Suchergebnisse

It is evident now that the political structures built in the United States over the last half-century depended for their successful functioning on a set of international conditions that no longer exist. The government programs of the 1930s to protect labor organization, promote high agricultural prices, and provide cheap credit would have caused, had the gold standard not been defunct, massive gold outflows, worsening the already severe economic contraction. The postwar offspring of these programs have multiplied under conditions of international trade and finance that in effect permitted the export of excess economic demand. For the last decade, with international circumstances less obliging, the task of whittling government down or at least controlling its growth has vexed successive administrations.

In May 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and included a recommendation for the use of the shorter multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB regimen [1]. The WHO update is based on information provided by observational studies coordinated by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Médecins sans Frontières and the Damien Foundation which showed that the shorter treatment regimen resulted in a higher likelihood of treatment success compared to the longer conventional treatment in the study settings [2–5]. The shorter MDR-TB regimen consists of a standardised treatment course lasting 9–12 months and includes kanamycin, moxifloxacin, prothionamide, clofazimine, pyrazinamide, isoniazid and ethambutol. It is recommended for patients with rifampicin-resistant (RR) or MDR-TB (cases with TB bacilli resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin) who have not been treated previously with second-line drugs and in whom resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable agents has been excluded or is considered highly unlikely. It is not recommended for pregnant women and patients with extrapulmonary TB.

European society is currently facing several security challenges resulting from the gradual deterioration of the global and regional security, the worsening security situation on its eastern borders, and the further growth of tension in international relations (not only due to the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine). Due to deepening globalization, as well as the complexity and interconnectedness of current security challenges, European society is not able to cope or deal with them alone. Therefore, cooperation with several partners in the effort appears to be essential. For this reason, the author of the article focuses on the issue of partnership and cooperation of the European Union in the field of security and defence in the framework of his interdisciplinary research.

Turkey's futures with the European Union has never looked so uncertain. Turkey's relations with the European Union are at a stalemate, with accession negotiations effectively frozen. Yet, Turkey and the EU have a high degree of functional cooperation, where Turkey complies with the EU acquis. Turkey's opting into the EU acquis in multiple policy areas, where its voluntary compliance-prior to or an alternative to accession, could be conceptualized as external differentiated integration. Turkey adjusts itself to the EU rules on foreign policy, customs union, Schengen regime, development policy to name a few. This paper looks at the varying degrees of Turkish compliance into the EU acquis, and proposes that Turkey will remain an integral part of the European integration. ; This Paper is part of the InDivEU project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 822304. The content of this document represents only the views of the InDivEU consortium and is its sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.