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Scholars often use roll-call votes to study legislative behaviour. However, many legislatures only conclude a minority of decisions by roll call. Thus, if these votes are not a random sample of the universe of votes cast, scholars may be drawing misleading inferences. In fact, theories over why roll-call votes are requested would predict selection bias based on exactly the characteristics of legislative voting that scholars have most heavily studied. This article demonstrates the character and severity of this sampling problem empirically by examining European Parliament vote data for a whole year. Given that many legislatures decided only a fraction of their legislation by roll call, these findings have potentially important implications for the general study of legislative behaviour.

Redefining territoriality is a crucial aspect of the changing nature of public policies in a multi-level, 'post-national' polity. New forms of territoriality in spatial development policies can be thus seen as a key analytical dimension of change in the state's role & rationales in defining public policies. The article addresses emergent practices of territorial governance in a perspective of inquiry on state change, with particular reference to western European countries. The changing nexus between territoriality & the state is addressed according to a 'governance approach' that privileges a policy-driven interpretation of change, & builds on a theoretical framework largely alternative to traditional 'state-centered' approaches. Reference goes to new conceptualizations of socio-spatial structuration processes in the social sciences & to critical reassessments of related geographical concepts in political economy & geography. Particular attention goes to the notion of 'scale', & to 'rescaling' -- i.e. the redefinition of the geographical scales of state regulation & governance -- as a key dimension of state restructuring processes. In this perspective, state-theoretical regulationist approaches are discussed that emphasize the scalar dimension of state restructuring as a key response to the changing position of the state as a site of regulation in a context of inter- & trans-nationalization. References. Adapted from the source document.

For the federal economics minister, European policy forms an important cornerstone in the creation of the political framework for the German economy. The federal government has resolved to use this role actively in order to, as early as intended, be able to bring German interests into the formation process of European law & will entirely dedicate itself to the question of the internal market under the German council presidency. Germany has much to offer that is interesting & attractive for other member states. Therefore, more boldness & more confidence would be desirable in shaping & completing the internal market. However, the 'sweet poison' of both open & hidden economic patriotism must be counteracted. The recipe for this is reacting better to the needs of enterprises & of citizens, trimming bureaucratic burdens, limiting protectionism to only what is absolutely essential & adhering strictly to the subsidiarity principle. Adapted from the source document.

L'objet auquel nous allons nous intéresser est un dispositif d'action publique qui sert à piloter les projets du 6e programme-cadre de recherche et développement technologique (PCRDT). Ce dispositif est « à la fois technique et social » puisqu'il est agencé autour d'un contrat collectivement élaboré et négocié et qu'il « organise les rapports sociaux spécifiques » qui émergent entre la Délégation Générale Recherche (DG Recherche), responsable de la mise en oeuvre du PCRDT, et un consortium de recherche, porteur de projet (Lascoumes et Le Galès, 2004, p.13). Les acteurs (les co-contractants) et actants (les formes contractuelles mobilisées) constituent un collectif sociotechnique qui s'articule autour du projet de recherche (Latour et Woolgar, 1988). C'est sur ce collectif sociotechnique que porte notre analyse. La question qui nous intéresse est de savoir ce que le fonctionnement de ce collectif et le mode de pilotage que l'existence de dispositifs sociotechniques induit, impliquent en termes d'organisation, d'engagement et de justification des pratiques scientifiques et politiques. Dans une première partie, nous montrons que l'externalisation du pilotage du projet, initiée par l'administration communautaire, s'appuie sur un dispositif sociotechnique contractuel spécifique. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions comment ce dispositif, complété et étendu, contribue à l'organisation interne du consortium en fournissant un cadre pour l'action collective de recherche tout en ménageant des espaces de libertés, propres à assurer un pilotage pragmatique. Cela pose plus généralement la question de l'efficacité de l'externalisation du pilotage des projets et du rôle que joue le dispositif contractuel autour duquel s'organise ce transfert de compétences de l'administration vers les consortia à la fois en termes de gouvernement de la recherche communautaire et de management des activités scientifiques.