'About an Order of Development, Adjustment, Implementation, Monitoring and Supervision of the Implementation of the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation in the Medium Term' in accordance with the authority of the Ministry of Education of Russia". The authors express their sincere gratitude to the reviewers for their careful reading of the article and making valuable comments, which significantly helped improve its quality. ; Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБНУ «Институт стратегии развития образования Российской академии образования» № 073-00007- 20-01 на 2020 год и на плановый период 2021 и 2022 годов. Проект «Разработка прогноза социально-экономического развития во исполнение Постановления Правительства Российской Федерации от 14 ноября 2015 года № 1234 "О порядке разработки, корректировки, осуществления мониторинга и контроля реализации прогноза социально-экономического развития Российской Федерации на среднесрочный период" в соответствии с полномочиями Минпросвещения России». Авторы выражают благодарность рецензентам, ознакомившимся со статьей и сделавшим ценные замечания, позволившие улучшить ее качество.

Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей индивидуально-авторской интерпретации вербализованного субконцепта ОСЕНЬ/AUTUMN в романе «Осень» Али Смит. В работе были определены основные семантические признаки рассматриваемого слова-репрезентанта - ОСЕНЬ. Али Смит в своем произведении использовала и другие слова-репрезентанты, которые можно отнести к концепту ВРЕМЕНА ГОДА/SEASONS. Было обнаружено, что реализация данных слов в тексте превысила семантический объем их словарных дефиниций. В художественной картине мира Али Смит проявляется индивидуально-авторская оценка, что позволяет читателю почувствовать предпочтения писательницы. Автор выражает свое отношение к временам года и конкретно к ОСЕНИ. ОСЕНЬ имеет в романе символический смысл, который отображен в нескольких направлениях. Это и время «пожинать плоды» политических трансформаций - роман посвящен результатам и вопросам, которые возникли после принятия судьбоносного решения. По результатам подсчета голосов на референдуме 23 июня 2016 года жители Великобритании проголосовали за выход из Евросоюза. В случае выхода из союза придется изменить множество законов и регуляций, принятых на основе европейских. Для жителей Соединенного Королевства это будет тяжелый и переломный момент, который поставит разнообразные юридические, политические и экономические задачи. Кроме этого, в романе описывается и трагедия старения, так как жизнь одного из главных героев подходит к концу (Дэниэла Глюка). К тому же ОСЕНЬ - это и одно из звеньев годового цикла, что подчеркивает природу времени – его цикличность. Роман Али Смит показывает, что субконцепт ОСЕНЬ очень многогранен и объемен. Выявляя языковые средства, объективирующие исследуемый нами концепт, и описывая семантику этих единиц, моделируем содержание субконцепта ОСЕНЬ/AUTUMN как глобальную мыслительную единицу в ее национальном, социальном и индивидуальном своеобразии. Эти особенности исследуемого субконцепта используются автором для изображения событий, культуры и образа жизни не только определенных героев романа, но и страны в целом, таким образом создавая фрагмент этнокультурной картины мира. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей індивідуально-авторської інтерпретації вербализованого субконцепту ОСІНЬ/AUTUMN в романі "Осінь" Алі Сміт. У роботі були визначені основні семантичні ознаки основного слова-репрезентанта - ОСІНЬ. Алі Сміт у своєму творі використала і інші слова-репрезентанти, які можна віднести до концепту ПОРИ РОКУ/SEASONS. Було виявлено, що реалізація цих слів у тексті перевищила семантичний обсяг їх словникових дефініцій. У художній картині світу Алі Сміт проявляється індивідуально-авторська оцінка, що дозволяє читачеві відчути вподобання і бачкення письменниці. Автор виражає своє відношення до пір року і конкретно до ОСЕНІ. ОСІНЬ має в романі символічний сенс, який відображений у декількох напрямах. Це і час "пожинати плоди" політичних трансформацій - роман присвячений результатам і питанням, які виникли після ухвалення доленосного рішення: за результатами підрахунку голосів на референдумі 23 червня 2016 роки жителі Великобританії проголосували за вихід з Євросоюзу. У разі виходу з союзу доведеться змінити безліч законів і регуляцій, прийнятих на основі європейських. Для жителів Сполученого Королівства це буде важкий і переломний момент, який поставить різноманітні юридичні, політичні і економічні завдання. Окрім цього, в романі описується і трагедія старіння, оскільки життя одного з головних героїв добігає кінця (Дэниела Глюка). До того ж ОСІНЬ - це і одна з ланок річного циклу, що підкреслює природу часу - його циклічність. Роман Алі Сміт показує, що субконцепт ОСІНЬ дуже багатогранний і об'ємний. Виявляючи мовні засоби, що об'єктивують досліджуваний нами концепт, і описуючи семантику цих одиниць, моделюємо зміст субконцепту ОСІНЬ/AUTUMN як глобальну розумову одиницю в її національній, соціальній і індивідуальній своєрідності. Ці особливості досліджуваного субконцепту використовуються автором для зображення подій, культури і способу життя не лише певних героїв роману, але і країни в цілому, таким чином створюючи фрагмент етнокультурної картини світу. ; The article is dedicated to the research of the peculiarities of an individual author's interpretation of the subconcept verbalized - AUTUMN in the novel "Autumn" by Ali Smith. The basic semantic features of the examined word-representative – AUTUMN were defined. Ali Smith used other wordрrepresentatives in her work that can be attributed to concept SEASONS. It was discovered that the realization of the given words in the text exceeded the semantic scope of their dictionary definitions. In Ali Smith's artistic picture of the world an individually-authorial estimation is manifested that allows the reader to feel the preferences of the author. The writer expresses her attitude towards seasons and in particular to AUTUMN. In the work AUTUMN has a symbolic meaning that is displayed in several directions. Autumn is the time "to reap the benefits" of political transformations: the novel is devoted to the results and issues that arose after the fateful decision was made: according to the results of the voting in referendum on June, 23 2016 the residents of Great Britain decided to leave the European Union. In case of the exit the great number of the laws and regulations accepted on the basis of European ones are to be changed. For the people of the United Kingdom this would be a difficult and crucial moment, one that will pose a variety of legal, political and economic challenges. In addition, the novel also describes the tragedy of aging, as the life of one of the protagonists is coming to an end (Daniel Gluck). Besides AUTUMN is one of the links of an annual cycle, that fact underlines the nature of time – its cyclical essence. Ali Smith's novel shows that the subconcept AUTUMN is very multifaceted and voluminous. By identifying language means objectifying the subconcept and exploring and describing the semantics of these units, we model the content of the linguistic cultural subconcept AUTUN as a global cognitive unit in its national, social and individual identity. These features of the investigated phenomenon are used by the author to depict the events, culture and lifestyle of not only certain characters of the novel but also the country as a whole, thus creating the fragment of the ethnocultural picture of the world.

Nowadays the efforts aimed at enhancing the Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are mainly focused on the fuel consumption minimization to comply with binding CO2 emission legislation for vehicle homologation. Concerning the Spark-Ignition ICEs, the most widespread path to satisfy the pollutant emission limits is the adoption of a three-way catalyst (TWC) along the exhaust line. As known, this solution poses some issues, such as a low efficiency at cold start or an effectiveness degradation because of aging. In addition, it involves the impossibility to exploit the advantages of lean combustions, since a close to stoichiometric air/fuel mixture is mandatory for efficient TWC operation. For the above reasons, a growing interest towards solutions limiting engine raw emissions is emerging. So future legislation requires new technical measures to increase engine efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. Here gasoline engines with high specific power have a huge development potential, since, on the one hand, knocking at high Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) limits thermal efficiency and, on the other hand, high power densities lead to increased thermal loads, which, for component protection reasons, need to be controlled by means of enrichment beyond the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. This operation leads to increased fuel consumption and to higher pollutant emissions; especially harmful soot particles, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are emitted in a higher amount. In addition to known systems, such as exhaust manifolds integrated in the cylinder head for direct cooling of the exhaust gas, extended effective expansion by optimized valve timings (Miller, Atkinson) and external cooled exhaust gas recirculation, also new technologies are being developed for passenger cars. Those technologies primarily aim to widen the lambda one range of the engine in order to maintain the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio throughout the entire engine operating range, which is expected to be required for future Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation. The first chapter explains the current situation and future direction of internal combustion engines, with a particular focus on the gasoline engines with high specific power and covers broad regulatory changes in the last year related to tailpipe emissions of criteria pollutants and CO2/fuel economy. Throughout the chapter, a brief overview of internal combustion engines and their future development will be provided so to understand and appreciate why it is still relevant to conduct research in this field, while facilitating the improvement of green technologies in order to achieve a sustainable transportation system. The motivation behind this study and the research direction will also be clarified. Then, a Lamborghini 12-cylinder naturally aspirated spark ignition engine is investigated. The engine is experimentally tested under full and part load operation with two different Air-to-fuel ratio maps. Main performance parameters, in-cylinder pressure cycles and raw pollutant emissions are measured. The engine is schematized in a one-dimensional model (GT-Power™), where "user routines" are employed to simulate turbulence, combustion, knock and pollutant production. 1D model is validated against the experimental data, denoting a good accuracy. The innovative contribution of this section can be hence recognized in the development of a 1D model characterized by a single set of tuning constants allowing for an accurate reproduction of the combustion process in all the engine configurations. As better explained in the following, the combustion model is in fact coupled to a turbulence sub-model, preliminary tuned with reference to 3D-CFD results, in motored operation. This methodology is particularly helpful in the calibration of a VVT engine, where the turbulence levels substantially vary at part load according to the intake/exhaust valve strategies. Combustion and turbulence constants are hence selected through comparisons with few experimental data at full load and 3D results, and then employed at part load and in the optimization process, as well. The results about the raw emissions put into evidence that the numerical approach predicts the experimental data of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO), but it is not enough advanced to reproduce the hydrocarbon (HC) level, although the variations with the engine operating parameters (speed, load, air/fuel ratio) are captured. The model is employed to study the water injection impact to draw the variation trend of the exhaust temperature, performance and the pollutant emissions changing the engine hardware, rather than to predict their absolute levels. The combustion speed takes into account the water presence with a refined correlation of laminar flame velocity and the knock model gives the possibility to set the best spark advance. The water evaporation reduces the in-cylinder temperature and, as a consequence the knock level, is lower. The computed HC, CO and NO maps have been embedded in a vehicle simulation to estimate the impact of the analysed technical solutions on a RDE cycle suggested by Lamborghini. In this way, with a fully numerical approach, a new hardware is analysed and its impact in term of pollutions level is verified on a realistic drive cycle that the new regulations seems to impose. In this way, a new approach to design the future high performance engines has been individuated and the impact of the new regulations can be seen before experimental tests, reducing the time to market and the economic effort. Then, the difference between the engine out emission level and the limit that the regulation imposes can help also to design the after-treatment system. Summarizing, the presented numerical approach showed the potential to predict, on a physical basis, the combined effects of various techniques on the engine performance. This methodology could represent an effective tool to identify the trade-off between engine complexity and expected improvements, contributing to support and drive the development process of new engine/vehicle.

Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей индивидуально-авторской интерпретации вербализованного субконцепта ОСЕНЬ/AUTUMN в романе «Осень» Али Смит. В работе были определены основные семантические признаки рассматриваемого слова-репрезентанта - ОСЕНЬ. Али Смит в своем произведении использовала и другие слова-репрезентанты, которые можно отнести к концепту ВРЕМЕНА ГОДА/SEASONS. Было обнаружено, что реализация данных слов в тексте превысила семантический объем их словарных дефиниций. В художественной картине мира Али Смит проявляется индивидуально-авторская оценка, что позволяет читателю почувствовать предпочтения писательницы. Автор выражает свое отношение к временам года и конкретно к ОСЕНИ. ОСЕНЬ имеет в романе символический смысл, который отображен в нескольких направлениях. Это и время «пожинать плоды» политических трансформаций - роман посвящен результатам и вопросам, которые возникли после принятия судьбоносного решения. По результатам подсчета голосов на референдуме 23 июня 2016 года жители Великобритании проголосовали за выход из Евросоюза. В случае выхода из союза придется изменить множество законов и регуляций, принятых на основе европейских. Для жителей Соединенного Королевства это будет тяжелый и переломный момент, который поставит разнообразные юридические, политические и экономические задачи. Кроме этого, в романе описывается и трагедия старения, так как жизнь одного из главных героев подходит к концу (Дэниэла Глюка). К тому же ОСЕНЬ - это и одно из звеньев годового цикла, что подчеркивает природу времени – его цикличность. Роман Али Смит показывает, что субконцепт ОСЕНЬ очень многогранен и объемен. Выявляя языковые средства, объективирующие исследуемый нами концепт, и описывая семантику этих единиц, моделируем содержание субконцепта ОСЕНЬ/AUTUMN как глобальную мыслительную единицу в ее национальном, социальном и индивидуальном своеобразии. Эти особенности исследуемого субконцепта используются автором для изображения событий, культуры и образа жизни не только определенных героев романа, но и страны в целом, таким образом создавая фрагмент этнокультурной картины мира. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей індивідуально-авторської інтерпретації вербализованого субконцепту ОСІНЬ/AUTUMN в романі "Осінь" Алі Сміт. У роботі були визначені основні семантичні ознаки основного слова-репрезентанта - ОСІНЬ. Алі Сміт у своєму творі використала і інші слова-репрезентанти, які можна віднести до концепту ПОРИ РОКУ/SEASONS. Було виявлено, що реалізація цих слів у тексті перевищила семантичний обсяг їх словникових дефініцій. У художній картині світу Алі Сміт проявляється індивідуально-авторська оцінка, що дозволяє читачеві відчути вподобання і бачкення письменниці. Автор виражає своє відношення до пір року і конкретно до ОСЕНІ. ОСІНЬ має в романі символічний сенс, який відображений у декількох напрямах. Це і час "пожинати плоди" політичних трансформацій - роман присвячений результатам і питанням, які виникли після ухвалення доленосного рішення: за результатами підрахунку голосів на референдумі 23 червня 2016 роки жителі Великобританії проголосували за вихід з Євросоюзу. У разі виходу з союзу доведеться змінити безліч законів і регуляцій, прийнятих на основі європейських. Для жителів Сполученого Королівства це буде важкий і переломний момент, який поставить різноманітні юридичні, політичні і економічні завдання. Окрім цього, в романі описується і трагедія старіння, оскільки життя одного з головних героїв добігає кінця (Дэниела Глюка). До того ж ОСІНЬ - це і одна з ланок річного циклу, що підкреслює природу часу - його циклічність. Роман Алі Сміт показує, що субконцепт ОСІНЬ дуже багатогранний і об'ємний. Виявляючи мовні засоби, що об'єктивують досліджуваний нами концепт, і описуючи семантику цих одиниць, моделюємо зміст субконцепту ОСІНЬ/AUTUMN як глобальну розумову одиницю в її національній, соціальній і індивідуальній своєрідності. Ці особливості досліджуваного субконцепту використовуються автором для зображення подій, культури і способу життя не лише певних героїв роману, але і країни в цілому, таким чином створюючи фрагмент етнокультурної картини світу. ; The article is dedicated to the research of the peculiarities of an individual author's interpretation of the subconcept verbalized - AUTUMN in the novel "Autumn" by Ali Smith. The basic semantic features of the examined word-representative – AUTUMN were defined. Ali Smith used other wordрrepresentatives in her work that can be attributed to concept SEASONS. It was discovered that the realization of the given words in the text exceeded the semantic scope of their dictionary definitions. In Ali Smith's artistic picture of the world an individually-authorial estimation is manifested that allows the reader to feel the preferences of the author. The writer expresses her attitude towards seasons and in particular to AUTUMN. In the work AUTUMN has a symbolic meaning that is displayed in several directions. Autumn is the time "to reap the benefits" of political transformations: the novel is devoted to the results and issues that arose after the fateful decision was made: according to the results of the voting in referendum on June, 23 2016 the residents of Great Britain decided to leave the European Union. In case of the exit the great number of the laws and regulations accepted on the basis of European ones are to be changed. For the people of the United Kingdom this would be a difficult and crucial moment, one that will pose a variety of legal, political and economic challenges. In addition, the novel also describes the tragedy of aging, as the life of one of the protagonists is coming to an end (Daniel Gluck). Besides AUTUMN is one of the links of an annual cycle, that fact underlines the nature of time – its cyclical essence. Ali Smith's novel shows that the subconcept AUTUMN is very multifaceted and voluminous. By identifying language means objectifying the subconcept and exploring and describing the semantics of these units, we model the content of the linguistic cultural subconcept AUTUN as a global cognitive unit in its national, social and individual identity. These features of the investigated phenomenon are used by the author to depict the events, culture and lifestyle of not only certain characters of the novel but also the country as a whole, thus creating the fragment of the ethnocultural picture of the world.

The results of the study of the state and trends, dynamics and structure of the market of transport services, including foreign trade flows for the period of 2010-2016 are presented. The modern world economy is developing at a rate at which economic relations acquire the properties of multilayer complexity and become multi-stage, transport is essential for the sustainable development of such relations. , and the needs in the transport sector, including road haulage, are significantly changing. The conducted researches should be used to increase efficiency in the formation of rational schemes of movement of goods by type of goods, which will ensure the possibility of reducing transport costs. The balance of consumer, wholesale, and market of cargo transportation in Ukraine, with similar trends of development, is established. It is proved that the market of transport services tends to develop with an objective reduction of growth rates. The high level of depreciation of fixed assets and the insufficient rates of their renewal lead to a reduction in the number of equipment fleets, non-compliance with the technical and technological requirements level, significantly increasing energy costs, harmful effects on the environment, repairs and restoration costs, and the necessary level of quality and safety of the services provided. Reducing the volume of transportation and transport work is due to aging, deterioration of the technical condition and reduction of rolling stock fleet, and this leads to a deterioration in the quality and safety of transport services. The transport industry of Ukraine needs to update its fixed assets, improve transportation technologies, and improve the quality of transport and forwarding services on the basis of EU requirements. With the goal of comprehensive development of the transport system of Ukraine it is necessary to improve the transport policy at the state level aimed at providing the transport sector of the economy with investment resources, taking into account the fact that the share of road transport in the transport system of the country is increasing, in a stable, with a positive trend of demand for the transportation of goods and passengers there will be a long-term dynamic development of the transport industry as a whole. ; Представлены результаты исследования состояния и тенденций, динамику и структуру рынка транспортных услуг включая внешнеэкономические грузопотоки за период 2010–2016 гг. Современная мировая экономика развивается темпами при которых экономические отношения приобретают свойства комплексности многослойности и становятся многоступенчатыми, для обеспечения устойчивого развития таких отношений важную роль играет транспорт, причем потребности в области транспорта, в том числе автомобильных перевозках, существенно меняются. Проведенные исследования целесообразно использовать для повышения эффективности при формировании рациональных схем движения грузов по видам товара, что обеспечит возможность снижения транспортных расходов. Установлено сбалансированность потребительского, оптового и рынка перевозок грузов в Украину, имеющих близкие тренды развития. Доказано, рынок транспортных услуг имеет тенденцию развития при объективном снижении темпов роста. Высокий уровень амортизации основных фондов транспорта и недостаточные темпы их обновления приводят к уменьшению количества парка техники, несоответствию техническому и технологическому уровню требований, существенно увеличивая энергозатраты, вредное воздействие на экологию, затраты на ремонт и восстановление, не обеспечивается необходимый уровень качества и безопасности предоставляемых услуг. Уменьшение объемов перевозок и транспортной работы происходит из причин старения, ухудшение технического состояния и сокращение парка подвижного состава, также это приводит к ухудшению качества и безопасности транспортных услуг. Транспортная отрасль Украины нуждается в обновлении основных фондов, совершенствовании технологий перевозок, повышении качества транспортно-экспедиционных услуг на основе требований ЕС. С целью комплексного развития транспортной системы Украины необходимо усовершенствовать транспортную политику на государственном уровне. Ориентировать ее на обеспечение транспортного сектора экономики инвестиционными ресурсами с учетом фактора, что доля автомобильного транспорта в транспортной системе страны растет. А в условиях устойчивого, с положительным трендом, спроса на перевозки грузов и пассажиров, будет иметь место длительное динамичное развитие перевозочной отрасли в целом. ; Представлено результати дослідження стану і тенденцій, динаміку і структуру ринку транспортних послуг, включаючи зовнішньоекономічні вантажопотоки за період 2010–2016 рр. Сучасна світова економіка розвивається темпами при яких економічні відносини набувають властивостей комплексності багатошаровості та стають багатоступінчастими, для забезпечення сталого розвитку таких відносин важливу роль має транспорт, причому потреби в галузі транспорту, в тому числі автомобільних перевезеннях, суттєво змінюються. Проведені дослідження доцільно використовувати для підвищення ефективності при формуванні раціональних схем руху вантажів за видами товару, що забезпечить можливість зниження транспортних витрат. Встановлено збалансованість споживчого, оптового, і ринку перевезень вантажів в Україні, що мають близькі тренди розвитку. Доведено – ринок транспортних послуг має тенденцію розвитку при об'єктивному зниженні темпів росту. Високий рівень амортизації основних фондів транспорту і недостатні темпи їхнього оновлення є причиною зменшення кількості парку техніки, невідповідності технічному та технологічному рівню вимог, суттєво збільшуючи енергозатрати, шкідливий вплив на екологію, витрати на ремонт та відновлення, не забезпечується необхідний рівень якості та безпеки наданих послуг. Зменшення обсягів перевезень і транспортної роботи відбувається з причин старіння, погіршення технічного стану і скорочення парку рухомого складу, також це спричиняє погіршення якості та безпеки транспортних послуг. Транспортна галузь України потребує оновлення основних фондів, удосконалення технологій перевезень, підвищення якості транспортно-експедиційних послуг на основі вимог ЄС. З метою комплексного розвитку транспортної системи України необхідно удосконалити транспортну політику на державному рівні, орієнтовану на забезпечення транспортного сектора економіки інвестиційними ресурсами з врахуванням фактора, що частка автомобільного транспорту в транспортній системі країни зростає, в умовах сталого, з позитивним трендом, попиту на перевезення вантажів і пасажирів, матиме місце тривалий динамічний розвиток перевізної галузі в цілому.

The Stuttgart-based Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the London-based Intergenerational Foundation (IF) jointly award the biennial Demography Prize, endowed with EUR 10,000 (ten thousand euros) in total prize-money, to essay-writers who address political and demographic issues pertaining to the field of intergenerational justice. The prize was initiated and is funded by the Stiftung Apfelbaum.Through the prize, the FRFG and IF seek to promote discussion about intergenerational justice in society, and, by providing a scholarly basis to the debate, establish new perspectives for decision-makers. The invitation to enter the competition is extended especially to young academics from all disciplines. Collaborative submissions are also welcome.For the 2016/2017 prize, the FRFG and IF call for papers on the following topic:"Measuring Intergenerational Justice" Submission RequirementsSubmissions will be accepted until 1 July 2017. Entries should be 5,000 to 8,000 words in length (excluding figures and tables). All documents required for a submission, including the full call for papers and formal entry requirements, are available upon request by email to Antony Mason at antony(at)if.org.uk. For future reference, and because we may be organising a symposium around the Prize, we kindly ask you to also send us a short biography (one paragraph) when requesting formal entry requirements. Submissions for the essay competition will also be considered for publication in the Intergenerational Justice Review (www.igjr.org).Topic AbstractIn recent years, there has been a rising interest in measuring and comparing intergenerational justice and the well-being of young people, both across different countries (spatially) as well as over time (temporally). While the results of these indices have been found to vary in the details, they all point in a similar direction: most industrialised countries are imposing increasing burdens on younger and future generations, as is evidenced, for example, by their high sovereign debts, youth unemployment and poverty, and perennial ecological crises.In a 2013 study published by the Bertelsmann Foundation, and led by Pieter Vanhuysse of the UN's European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, a total of 29 OECD states were compared on the basis of four indicators: public debt per child; the ecological footprint created by all generations currently alive; the ratio of child- to elderly-poverty; and the distribution of social spending among generations ("elderly-bias indicator of social spending", EBiSS). These measures were then aggregated into the "Intergenerational Justice Index" – the first of its kind.A similar attempt to capture the wellbeing of young people is the "Youthonomics Global Index". Published in 2015 by a France-based think tank of the same name, it analyses the situation of young people in 64 Western and non-Western countries by means of no less than 59 different social, economic and political indicators.The most recent in line is the "European Index of Intergenerational Fairness", launched in early 2016 by the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). Designed as a quantitative measurement of how the position of young people has changed across the EU, its 13 indicators include housing costs, government debt, spending on pensions and education, participation in democracy, and access to tertiary education. The index's findings indicate that the prospects of young people across the EU have deteriorated to a ten-year low.Entries to the competition could approach the topic through a broad range of questions, including:What are the methodological pitfalls of measuring intergenerational justice, and how can they be avoided? Are the existing models internally valid, and to what extent do they allow for generalisation? What are the potential sources of selection bias and measurement error?Are the respective indicators by which they measure intergenerational justice sufficient and appropriate, or should they be supplemented? If so, how exactly? Are they conceptually sound and well operationalised? Do they allow for replication?In a cross-sectional or time-series comparison, how well do "ageing societies" such as Germany, Sweden or Finland respond to the challenges of intergenerational justice? In particular, how – if at all – do they succeed in balancing the welfare spending between the young and the old, and what measures ought they be taking in this regard?With regard to the country rankings, is intergenerational justice, as measured by the different indices, a function of some other set of variables – i.e., how do they correlate with alternative rankings, socio-economic or other, and what might this teach us?What promising policy options are there for reducing existing injustices between the young and the old? How might they be implemented?What measures of institutional design could be taken in order to prevent the marginalisation of young people and future generations in political decision-making? For example, should suffrage be extended or even universalised to include the currently disenfranchised, and what would be the prospective effects of such a move?Note that these are non-binding suggestions: participants are strongly encouraged to come up with their own essay questions or research puzzles, as long as they pertain to the overall topic of this call for papers in a sufficiently clear way. Submissions are welcome from all fields of social science, including (but not limited to) political science, sociology, economics, and legal studies. Philosophers and/or ethicists are invited to contribute applied normative research.ReferencesLeach, Jeremy / Broeks, Miriam / Østensvik, Kristin S. / Kingman, David (2016): European Intergenerational Fairness Index: A Crisis for the Young. London: Intergenerational Foundation. http://www.if.org.uk/archives/7658/the-if-european-intergenerational-unfairness-index-2016.Vanhuysse, Pieter (2013): Intergenerational Justice in Aging Societies: A Cross-National Comparison of 29 OECD countries. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann-Stiftung. https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/afu/Intergenerational_Justice_OECD.pdf.Youthonomics (ed.). (2015). Youthonomics global index 2015: Putting the young at the top of the global agenda. Paris. www.youthonomics.com/youthonomics-index.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies show that high circulating cystatin C is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), independent of creatinine-based renal function measurements. It is unclear whether this relationship is causal, arises from residual confounding, and/or is a consequence of reverse causation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to use Mendelian randomization to investigate whether cystatin C is causally related to CVD in the general population. METHODS: We incorporated participant data from 16 prospective cohorts (n = 76,481) with 37,126 measures of cystatin C and added genetic data from 43 studies (n = 252,216) with 63,292 CVD events. We used the common variant rs911119 in CST3 as an instrumental variable to investigate the causal role of cystatin C in CVD, including coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. RESULTS: Cystatin C concentrations were associated with CVD risk after adjusting for age, sex, and traditional risk factors (relative risk: 1.82 per doubling of cystatin C; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.56 to 2.13; p = 2.12 × 10(-14)). The minor allele of rs911119 was associated with decreased serum cystatin C (6.13% per allele; 95% CI: 5.75 to 6.50; p = 5.95 × 10(-211)), explaining 2.8% of the observed variation in cystatin C. Mendelian randomization analysis did not provide evidence for a causal role of cystatin C, with a causal relative risk for CVD of 1.00 per doubling cystatin C (95% CI: 0.82 to 1.22; p = 0.994), which was statistically different from the observational estimate (p = 1.6 × 10(-5)). A causal effect of cystatin C was not detected for any individual component of CVD. CONCLUSIONS: Mendelian randomization analyses did not support a causal role of cystatin C in the etiology of CVD. As such, therapeutics targeted at lowering circulating cystatin C are unlikely to be effective in preventing CVD. ; The individual study sponsor(s) had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. Dr. Isgum is supported by research grants from Pie Medical Imaging, 3Mensio Medical Imaging B.V., the NWO and Foundation for Technological Sciences under Project 12726, The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and the Dutch Cancer Society. Dr. Arpegård has received funding through the Stockholm County Council (combined clinical residency and PhD training program). Dr. Amouyel has received personal fees from Servier, Hoffman Laroche, Total, Genoscreen, Alzprotect, Fondation Plan Alzheimer, and Takeda outside of the submitted work; and has shares in Genoscreen. Dr. Morris is a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science under grant number WT098017. Dr. Worrall has received compensation for his role as deputy editor of the Journal of Neurology; and has received National Institutes of Health funding through the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U-01 NS069208) and National Human Genome Research Institute (U-01 HG005160). Dr. Samani is supported by the British Heart Foundation (BHF); and is a National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator. Dr. Nelson is supported by the BHF. Dr. Franco works in ErasmusAGE, a center for aging research across the life course funded by Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd.), Metagenics Inc., and AXA; Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd.), Metagenics Inc., and AXA had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Dr. Patel is supported by a BHF Intermediate Fellowship. Dr. Koenig has received funds through NGFNplus, project number 01GS0834; has received research grants from Abbott, Roche Diagnostics, Beckmann, and Singulex; has received honorarium for lectures from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, and Actavis; and has served as a consultant for Novartis, Pfizer, The Medicines Company, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Jukema is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Dr. Svensson has received a grant from the Swedish Society of Medicine (SLS-412071). Dr. Kivimaki has received funding through the Medical Research Council (K013351), Economic and Social Research Council, and National Institutes of Health (HL36310). Dr. Dehghan is supported by a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant (VENI, 916.12.154) and the EUR Fellowship; and has received consultancy and research support from Metagenics Inc. (outside the scope of this work). Dr. Ingelsson is supported by grants from Göran Gustafsson Foundation, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20140422), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse), European Research Council (ERC-StG-335395), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (Diabetesfonden; grant no. 2013-024), and the Swedish Research Council (VR; grant no. 2012-1397). Dr. de Bakker is an employee of Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Ärnlöv was funded by the Swedish Research Council (2012-1727, 2012-2215), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Thuréus Foundation, the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, Dalarna University, and Uppsala University. Dr. Asselbergs is supported by a Dekker scholarship-Junior Staff Member 2014T001–Netherlands Heart Foundation and UCL Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVgenes-at-target). All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

The drive towards interprofessional health education in nursing cannot be isolated from political and financial factors that affect Western countries and the demands for knowledge and skills required to face the health challenges of the 21st century. Complex social determinants of health relating to demographic aging, health inequities, higher prevalence of non-communicable illnesses, and the rise of health care costs constitute the forces that push for the delivery of interprofessional health education. Despite the growing literature on interprofessional education in nursing and health sciences, less attention has been devoted to studying the needs of faculty development needs of nurse educators. This study addresses this gap in knowledge regarding nursing faculty development perspective. The objectives of the study were to explore and understand nursing faculty members' perceptions of knowledge, beliefs, barriers and needs related to interprofessional education. A descriptive exploratory quantitative design was used to study a sample of 53 faculty members at a Canadian institution of higher nursing education. With ethics approval, an online survey was administered to a sample of convenience across five geographical sites. The survey was conducted from August to September 2013 with a recall two weeks after sending the online invitation. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality were addressed. Twenty faculty members out of 53 participated in the survey for a response rate of 35%. The survey was composed of 68 items derived from validated and reliable instruments such as the National Competency Framework and the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS). Descriptive and non-parametric statistical analyses were used to explore correlations between age, years of practice, the level of education, years of teaching, and knowledge and readiness for interprofessional health education. Results indicate participants' willingness of implement interprofessional education within teaching activities, yet issues like time constraints, workload, lack of time, lack of knowledge and skills, and low self- esteem and confidence influence nurse educators' readiness. Also, institutional support is the main factor to support the application of interprofessional health education activities. Despite the limitations related to the sample size, findings show that addressing faculty`s lack of knowledge and skills represent the steps to implement interprofessional education in higher education and health professionals programs. A successful and sustainable implementation of interprofessional education requires nurse administrators and educators to address the lack of knowledge and skills and support faculty members through evidence-based faculty development programs. Résumé L'impulsion vers la formation interprofessionnelle en sciences infirmières ne peut être isolée des facteurs politiques et financiers touchant les pays occidentaux ni des exigences en matière de connaissances et de compétences pour répondre aux défis de santé du XXIe siècle. Les déterminants sociaux complexes de la santé liés au vieillissement démographique, aux inégalités de santé, à l'augmentation de la prévalence des maladies non transmissibles et la hausse des coûts des soins de santé incitent à mettre en œuvre une formation interprofessionnelle en santé. Malgré un corps de connaissances de plus en plus vaste sur la formation interprofessionnelle en sciences infirmières et en sciences de la santé, peu d'attention a été portée à l'étude des besoins de développement des professeures en sciences infirmières. La présente étude, dont les objectifs étaient d'explorer et de comprendre les perceptions des membres du corps professoral en sciences infirmières quant aux connaissances, aux croyances, aux obstacles et aux besoins liés à la formation interprofessionnelle, vise à combler ce manque de connaissances quant à la perspective du corps professoral en sciences infirmières. Un devis descriptif, exploratoire et quantitatif a été utilisé pour analyser un échantillon de 53 membres du corps professoral dans un établissement d'enseignement supérieur canadien offrant la formation en sciences infirmières. Après avoir obtenu l'approbation éthique, un sondage en ligne a été effectué auprès d'un échantillon de convenance couvrant cinq lieux géographiques. Le sondage a été mené d'août à septembre 2013, avec une relance deux semaines après l'envoi de l'invitation en ligne. Les questions d'anonymat et de confidentialité ont été prises en compte. Vingt membres du corps professoral sur 53 ont participé au sondage, ce qui représente un taux de réponse de 35 %. Le sondage comprenait 68 énoncés provenant d'instruments validés et fiables tels que le cadre national de compétences et l'échelle de perception sur la formation interdisciplinaire (IEPS). Des analyses statistiques descriptives et non paramétriques ont été utilisées pour explorer les corrélations entre l'âge, les années de pratique, le niveau de formation, les années d'enseignement, ainsi que les connaissances et le sentiment de préparation quant à la formation interprofessionnelle en santé. Les résultats indiquent la volonté des participants d'intégrer la formation interprofessionnelle aux activités pédagogiques, mais des questions telles que les contraintes de temps, la charge de travail, les connaissances et compétences insuffisantes, le manque d'estime de soi et de confiance ont un effet sur le sentiment de préparation des infirmières enseignantes. De plus, le soutien institutionnel est le principal facteur nécessaire à la mise en œuvre d'activités de formation interprofessionnelle en santé. Malgré les limites liées à la taille de l'échantillon, les résultats montrent que remédier au manque de connaissances et de compétences du corps professoral constitue une étape nécessaire pour permettre l'intégration de la formation interprofessionnelle dans les programmes d'enseignement supérieur pour les professionnels de la santé. Une mise en œuvre réussie et durable de la formation interprofessionnelle exige que les administratrices des programmes de formation en sciences infirmières pallient au manque de connaissances et de compétences en soutenant les membres du corps professoral par l'entremise de programmes de développement fondés sur des données probantes.