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In Chapter 7, titled "The Naturalization of Intelligence," of his book The Quest for Certainty. A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action (1929), John Dewey proposes a new theory of knowledge as praxis-oriented, overruling the classic model that had dominated in philosophy since the ancient Greeks. The intent of the book is to abandon the quest for certainty, understood as the indubitable knowledge of nature. This paper presents a critical analysis of Dewey's theory of knowledge, its antecedents & its outcome.

A National Supreme Court of Justice case in Mexico on the constitutionality of employers excluding workers not belonging to a contracted union is analyzed. In this case, the CTM labor union protested the admission of nonunion workers to the El Potrero sugar factory; the Court found this clause to be unconstitutional. The positions of various union & government officials on this decision are described. This & earlier decision on freedom of association indicate the Court's willingness to dismantle the labor unions' corporativism & to provide difficult conditions for unionism per se. 3 References. Adapted from the source document.

William of Ockham's political works arose from his participation in the quarrel of poverty between the Papacy and the Franciscan order that involved the reflection on property. Because of the wholly dialectical nature of these works, and Ockham's constant references to the doctrinal sources of the discussion, it is difficult to determine to what extent the author is an original theoretician of property, and not a mere reviewer of the discussions in course. Here are analyzed the central theoretical terms of the Opus Nonaginta Dierum, his first individual political work -'factual use', 'use of right', 'dominion'-, their utilization in the debate on evangelical poverty with the Pope John XXII, and finally, the theory of natural right to property, as it is presented in the same work and in the later Breviloquium de potestate papae. The conclusion is that one of the main contributions of Ockham is having transferred the central concepts of the civil law of property -'inalienability', 'the power of claim', 'the power of resignement'- to a theory of natural right to property.

Marsilius of Padua's theory of popular sovereignty has been up to the date widely disputed. Despite the restrictive connotations of the concept of 'weightier part' (valentior pars), the article seeks especially to point out the presence of a line of argumentation in the Defensor pacis, by means of which the universitas civium or valentior pars (insofar as they constitute the source of the legitimate political authority) are both understood in a widely inclusive sense. However, the historical projection and the political application of those theoretic concepts led in the facts to an emphasis on the unity and concentration of the legitimated power.