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The two writers whose visions of a utopian future for humanity Malthus chiefly sought to puncture through his principle of population were Godwin and Condorcet. The objection Malthus had to both was that the prosperous and egalitarian society they envisaged would be undermined by the population growth it brought about. As Malthus himself acknowledged, this was not a novel argument: in the second (1803) edition of the Essay, he listed the authors from whom he had "deduced the principle"—David Hume, Robert Wallace, Adam Smith, and Richard Price. Wallace, the closest among these four to being a Utopian thinker, explicitly saw population growth as clouding the future: unlimited increase would impair prosperity, but efforts by the society to curtail it would require "cruel and unnatural customs."Wallace's views of Utopia are set out in his book Various Prospects of Mankind, Nature and Providence, published in 1761. There are twelve "prospects" in all. The first is titled "A general view of the imperfections of human society, and of the sources from whence they flow"; the second presents a "model of a perfect government"; the third investigates the feasibility of this model; and the fourth adduces the proposition "The preceding model of government, tho' consistent with the human passions and appetites, is upon the whole inconsistent with the circumstances of mankind upon the Earth." The remaining prospects go further into the natural world, the nature of happiness, and the afterlife. Prospects I and IV are excerpted below.Under a perfect government, "poverty, idleness, and war [would be] banished; the earth made a paradise; universal friendship and concord established, and human society rendered flourishing in all respects." Yet paradoxically, such a society would be overturned "not by the vices of men, or their abuse of liberty, but by the order of nature itself." This objection is enough to defeat the "airy systems" of the Utopians. Wallace calls for a middle way for government and society, "to set just bounds to every thing according to its nature, and to adjust all things in due proportion to one another." He writes: "it is more contrary to just proportion, to suppose that such a perfect government should be established in such circumstances, than that by permitting vice, or the abuse of liberty in the wisdom of providence, mankind should never be able to multiply so greatly as to overstock the earth."Wallace was born in Edinburgh in 1697 and died there in 1771. He was a presbyterian minister who held various offices in the Church of Scotland. In addition to the Prospects, his other major works were Characteristics of the Present Political State of Great Britain (1758) and Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind in Antient and Modern Times (1753). The latter included a vigorous rejoinder to Hume's argument (in his Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind, published the preceding year) that the classical world was not more populous than the present. Wallace's argument for the populousness of ancient nations supported the view earlier put by Montesquieu—who arranged for a French translation of Wallace's book.Modern editions of Wallace's writings appear in the series Reprints of Economic Classics published by Augustus M. Kelley, New York.

Notices bibliographiques: Kaul, Inge; Grunberg, Isabelle; Stern, Marc A. (directeurs de publication). Global public goods: International cooperation in the 21st century.Notices bibliographiques: Tucker, James. The therapeutic corporationLivres récents: Anker, Richard; Barge, Sandhya; Rajogopal, S.; Joseph, M. P. (directeurs de publication). Economics of child labour in hazardous industries of India.Livres récents: Bauer, Gretchen. Labor and democracy in Namibia, 1971–1996.Livres récents: Beresford, Peter; Green, David; Lister, Ruth; Woodard, Kirsty. Poverty first hand: Poor people speak for themselves.Livres récents: Clerc, Denis. Condamnés au chômage? Travail et emploi: faux débats et vraies questions.Livres récents: Derickson, Alan. Black lung: Anatomy of a public health disaster.Livres récents: Fisher, Peter S.; Peters, Alan H. Industrial incentives: Competition among American states and cities.Livres récents: Marzal, Antonio (directeur de publication); Borrego, Javier; Aparicio, Rosa; Ben Achour, Rafâa; Losada, Teresa; Carrillo Salcedo, Juan Antonio; Sagarra, Eduard; Ruiz‐Jarabo, Dámaso; Correa Guimerá, Bernardino, y Rodríguez‐Piñero, Miguel. Derechos humanos del migrante, de la mujer en el Islam, de injerencia internacional y complejidad del sujeto.Livres récents: Miguélez, Faustino; Prieto, Carlos (di‐recteurs de publication). Las relaciones de empleo en España.Livres récents: Pan American Health Organization (directeur de publication). Health in the Americas: 1998 edition.Livres récents: Song, Miri. Helping out: Children's labor in ethnic business.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 88e session, 2000, Rapport IV (1): La protection de la maternité au travail. Révision de la convention (no 103) (révisée), et de la recommandation (no 95) sur la protection de la maternité, 1952.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 89e session, 2001, Rapport V (1): Promotion des cooperatives.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 88e session, 2000, Rapport VI (2): Sécurité et santé dans l'agriculture.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Employment and labour in South Asia. Par T. Anant, K. Sundaram et S. Tendulkar.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Programmes d'infrastructures à haute intensité de main‐d'œuvre‐HIMO: politiques et pratiques du travail. Par David Tajgman et Jan de Veen.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Employment revival in Europe: Labour market success in Austria, Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands. Par Peter Auer.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Les firmes du futur: efficacitééconomique et performances sociales. Par Maryse GaudierNouvelles publications du BIT: Flexibilización en el margen: La reforma del mercado de trabajo. Publié sous la direction de Victor E. Tokman et Daniel Martínez.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Guide pratique de la liberté syndicale. Normes, principes et procédures de l'Organisation internationale du Travail. Par David Tajgman et Karen Curtis.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Les principes de l'OIT sur le droit de grève. Par Bernard Gernigon, Alberto Odero et Horacio Guido.Nouvelles publications du BIT: IMO/ILO Guidelines for the Development of Seafarers' Shipboard Working Arrangements and Formats of Records of Seafarers' Hours of Work or Hours of Rest.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Labour issues in the context of economic integration and free trade: A Caribbean perspective Publié sous la direction de Willi Momm.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Managing vocational training systems: A handbook for senior administrators. Par Vladimir Gasskov.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Reestructuración, integración y mercado laboral. Crecimiento y calidad del empleo en economías abiertas. Par Ciro Biderman, Nadya Araújo Castro, José Paulo Zeetano Chahad, Álvaro Augusto Comin, William Díaz, Michel Fouquin, Regina Maciel A. A. Galhardi, Lucio Geller, Maria Carolina da Silva Leme, Chris Parsley, Gerhard Reinecke, Gerry Rodgers, Armindo Silva, Jane Slaughter et Ricardo J. Soifer.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Sexual harassment: An ILO survey of company practice. Par Arian Reinhart.

Several scientists, politicians are perceiving a fundamental shift in the structure of the production process and the political regulation-system governing that process. Others claim that there?s nothing worth mentioning about this rage, and posit the continuation of long known cyclical and secular trends. There is a general lack of common understanding and accurate definition in the debate among and between politicians and academics. Neither the concept of ?globalisation? nor that of ?regionalisation? seems to be an accurate ?description? nor an ?explanation? of the structural transformations of the European economy. Yet these vague nominations do have real implications for the perception and situation-definition of the mass and their leaders. Using theoretical tools as the ?Rule of Anticipated Reactions?, ?Hidden Faces of Power?, ?non-decision-making? etc., the proposition is that the ?invisible hands? of market-law and (supra-)state policies have altered the bargaining positions of ?states? and organisations favouring business. The debate about the ?retreat? or ?withering away? of the state, vs. scientists pleading to ?bring the state back in? the analysis, is noticeable in most countries. But the ?objective data? used is unsuitable: they cannot measure accurately the transition under research. The current discussion cannot reveal the importance of the concept of ?structural power? in social relationships: the shifting balance of power between states and markets and between labour and capital. Because of the current division of social sciences, individual disciplines cannot capture thoroughly the transition of the economic system. This transition consists of the shift away from a ?Fordist Regulation? towards ?Something Else?. This transition has farreaching consequences for the neo-corporatist organisation of the ?European? economies and the underlying social differentiation. It is endangering the necessary social cohesion and hindering the supple functioning of the labour market. The classic ?European? Keynesian Welfare State, is undergoing strong incentives, perhaps dictates, towards drastic adjustment. The conditions imposed by mobile capital, both financial and productive, are narrowing the policy-options of national and regional governments: the decrease of difference. At least, this is what is proclaimed in popular discours, in contrast to different findings of scientific research. The modern version of ?beggar-they-neighbour?, the competitive provision of investment-incentives, the involuntarily condescending attitude towards the captains of industry . are disciplining the labour-force and leading to unemployment and poverty. Because of the delegation of important parts of the socio-economical policy-domains towards the regional government, these too are forced to play the game. Intra-Union and even intra-state social dumping, sometimes for the sake of the European subsidy-policy, are complicating an ?regional understanding?. How can the regions answer this common threat without resulting in a ?mutually assured destruction?? How can they counter these ?structural adjustment plans? without a suitable adequate institutional apparatus on the Union level? What is known in political geography as the ?jumping of scales? is changing the relationship between different policy-levels. The ?regional question? at the turn of the Century is a difficult one: how can the regions defy the obligations of the global production system without rendering a community of regions impossible before it is constructed.

D. A. E. Pelteret, Slavery in early mediaeval England from the reign of Alfred until the twelfth centuryEdward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: towns, commerce and crafts, 1086‐1348Maryanne Kowaleski, Local markets and regional trade in medieval ExeterRosemary Horrox, ed., Fifteenth‐century attitudes: perceptions of society in late medieval EnglandAnthony Fletcher, Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1500‐1800Tim Harris, ed., Popular culture in England, c. 1500‐1850Margaret Spufford, ed., The world of rural dissenters, 1520‐1725John Guy, ed., The reign of Elizabeth I: court and culture in the last decadeDavid L. Smith, Richard Strier, and David Bevington, eds., The theatrical city: culture, theatre and politics in London, 1576‐1649Richard Grassby, The business community of seventeenth‐century EnglandM.J. Braddick, Parliamentary taxation in seventeenth‐century England: local administration and responseAdrian Wilson, The making of man‐midwifery: childbirth in England, 1660‐1770Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: politics, culture and imperialism in England, 1715‐1785David Hancock, Citizens of the world: London merchants and the integration of the British Atlantic community, 1735‐1785David R. Green, From artisans to paupers: economic change and poverty in London, 1790‐1870Cyril Ehrlich, First Philharmonic: a history of the Royal Philharmonic SocietyPatrick Joyce, Democratic subjects: the self and the social in nineteenth‐century EnglandKeith Laybourn, The evolution of British social policy and the Welfare State, c. 1800‐1993Bill Lancaster, The department store: a social historyW.W. Knox, Hanging by a thread: the Scottish cotton industry, c. 1850‐1914C.H. Lee, Scotland and the United Kingdom: the economy and the Union in the twentieth centuryEric M. Sigsworth, A respectable life: Leeds in the 1930sTimothy R. Whisler, At the end of the road: the rise and fall of Austin‐Healey, MG and Triumph Sports CarsJohn D. Fudge, Cargoes, embargoes and emissaries: the commercial and political interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450‐1510Pamela H. Smith, The business of alchemy: science and culture in the Holy Roman EmpireDaniel Roche, The culture of clothing: dress and fashion in the'ancien regime'Göran Hoppe and John Langton, Peasantry to capitalism: western Östergötland in the nineteenth centuryCharles Feinstein, ed., Banking, currency and finance in Europe between the warsDavid Conroy, In public houses: drink and the revolution of authority in colonial MassachusettsPeter Temin, ed., Inside the business enterprise: historical perspectives on the use of informationHistorical atlas of Canada: R. Cole Harris, ed., Vol. i: From the beginning to 1800; R. Louis Gentilcore, ed., Vol. 2: The land transformed, 1800‐1891; D. Kerr, ed., Vol. 3: Addressing the twentieth century, 1891‐1961Laird W. Bergad, Fe Iglesias García, and María del Carmen Barcia, The Cuban slave market, 1790‐1880Linda Cooke Johnson, Shanghai from market town to treaty port, 1074‐1858Olive Checkland, Shizuya Nishimura, and Norio Tamaki, eds., Pacific banking, 1859‐1959: East meets WestTessa Morris‐Suzuki, The technological transformation of Japan from the seventeenth to the twenty‐first centuryJ. Komlos, ed., The biological standard of living on three continents: further explorations in anthropometric historyForrest Capie, Tariffs and growth: some insights from the world economy, 1850‐1940John A. James and Mark Thomas, eds., Capitalism in context: essays in economic development and cultural change in honor of R.M. HartwellTheodore M. Porter, Trust in numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life

• Opsomming: In Mei 1926 is die eerste spoeldelwerye in die distrik Lichtenburg geprokIameer en daarna - tot en met 1945 - 'n verdere 104. Nuus omtrent die ontdekking van ryk diamantvelde noord van die dorp het vinnig versprei en teen die einde van 1926 was duisende beroepsdelwers, fortuinsoekers en blanke en swart arbeiders met bulle gesinne reeds op die delwerye saamgetrek. Die meeste delwers was verarmde blankes wat tevergeefs gehoop bet om hul ekonomiese posisie maklik en vinnig te verbeter. As gevolg van die ernstige depressie, die gepaardgaande insinking in die diamantbedryf en die feit dat die diamantdraende gruis gou uitgewerk is, het die Lichtenburgse delwers tot so 'n mate verarm dat die staat en welsynsorganisasies moes ingryp om voedsel aan hulpbehoewendes te skenk en ander bystand aan bulle te verleen. Omdat aanvanklik geglo is dat die delwerye se bestaan van korte duur sou wees, was die owerheid en Transvaalse Provinsiale Administrasie nie juis gretig om geld aan openbare dienste te bestee nie. Die haglike maatskaplike toestande op die delwerye het egter mettertyd dringende optrede genoodsaak en gevolglik is gesondheids- en onderwysgeriewe geskep. Gedurende 1927 het die kosmopolitiese delweryegemeenskap reeds oor kerke, skole, besigheidsentrums, polisiekantore, bioskope, poskantore, ontspanningsgeriewe en 'n hospitaal beskik. Soos in enige ander gemeenskap is daar gewerk, ontspan, deelgeneem aan geestelike aktiwiteite, handel gedryf en misdaad gepleeg. Lewensomstandighede op die delwerye was geensins rooskleurig nie. Die armoede wat daar geheers het, was duidelik sigbaar in die klein, ongerieflike sinkhuisies, kleihutte en sakkaias van die delwers en hul arbeiders. Higiëniese toestande was swak en het tot die uitbreek van allerlei siektes aanleiding gegee. Ten spyte van hierdie probleme was die delwersgemeenskap skynbaar tog relatief gelukkig en tevrede. ; • Summary: In May 1926 the first alluvial diggings were proclaimed in the Lichtenburg district. Thereafter, up to 1945, a further 104 followed suit. News of the discovery of the rich diamond fields north of the town, spread quickly and by the end of 1926 thousands of professional diggers, fortune hunters and impoverished white and black labourers with their families had congregated at the diggings. Most of the diggers were poor whites who had vainly hoped to improve their economic plight in an easy and quick way. The serious depression with its concomitant collapse of the diamond industry and the fact that the diamond-bearing gravel was soon exhausted, further impoverished the diggers in such a way that the state and welfare organisations were forced to provide food and other assistance. Since it was initially believed that the Lichtenburg diggings would not last long, the government and the Transvaal Provincial Administration were reluctant to spend money on public works. The poor social conditions on the diggings eventually led to a need for drastic action and therefore health and educational facilities were provided. During 1927 the cosmopolitan community at the diggings already boasted churches, schools, business centres, police stations, cinemas, post offices, recreational facilities, and a hospital. As in any other settlement people worked, relaxed, participated in religious activities, carried on business, and committed crimes. Life on the diggings was anything but rosy and the poverty which prevailed there was reflected by the small, uncomfortable corrugated iron houses and huts of mud or sacking of the diggers and their labourers. The poor hygienic conditions led to the outbreak of various diseases, but in spite of these problems the diggers' community seemed to be a relatively happy and content one.

SummaryRogelio Pérez Perdomo is a Professor of Law at the Central University of Venezuela and an active member of the Latin American Council of Law and Development. A longstanding student of the purposes and methods of legal education, he has also made a special point to acquire knowledge about legal education in Europe and the United States.In this article Professor Pérez Perdomo discusses the inadequacies and shortcomings of the existing legal education programs in Latin America. He recognizes the growing awareness of such inadequacies on the part of many Latin American law teachers, and their dissatisfaction with the traditional systems and methods of law teaching. This dissatisfaction has generated many studies and discussions in the different Latin American countries, and it has also produced some changes and improvements. Professor Pérez Perdomo believes, however, that such changes fall significantly short of modern needs of adequate legal education. Concentrating on the situation in Venezuela, he compares it with current legal education innovations and developments in other Latin American countries, as well as in the major European countries and the United States.Professor Pérez Perdomo clearly admits his preference for further reforms of the legal education methods and programs in Venezuela (and, presumably, in other countries of Latin America). He views, however, student unrests as an invalid reason for such reforms because improvements must emerge from substantive needs rather than the temporary considerations of political expediency. Reforms must proceed from an appreciation of the true role of law and the legal profession.In a brief survey of the traditional and modern role of the law, especially its use as a vehicle for social and economic development, Professor Pérez Perdomo demonstrates the significance of their impact on legal education. Equally important, in his opinion, is the influence of foreign financial aid, e.g., the Ford Foundation, the International Legal Center, etc., which must have had a considerable impact on the emergence of new legal education trends. The effect of such influences has not yet been evaluated, but it is an important topic in any study of the effectiveness and desirability of international transfers of educational methods from one country to another. Thus, the United States legal education model encountered many difficulties in Latin America when the attempt was made to apply it there, and it can be used there only in a limited sense and in a significantly modified form.Professor Pérez Perdomo notes the following trends of legal education reform in Latin America:
1)The reorganization and "semestization" of law courses.2)The use of new teaching methods–tutorials, class discussions, working groups, and legal clinics–by various law schools in their efforts to enrich the content of their educational programs.3)The identification of the purposes and responsibilities of legal education in coordination with the general aims of law and the legal system.Professor Pérez Perdomo recognizes that many of these aspirations for reform are seriously affected by such factual limitations as, for example, the unfavorable numerical ratio of students to law faculty, inadequate teaching abilities of the professors, poverty and the small size of libraries, and the encumbersome administrative organization and fiscal procedure of universities. Despite these difficulties, Professor Pérez Perdomo is confident that the reform efforts will prevail and that many salutory improvements will eventually become evident in Latin American legal education.

El Desarrollo Territorial Rural (DTR) comienza a ser discutido, elaborado e implementado en los años iniciales del siglo XXI con el fin de minimizar el «mal desarrollo» de la década anterior. Sin embargo, refrenda y resurge de la estructura misma del sistema que genera los problemas que supuestamente combate. La mayoría de los trabajos académicos, por acotarse a la administración del DTR, pasan por alto las implicaciones epistémicas, políticas y socioeconómicas que advienen del enfoque. En el presente trabajo, analizamos y problematizamos las condiciones de posibilidad que dieron origen y legitimidad al DTR y lo habilitaron como marco orientador de las políticas públicas de desarrollo rural en la mayoría de los países de América Latina. El artículo está orientado desde una metodología cualitativa teórico-explicativa, amparado en una amplia revisión bibliográfica que transversaliza los enfoques del post-desarrollo, de la geografía agraria crítica, de la decolonialidad y del colonialismo interno. Esperamos que el ejercicio de deconstruir el DTR devele su rol como promotor y camuflador del sistema-mundo capitalista / patriarcal occidentalocéntrico / cristianocéntrico moderno/colonial. ; Rural Territorial Development (DTR) is recently being discussed, developed and implemented in the first years of the 21st century in order to minimize «poor development» in the previous decade. However, it is endorsed and reemerges from the same system structure generating the problems DTR is supposed to fight against. Most scholar works, to be ascribed to DTR management overlook epistemic, political and socioeconomic implications derived from this approach. This paper analyzes and challenges the conditions of possibility giving rise and legitimating DTR, which allowed for and enabled it as a guiding framework for rural development public policies in most Latin American countries. This paper follows a qualitative theoretical-explanatory approach, relying on a broad bibliographic review on critical agrarian geography, decoloniality and internal colonialism, which brings a cross-cutting view on post-development approaches. By deconstructing DTR we expect its role as a promoter and camouflager of the capitalist/ patriarchal, Western-centric/Christian-centric, modern/colonial world system. Keywords: Rural territorial development, fight on poverty, agrarian issue, neodevelopmentalism, modern/colonial world system. ; O Desenvolvimento Territorial Rural (DTR) começou a ser debatido, elaborado e implementado no início do século XXI com o propósito de minimizar o «desenvolvimento ruim» da década precedente. Contudo, o DTR referenda-se e surge da estrutura do sistema que gera os problemas que supostamente combate. A maior parte dos trabalhos académicos, por se limitarem a administração do DTR, esquecem as implicações epistêmicas, políticas e socioeconômicas derivadas desse enfoque. No presente trabalho, analisam-se e problematizem-se as condições de possibilidade que originaram e legitimaram o DRT, e o habilitaram como guia das políticas públicas do desenvolvimento rural na maioria dos países da América Latina. O presente artigo foi estruturado a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa teórico-explicativa e se baseia numa ampla pesquisa bibliográfica que leva em consideração transversalmente os enfoques pós-desenvolvimento, a geografia agraria crítica, a decolonialidade e o colonialismo interno. Espera-se que o exercício de desconstrução do DTR desvele seu papel como promotor e camuflagem do sistema-mundo capitalista/patriarcal ocidental-cêntrico/ cristão-cêntrico moderno/colonial. ; Fil: Rodrigues Lopes, Gabriel. University of Nairobi; Kenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

La expansión de la frontera agrícola en la Argentina, motorizada fundamentalmente por la enorme expansión del cultivo de soja, ha producido una de las mayores transformaciones económicas, sociales, demográficas y ambientales, en la historia del país. Simultáneamente la tasa de desmonte de bosques nativos –relacionada fuertemente con el proceso anteriormente citado-llegó, según índices oficiales, a superar varias veces el promedio mundial –con enormes impactos en la biodiversidad y en comunidades rurales tradicionales. El nordeste de Argentina es una de las áreas donde la soja emerge como en una de las principales actividades agrícola y donde la situación social revela, coincidentemente, los niveles de pobreza e indigencia más altos del país. En la región, laagricultura familiar y los pequeños productores están desapareciendo, mientras continúa la emigración rural hacia los asentamientos miserables de las grandes ciudades, en un contexto donde centenares de pueblos rurales están en proceso de extinción. En este contexto, la discusión central del problema socio-ambiental reside en una lucha por la apropiación de la renta proveniente de los recursos naturales (generalmente hasta su agotamiento) tanto por sectores intra como extra regionales. Estos conflictos ambientales tienen también un carácter distributivo y surgen de la discusión con que los diferentes actores sociales se relacionan con el mundo natural y con sus propias formas de vida referidas en general a bienes en disputa o a como se ven afectados ciertos sectores por otros, derivados de un mal uso de estos. En el caso de estudio propuesto, la mayoría de los conflictos ambientales se apoyan en la problemática derivada de la mala gestión de los recursos naturales, cuyo principal conflicto ambiental existente es, de hecho el conflicto por la tierra. ; The expansion of agricultural frontier in Argentina, mainly fueled by the enormous expansion of soybean cultivation, has produced one of the greatest economic, social, demographic and environmental changes in the country's history. Simultaneously the rate of cleaning of native forests –strongly related with the aforementioned process-arrived, according to official rates, to reach several times the world average, with huge impacts on biodiversity and traditional rural communities. Northeastern Argentina is one of the areas where soy emerges as one of the main agricultural activities and social situation reveals where, coincidentally, the levels of poverty and highest destitution in the country. In the region, family farming and small farmers are disappearing, while continuing rural migration to the miserable settlements of large cities, in a context where hundreds of rural villages are endangered. In this context, the central discussion of socioenvironmental problem is a struggle for the appropriation of income ofnatural resources (usually until exhaustion) both intraand extraregional sectors. These environmental conflicts also have a distributive character and arise from the discussion with the different social actors relate to the natural world and their own ways of life referred in general to goods in dispute or as affected certain sectors by others, derivatives of misuse of it. In this study most environmental conflicts are based on the problems arising from the mismanagement of natural resources, whose main existing environmental conflict is the conflict over land. ; Fil: Zarrilli, Adrian Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales. Centro de Estudios de la Argentina Rural; Argentina

Durante las últimas décadas se ha verificado en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (RMBA) un notable proceso de génesis y consolidación de formas alternativas de transporte. El mismo responde a un conjunto de factores, entre los que destaca el surgimiento de movilidades vulnerables ligadas tanto al deterioro de la accesibilidad, como a la degradación del transporte público. Sin embargo estas condiciones también derivan de procesos más amplios que modificaron profundamente la estructura socio-territorial metropolitana y nacional. Así se observa la consolidación de una sociedad marcadamente dual, con profundas brechas riqueza-pobreza y en la que los contrastes hipermovilidad - inmovilidad se constituyen en rasgos distintivos. Nuestro trabajo presenta datos empíricos e inferencias siguiendo la hipótesis de que en la RMBA se ha consolidado una fase de movilidad estratificada, la que asociada a procesos de segregación socio-territorial, potencia las fragmentaciones preexistentes. Tras el objetivo de describir e interpretar la aparición y consolidación del transporte alternativo en la región, el estudio ofrece un panorama general sobre las principales características de la movilidad diaria, desde los años 70 hasta la actualidad, referida tanto a modos masivos tradicionales como a los alternativos (legales e ilegales). Consideramos asimismo, grandes lineamientos políticos, procesos de urbanización y características sociodemográficas prevalecientes en los distintos sectores o distritos que conforman la metrópolis. Para el sostén de los argumentos planteados analizamos articuladamente diversas fuentes secundarias y primarias: estadísticas sectoriales oficiales, observación de campo, entrevistas y estudios específicos sobre la temática. ; During the last decades a remarkable process of genesis and consolidation of alternative forms of transportation has been verified in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires (RMBA). It responds to a set of factors, among which the emergence of vulnerable mobility linked to both the deterioration of accessibility and the degradation of public transport. However, these conditions also derive from larger processes that profoundly altered the metropolitan and national socio-territorial structure. Thus we see the consolidation of a society markedly dual, with deep wealth-poverty gaps and in which the hypermobility-immobility contrasts constitute distinctive features. Our paper presents empirical data and inferences following the hypothesis that a stratified mobility phase has been consolidated in the RMBA, which associated with processes of socio-territorial segregation, reinforces the preexisting fragmentations. With the goal of describing and interpreting the emergence and consolidation of alternative transportation in the region, the study provides an overview of the main characteristics of daily mobility, from the 1970's to the present referred to both, traditional and alternative mass modes (legal and illegal). We also consider broad political guidelines, urbanization processes and sociodemographic characteristics prevailing in the different sectors or districts that make up the metropolis. In order to support these arguments, we analyze several secondary and primary sources: official sector statistics, field observation, interviews and specific studies on the subject. ; Fil: Kralich, Susana Haydee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentina ; Fil: Pérez, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina

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A menos de quince días de las elecciones presidenciales en los Estados Unidos, los grandes periódicos cubren la carrera a la Casa Blanca:"El País" de Madrid:"Obama incluirá a Colin Powell en su gobierno si gana las elecciones: El candidato demócrata responde así al respaldo del ex secretario de Estado republicano.- McCain y Palin continúan criticando el plan económico rival": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Obama/incluira/Colin/Powell/gobierno/gana/elecciones/elpepuint/20081020elpepuint_12/Tes"Biden da a Obama la solidez que Palin resta a McCain": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Biden/da/Obama/solidez/Palin/resta/McCain/elpepuint/20081020elpepiint_3/Tes"New York Times":"In Bush Stronghold, Obama Pulls Even With McCain": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/us/politics/21carolina.html?ref=us"New York Times" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/world/africa/21zimbabwe.html?ref=world"CNN":"Obama to leave campaign trail to visit ailing grandmother": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/20/campaign.wrap/index.html"Muslim-American voices heard in presidential race": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/21/muslim.voter.involvement/index.html"CNN" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://edition.cnn.com/POLITICS"Le Monde":"Les démocrates comptent sur le vote anticipé pour remporter la Floride": http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2008/10/21/les-democrates-comptent-sur-le-vote-anticipe-pour-remporter-la-floride_1109323_829254.html#ens_id=1101460"Le Monde" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.lemonde.fr/web/sequence/0,2-829254,1-0,0.html"BBC":Presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/americas/2008/vote_usa_2008/"China Daily":"Obama, Clinton campaign together to clinch Florida": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-10/20/content_7121915.htm"Los Ángeles Times":Presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/"Miami Herald":"Obama supporters begin gathering for Miami rally": http://www.miamiherald.com/459/story/735384.html"El Universal" de Méjico:Presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/esp205.htmlPresenta sitio con una clara explicación del proceso electoral en los EEUU:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/graficosanimados/EU_eleccioneseu/default.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia: ""En el vaivén de las encuestas en la carrera por la Casa Blanca, John McCain recorta terreno": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/seccion_eleccioneseu/home/en-el-vaiven-de-las-encuestas-en-la-carrera-por-la-casa-blanca-john-mccain-recorta-terreno-_4615359-1"La Nación":"Obama gana terreno entre los indecisos: El candidato demócrata aumentó su ventaja en estados considerados clave para ganar las elecciones": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1061963"El preferido en el resto del mundo: Obama lidera las encuestas globales": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1061969"El Mercurio" de Chile:"McCain asegura que Obama es un gastador, y el demócrata lo llama "anticuado"": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/10/22/internacional/_portada/noticias/A9F324E5-7202-4386-BC34-A49698C44799.htm?id={A9F324E5-7202-4386-BC34-A49698C44799}"MSNBC":Presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3096434/"Times":"Democrats ready to stop repeat for Obama of Gore's hanging-chad fiasco": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4988459.ece"Times" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/"The Economist":"Presidential debates: The last word": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12432374 "Campaign advertising: Full of sound and fury": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12432384 AMERICA LATINA "El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Al menos 18 muertos en un motín en una cárcel mexicana":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/motin/carcel/mexicana/elpepuint/20081020elpepuint_10/Tes"New York Times" informa: "Drug Killings Haunt Mexican Schoolchildren": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/world/americas/20tijuana.html?ref=worldMillones que han pensado en irse. "BBC" mundo le destapa la cara al impacto social del narcotráfico en México: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2008/narcomexico"BBC" publica: "Veintena de muertos en motín en México": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7681000/7681426.stm"MSNBC" anuncia: "Four human heads sent to Mexican police: Rest of human remains not located; drug cartels suspected in killings": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27298950/"MSNBC": "Heavy rains leave 13 dead in Honduras: Raging rivers have destroyed more than 60 bridges":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27280639/"Miami Herald" publica: "Street protests target soaring Venezuelan crime rate":http://www.miamiherald.com/583/story/735258.html"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Morales renuncia a la reelección para poder aprobar la nueva Carta Magna boliviana: El partido del presidente logra un acuerdo para convocar el referéndum constitucional tras aceptar las exigencias de la oposición": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Morales/renuncia/reeleccion/poder/aprobar/nueva/Carta/Magna/boliviana/elpepuint/20081020elpepuint_4/Tes"Le Monde" informa: "Le gouvernement bolivien d'accord avec l'opposition sur une sortie de crise": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/10/21/le-gouvernement-bolivien-d-accord-avec-l-opposition-sur-une-sortie-de-crise_1109325_3222.html#ens_id=1080276"BBC": "Jornada histórica en Bolivia": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7683000/7683060.stm"La Nación" publica: "Morales: "Este es un proceso sin retorno": La Constitución se decidirá en enero":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1061966"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Oposición y gobierno ceden y tras modificar proyecto convocan a referéndum constitucional": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/10/22/internacional/_portada/noticias/EA44629A-5FCC-4A1C-AE62-6D3D9A47AC7A.htm?id={EA44629A-5FCC-4A1C-AE62-6D3D9A47AC7A}"New York Times" publica: "Argentina Nationalizes $30 Billion in Private Pensions":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22argentina.html?ref=business"BBC" anuncia: "Argentina: ¿fin de jubilaciones privadas?": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7681000/7681260.stm"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Gobierno argentino firma el proyecto de ley que elimina el sistema privado de pensiones": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/gobierno-argentino-firma-el-proyecto-de-ley-que-elimina-el-sistema-privado-de-pensiones_4615469-1"El Universal" de Méjico informa: "Advierte Lugo reacción de Paraguay si Brasil viola soberanía: El presidente advirtió que reaccionará ante una eventual violación a la soberanía territorial, en caso de que Brasil cometa cualquier exceso con sus ejercicios militares en la frontera común": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/548946.html"BBC" analiza: "El SIDA en América Latina": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/science/newsid_7535000/7535678.stmESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"New York Times" anuncia: "U.S. and Russian Military Chiefs Meet": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/world/europe/22mullen.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica": "Le Pentagone abandonne ses accusations contre cinq détenus de Guantánamo":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/10/21/le-pentagone-abandonne-ses-accusations-contre-cinq-detenus-de-guantanamo_1109584_3222.html#ens_id=1073709"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "Aumenta la desigualdad económica en E.U. y otros países ricos": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/euycanada/home/aumenta-la-desigualdad-economica-en-eu-y-otros-paises-ricos_4616134-1 EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Comienza el juicio contra la red golpista Ergenekon que divide a la clase política turca": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Comienza/juicio/red/golpista/Ergenekon/divide/clase/politica/turca/elpepuint/20081020elpepuint_11/Tes"New York Times" publica: "86 on Trial in Turkish Coup Case": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/world/europe/21turkey.html?ref=world"El Universal" de Méjico informa: "Lanzan bombas molotov a embajada turca en Finlandia":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/548718.html"New York Times" informa: "From London, a Rebuke to U.S. Approach on Terrorism": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/world/europe/22britain.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica: "Nicolas Sarkozy veut un gouvernement économique pour la zone euro": http://www.lemonde.fr/la-crise-financiere/article/2008/10/21/nicolas-sarkozy-veut-un-gouvernement-economique-pour-la-zone-euro_1109278_1101386.html#ens_id=1089411"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Cumbre sobre reforma financiera con países desarrollados y emergentes plantea Francia": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/cumbre-sobre-reforma-financiera-con-paises-desarrollados-y-emergentes-plantea-francia_4615565-1"La Nación" publica: "Debate Europa un blindaje a sus empresas: Sarkozy propuso crear fondos soberanos para evitar que las compañías del continente caigan en manos de inversores extranjeros":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1062028"MSNBC" informa: "Police arrest men in Sarkozy bank theft: Two allegedly broke into president's account, used money to pay bills": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27308656/"La Nación" anuncia: "Alemania pide sumar a Suiza a la lista negra de paraísos fiscales: Criticó también la poca colaboración de Austria, Liechtenstein y Luxemburgo": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1062029"CNN": "Spanish court frees terror suspects": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/10/21/spain.terror.arrests/index.html "La Nación" publica: "Avanza en Europa un proyecto para cuidar a los menores en Internet: El Parlamento europeo aprobó por amplia mayoría un programa destinado a darles mayor seguridad en la Red": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1062139 Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente "New York Times" informa: "India Prepares Moon Launch": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/world/asia/22indiamoon.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "India moon mission ready for launch": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/10/21/india.space.ap/index.html"China Daily" anuncia: "Pakistan: Strikes kill up to 35 militants": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/world_subprime_page.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "India y Pakistán abren históricas rutas comerciales en la región de Cachemira":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/otrasregiones/home/india-y-pakistan-abren-historicas-rutas-comerciales-en-la-region-de-cachemira_4615572-1"El País" de Madrid informa: "Un atentado suicida mata a cinco niños y dos soldados alemanes en el norte de Afganistán: Los talibanes asesinan a una cooperante británica en Kabul": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/atentado/suicida/mata/ninos/soldados/alemanes/norte/Afganistan/elpepuint/20081020elpepuint_5/Tes"La Nación" anuncia: "Las tropas de la OTAN matan a nueve soldados afganos por error: El trágico episodio se produjo cuando bombardearon un puesto castrense; otros tres militares resultaron heridos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1062121"MSNBC" publica: "Former Thai premier found guilty of corruption: Thaksin, who was ousted in a 2006 military coup, has fled to Britain": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27291257/"New York Time" anuncia: "Ex-Premier of Thailand Is Convicted": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/world/asia/22thai.html?ref=world"CNN" informa: "Ousted Thai PM Thaksin guilty of corruption": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/21/thailand.thaksin/index.html"New York Time" publica: "Post-Cyclone Aid Divides Myanmar Between the Helped and the Helpless":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/world/asia/21myanmar.html?ref=worldAFRICA"New York Times" informa: "Mugabe Blocks Zimbabwe Opposition Leader From Talks": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/world/africa/21zimbabwe.html?ref=world"MSNBC" anuncia: "Zimbabwe opposition boycotts summit: Regional meeting that includes Mugabe government seen as too limited": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27283377/"CNN" publica: "Gunmen kill UNICEF worker in Somalia": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/20/unicef.worker.death/index.html"China Daily" plantea: "UN mission to end monitoring Ethiopia-Eritrea border": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-10/16/content_7112484.htm ECONOMIA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Wall Street sube más de un 4% aliviada por la recuperación de confianza entre los bancos": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Wall/Street/sube/aliviada/aumento/credito/bancos/elpepueco/20081020elpepueco_1/Tes"Francia inyectará 10.500 millones de euros en sus seis principales bancosLa ministra de Economía explica que, aunque estas entidades están bien capitalizadas, la medida es necesaria para impulsar "nuevos créditos"": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Francia/inyectara/10500/millones/euros/principales/bancos/elpepueco/20081020elpepueco_10/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "France injects nearly $14B into banks": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/10/21/france.banks/index.html"New York Times" publica: "As Oil Prices Drop, OPEC Ponders Tough Solutions":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22opec.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin"New York Times" informa: "Wall Street Lower on Earnings News": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22markets.html"CNN" anuncia: "Stocks hit by recession fears Wall Street retreats as earnings jitters take hold.": http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/21/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?cnn=yes"BBC" informa: "En crisis no hay lugar para paraísos":http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7683000/7683146.stm"Del pánico al "relajamiento" Los estadounidenses están dejando de estar al borde del pánico para pasar a estar más relajados (luego de la aprobación del plan de rescate financiero), dijo el presidente de Estados Unidos, George W. Bush": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7681000/7681274.stm"Los Ángeles Times" publica: "Falling oil prices, completo informe sobre consecuencias en Irak, Venezuela, China y Rusia": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-oil-sg,0,2037646.storygallery"MSNBC" informa: "Weak earnings stoke global recession fearsCorporate results show depth of the financial crisis facing nation":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27319876/"Times" informa: "US to host global finance crisis summit: Leaders from the so-called G-20 nations will be invited to the summit, which will be held on November 15 in Washington": http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article4995493.ece OTRAS NOTICIAS "El País" de Madrid publica: "Cuba y el regreso espiritual de los rusos": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Cuba/regreso/espiritual/rusos/elpepuint/20081020elpepuint_13/Tes"New York Times" informa: "Yahoo to Cut 10% of Its Work Force": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/technology/companies/22yahoo.html?hp"New York Times" anuncia: "3 Oil-Rich Countries Face a Reckoning":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/world/21petro.html?ref=world"La Nación" informa: "Por la caída del crudo, llegó la hora de la verdad para Irán, Rusia y Venezuela: Tendrán que reformular sus políticas; se termina la "diplomacia de la chequera"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1062030

Fifty years ago this week, Egypt attacked Israeli forces in the Israeli-occupied Sinai, with a simultaneous Syrian attack in the occupied Golan Heights, to begin what became known as the Yom Kippur War. The war and its diplomatic aftermath both exhibited and cemented some ways of viewing the U.S. role in the Middle East that are reflected in policy issues today.President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger viewed the Arab-Israeli conflict, as they viewed most of their foreign policy, primarily through a Cold War lens. At the level of great power relations, such a view could yield successes such as the opening to China, which counted as a success partly as a way of outflanking the Soviet Union. But imposing the Cold War template on local conflicts could lead to unhelpful misinterpretations of what such a conflict was largely about.An example had occurred two years earlier in 1971, when restiveness of Bengalis in what was then the eastern portion of Pakistan, followed by a Pakistani military crackdown and a flow of refugees into India, caused a South Asian crisis and a war between India and Pakistan. Most observers, including in the U.S. national security bureaucracy, viewed the crisis in terms of humanitarian needs and the satisfying of Bengali aspirations for self-determination through creation of what became the state of Bangladesh while keeping the Indo-Pakistani conflict from escalating further. Nixon and Kissinger instead saw the crisis as a Cold War proxy conflict, with the USSR supposedly instigating a move by the Indian government of Indira Gandhi to crush Pakistan.That interpretation was almost certainly a misinterpretation of the nature of the conflict and of Indian objectives. But it was this interpretation that drove U.S. policy, which included a saber-rattling show of force by a nuclear-armed carrier task force in the Bay of Bengal. Among the ill consequences of the episode were a cementing of the USSR's position as the dominant external power on the subcontinent through its support of India — with Moscow scoring additional points as a champion of Bangladeshi independence — and a tilt of opinion in New Delhi toward developing its own nuclear weapons.By Cold War standards, the crisis surrounding the Yom Kippur War was much more of a U.S. success. An airlift of weapons from the United States helped Israel to ultimately prevail militarily over the Soviet-supplied Egyptians and Syrians. Kissinger was the impresario of subsequent disengagement agreements between Israel and Egypt, shutting out the Soviets. Not least, events related to the war and its aftermath led Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to abrogate Egypt's friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1976 and to become more a partner of Washington than of Moscow.The Cold War framework persists in some present-day American visions of the U.S. role in the Middle East — although with China sometimes now seen as the major great power adversary — in ways that exhibit shortcomings of that framework. Promoters of the Biden administration's effort to broker full diplomatic relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, in the absence of any other explanation of how this effort supposedly advances U.S. interests, contend that a normalization agreement would limit Chinese influence in the Persian Gulf region.Such a contention continues a Cold War type of zero-sum thinking that mistakenly assumes there is a fixed amount of dealing that Middle Eastern states have with outside powers, and that doing more business with one power necessarily means doing less with another. In fact, there is no good reason to believe that even a Saudi Arabia that had exchanged embassies with Israel and been rewarded by the United States for doing so would lose the strong economic and other reasons it has to maintain extensive relations with China. Israel itself is an instructive example. The decades-long U.S. support to Israel, including $158 billion in military and economic assistance, has not kept Israel from building extensive ties with both China and Russia and trimming its policies to maintain good relations with those powers, such as on issues involving the war in Ukraine.To the extent that sepia-tinged memories of the Yom Kippur War move away from Cold War mentalities and focus on what Arabs and Israelis were doing, those memories tend to cement the image of a beleaguered Israel valiantly defending itself against aggressive and hostile neighbors eager to push the Jewish state into the sea at the first opportunity. This image has underlain those many billions of dollars in U.S. military aid to Israel. And it is true that it was two of those Arab neighbors, Egypt and Syria, that launched the war of October 1973.Less prominent in forming lasting and influential images is the fact that Egyptian and Syrian forces were attacking on land that Israel had forcibly seized in a war that Israel started by attacking Egypt on June 5, 1967. The immediate military objective of Egypt and Syria in 1973 was thus to regain land that had been part of those two countries until Israel captured it through force of arms six years earlier.Israel also had fired the first shots in another earlier war against Egypt, in 1956. It later would initiate other hostilities in the region, including an invasion of Lebanon and other actions that collectively constitute more use of military force outside a country's own territory than any other Middle Eastern state has exhibited. Today, ever since Saudi Arabia suspended its air war against Yemen, the most active campaign of cross-border military attacks in the region is the Israeli aerial assault on targets in Syria. Keeping that campaign of attacks unimpeded is one of Israel's reasons for maintaining good relations with Russia.Half a century after the Yom Kippur War, Israel is far from being a beleaguered nation and instead is the most militarily powerful state in the Middle East, with little hesitation to throw its military weight around. But the image of the plucky little state under threat from aggressive neighbors continues to have influence. The political and diplomatic aftermath of the 1973 war is another part of the war's legacy. Although at the time of the cease-fire, Israeli forces were winning and Egyptian forces were losing, the Egyptian military did well enough in the early days of the war to regain some of the honor it had lost in 1967 with its swift defeat by Israel. That gave Sadat the political room to take his peace-making trip to Jerusalem in 1977. That in turn led to the U.S.-brokered Camp David Accords in 1978, one of the signal events in what is still euphemistically called the Arab-Israeli "peace process."It is fitting that the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War almost coincides with the 30th anniversary of the Oslo Accords, another landmark in the same "peace process," because the political aftermath of the former set a pattern that the latter would also exhibit. That pattern is one of Israel pocketing whatever peace agreements it can gain with Arab neighbors while making indeterminate noises about Palestinian self-determination, which is continually kicked down the road and never realized.The first part of the Camp David Accords included specific commitments about an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. The second part consisted of vaguer language about eventual resolution of the "Palestinian problem." There was to be a five-year transitional mechanism in which Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza would be given some autonomy, with negotiations on the final status of those territories to begin no later than the third year of the transitional period. A shortcoming of the Accords was that implementation of the first part (Egypt and Israel did sign a peace treaty the following year) was not made conditional on implementation of the second part.Fifteen years after Camp David, the provisions regarding the Palestinians finally seemed to be getting implemented, with the creation in the Oslo Accords of the Palestinian Authority. But the five-year transitional period came and went long ago, and the Palestinians are as far as ever from self-determination. The "transitional" Palestinian Authority is still around, functioning mainly as a security auxiliary to the Israeli occupation and widely discredited among the Palestinian people. "What we have today," observes Daniel Levy, president of the U.S./Middle East Project "is the language of peace in the service of illegal actions, disenfranchisement, and apartheid."There are too many variables to spin out a convincing alternative history regarding what would have happened had Nixon and Kissinger not stepped into the 1973 war with a surge of military assistance to Israel. But Sadat's words and actions both before and after the war made clear that his objective was not to push Israel into the sea but rather to make peace with it, provided that Egyptian territory was restored.Maybe if Israelis had become less conditioned to count on the United States to provide unqualified protection from any difficult situations — even ones of their own making, such as their previous conquests of other states' territory — the subsequent history regarding the "Palestinian problem" would have been different. The U.S. handling of the Yom Kippur War, however much it might be chalked up as a U.S. win on the Cold War scorecard, was a major episode in that conditioning.The actual history has been one of an ever-stronger Israel becoming increasingly self-assured about kicking the Palestinian can ever farther down an endless road. Policies of later U.S. administrations have furthered that process. The Trump administration's policies of showering Israel with gifts and brokering supposed "peace" agreements with Arab countries that were not even at war with Israel convinced Israelis more than ever that they could enjoy such fruits while continuing to push farther out of reach anything that looked like Palestinian self-determination. The Trump policies were an extreme case of tendencies that had roots in U.S. policies in the 1970s, starting with that victory-ensuring infusion of U.S. munitions during the Yom Kippur War. The Israeli response is embodied in the current extreme right-wing Israeli government, which hardly even bothers to make indeterminate noises on the subject anymore and makes obvious that its policy — if not a new Nakba and expulsion of Palestinians from their homeland — is indefinite apartheid.This Israeli policy means indefinitely living by the sword, which is a tragedy mostly for the Palestinians but also for Israel itself, for its patron the United States, and for the cause of true peace in the Middle East.

High and volatile food prices can push people into poverty, impact production and consumption, discourage investments, and lead to social unrest. Thus, due to occasional global food shortages as in 2007/08 and frequent regional shortages, many governments apply price stabilization policies. However, academic and political controversies about appropriate measures persist. This thesis explores the role of private and public storage, information, trade policies, international cooperation, and price-responsive production in stabilizing food prices. In spite of its relevance for resource allocation, knowledge of the quality of global supply and demand estimates is limited. Hence, USDA, IGC, and FAO-AMIS estimates are compared using cointegration analysis, granger causality tests and three other methods. Estimation differences are found to be driven by methodological discrepancies rather than differing information. Differences are large for stocks and trade and persist over time revealing a comovement of the estimates. Averaging over sources can improve robustness and precision. Despite its importance for the WTO and other trade agreements, knowledge of stabilization policies in an open economy is scarce. Additionally, private storage has been neglected in previous studies on international cooperation. Thus, emergency reserves, subsidized private storage, and strategic trade restrictions are compared in terms of their costs and impacts on price levels, volatility, and extreme events. A rational expectation partial equilibrium model is applied to capture dynamic interactions between agents. Private storage is found to be effective in reducing price volatility, whereas, complementarily, reserves are more effective in preventing extreme events. While free trade is usually beneficial, incentives for restricting exports may arise if stabilization policies are not aligned or the production variability differs too much. Asymmetric policies can explain large price increases as observed in 2007/08. With some adjustments, the above model is used to present a new empirical validation method for the competitive storage model, the workhorse in numerical analysis of private storage. For the first time, the validation uses actual stock data. By applying a surface response methodology, this study derives a reduced-form equation which is shown to perform well as a surrogate model for private storage in theory and empirical tests. This allows directly quantifying stock determinants and facilitates high-dimensional modelling exercises. As an empirical case study, India's public stockholding program, which suffers from surging stocks and costs, is analyzed. Necessary reforms require understanding how policies impact stocks, which is quantified for the first time. Thus, expected policy impacts on public rice stocks are deduced from economic theory and tested empirically. Private stock determinants are quantified by combining the reduced-form storage equation with an instrumental variable approach. Public storage is found to be inert, lacking crisis-responsive consumer protection and driven by the minimum support price, market supply, and export bans. The 29% increase of the real support price in 2008 contributed 4.9 million tons to public stocks, the export ban another 2.9. Each ton of public stocks crowds out half a ton of private stocks; however, speculative storage activities persist. Policy makers seem to be unaware of the problematic policy interactions. China's demand growth and reluctance to rely on imports for its main food crops underline the need for a responsive supply, i.e. farmers making use of the latest price information. Hence, the time-dependent price responsiveness of supply is analyzed using the difference GMM estimator on province panel data. Production responds most to prices around planting time indicating the up-to-dateness of farmers' price information. High temperatures reduce production thereby highlighting the importance of limiting climate change and adapting to it. ; Die Rolle von Lagerhaltung und Informationen bei der Stabilisierung von Angebot und Preisen von Nahrungsmitteln Hohe und volatile Nahrungsmittelpreise können Menschen in Armut drängen, Produktion, Konsum sowie Investitionen beeinflussen und Unruhen auslösen. Wegen gelegentlicher globaler Nahrungsmittelengpässe wie in 2007/08 und häufiger regionaler Engpässe verwenden viele Regierungen Preisstabilisierungspolitiken. Diese führen jedoch nach wie vor zu akademischen und politischen Kontroversen. Diese Arbeit erforscht die Rolle staatlicher und privater Lagerhaltung, von Informationen, Handelspolitiken, internationaler Kooperation, sowie einer auf Preisänderungen reagierenden Produktion bei der Preisstabilisierung. Das Wissen über die Qualität globaler Angebots- und Nachfrageschätzungen ist trotz seiner Bedeutung für die Ressourcenallokation begrenzt. Daher werden Schätzungen des USDA, IGC, und FAO-AMIS mit Hilfe von Kointegrationstests, Granger-Kausalitätsstests und weiteren Methoden verglichen. Unterschiede zwischen Schätzungen bestehen über die Zeit fort, sind groß für Lager- und Handelsdaten und scheinen eher das Resultat verschiedener Methoden als abweichender Informationen zu sein. Eine Mittelung über die Quellen kann Präzision und Robustheit verbessern. Trotz der Wichtigkeit für die WTO und andere Handelsabkommen ist das Wissen über Stabilisierungspolitiken in offenen Volkswirtschaften gering und frühere Studien zur Kooperation haben private Lager ignoriert. Daher wird die theoretische Kosteneffizienz der Stabilisierung durch Notfallreserven, subventionierter privater Lagerhaltung und strategischer Handelspolitiken verglichen. Ein partielles Gleichgewichtsmodel mit rationalen Erwartungen erfasst die dynamischen Interaktionen der Akteure. Private Lager sind effektiv in der Volatilitätsverringerung während, komplementär dazu, eine Notreserve effektiver in der Verhinderung extremer Preise ist. Freier Handel ist meistens vorteilhaft, aber Anreize für Exportrestriktionen entstehen bei asymmetrischen Stabilisierungspolitiken oder Produktionsvariabilitäten. Asymmetrische Politiken können auch starke Preisanstiege erklären, wie sie beispielsweise in 2007/08 beobachtet wurden. Modifiziert ermöglicht das obige Model eine neue empirische Validierungsmethode für das kompetitive Lagerhaltungsmodel, das Standardmodel privater Lagerhaltung. Erstmals werden bei der Validierung Lagerbestände berücksichtigt. Mit Hilfe der Antwortflächenmethode wird eine reduzierte Gleichung hergeleitet, die ein genaues Ersatzmodel in der Theorie wie auch bei empirischen Tests darstellt. Dies erlaubt die direkte Quantifizierung von Lagerhaltungsdeterminanten und ermöglicht hoch-dimensionale Modellbildung mit privater Lagerhaltung. Steigende Lagerbestände und Kosten von Indiens staatlichem Lagerhaltungsprogramm erfordern Reformen. Diese bedürfen Kenntnisse darüber, wie Regulierungen Lager beeinflussen, was erstmals in dieser Studie quantifiziert wird. Der Einfluss von Richtlinien auf Reisbestände wird aus ökonomischer Theorie hergeleitet und empirisch getestet. Determinanten privater Reisbestände werden mit der reduzierten Gleichung und einem Instrumentalvariablenansatz quantifiziert. Öffentliche Lager erscheinen träge, beeinflusst von Angebot, Exportverboten und Minimum Support Price (MSP) und entbehren eines krisenabhängigen Konsumentenschutzes. Der 29%ige Anstieg des realen MSP in 2008 führte zu 4,9, das Exportverbot zu 2,9 Millionen Tonnen mehr in öffentlichen Lagern. Jede öffentlich gelagerte Tonne verdrängt eine halbe private, aber spekulative Lagerhaltung besteht fort. Die problematischen Interaktionen von Maßnahmen scheinen unbekannt. Chinas Nachfrageanstieg und Abneigung gegen Importabhängigkeit für Grundnahrungsmittel erfordern eine schnelle Reaktion der Produktion auf Preisänderungen. Daher wird die zeitabhängige Preisantwort der Produktion mithilfe des difference GMM Schätzers und Provinz-Paneldaten untersucht. Preise zur Anbauzeit stellen sich als am Wichtigsten heraus, was die Aktualität der Preisinformationen der Landwirte bezeugt. Hohe Temperaturen verringern die Produktion und unterstreichen so die Notwendigkeit den Klimawandel zu begrenzen und sich anzupassen.

This synthesis report documents the implementation process, results and lessons learned under a three-year Technical Assistance (TA) program undertaken by the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank's Water Global Practice (WSP) in Cambodia between May 2013 and June 2016. It also presents recommendations for the government on key steps to accelerate service delivery at scale for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH) and for the World Bank to strategically engage in the sector. For comprehensiveness, annexes are attached that include key supporting documentation, and resources and deliverables developed under this TA are also provided in the resource pack (the resource pack is linked to Box folder which is available upon request).

Ethiopia is a highly decentralized country. Presently, sub-national government taxes and revenues account for about 28 percent of general taxes and revenues, and sub-national expenditures amount to 51 percent of general government expenditures. The ensuing vertical mismatch is bridged by grants from the Federal government to the regions. Presently, these grants account for 57 percent of sub-national expenditures1. For many years, these grants consisted mostly of a block grant (the Federal General Purpose Grant) given without any strings attached, which means the regions could use it as they wished. The rest of the report is organized as follows. Section two provides the policy context that is the information, data, evolutions, etc. specific to Ethiopia, which are necessary to understand and interpret the MDGs grant policy. Section three present and discusses the policy content that is the components of the policy previously identified. Section four is a policy assessment, which utilizes the evaluation framework proposed above to analyze the relationships between the various components of the policy, and discuss its efficiency, its effectiveness and its success. Section five is a conclusion that summarizes the analysis, and attempts, prudently and modestly, to outline some potential avenues for future action.