Suchergebnisse

BackgroundIn 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to provide free, universal access to HAART, laboratory monitoring, and clinical care to any eligible patient. As of June 2014, approximately 400,000 patients were under treatment, making it the most comprehensive HIV treatment initiative implemented thus far in a middle-income country, worldwide. The Brazilian epidemic is highly concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodsFour national information systems were combined and Cox regression was used to conduct retrospective cohort analysis of HAART availability/access on all-cause mortality among MSM diagnosed with AIDS reported to the information systems between 1998-2008, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and controlling for spatially-correlated survival data by including a frailty effect. Multiple imputation by chained equations was used to handle missing data.ResultsAmong 50,683 patients, 10,326 died during the 10year of period. All-cause mortality rates declined following introduction of HAART, and were higher among non-white patients and those starting HAART with higher viral load and lower CD4 counts. In multivariable analysis adjusted for race, age at AIDS diagnosis, and baseline CD4 cell count, MSM diagnosed in latter periods had almost a 50% reduction in the risk of death, compared to those diagnosed between 1998-2001 (2002-2005 adjHR: 0.54, 95% CI:0.51-0.57; 2006-2008 adjHR: 0.51, 95% CI:0.48-0.55). After controlling for spatially correlated survival data, mortality remained higher among those diagnosed in the earliest diagnostic cohort and lower among non-white patients and those starting HAART with higher viral load and lower CD4 lymphocyte counts.ConclusionsUniversal and free access to HAART has helped achieve impressive declines in AIDS mortality in Brazil. However, after a 10-years follow-up, differential AIDS-related mortality continue to exist. Efforts are needed to identify and eliminate these health disparities, therefore improving the Brazilian response towards HIV/AIDS epidemic.

BackgroundIn 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to provide free, universal access to HAART, laboratory monitoring, and clinical care to any eligible patient. As of June 2014, approximately 400,000 patients were under treatment, making it the most comprehensive HIV treatment initiative implemented thus far in a middle-income country, worldwide. The Brazilian epidemic is highly concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodsFour national information systems were combined and Cox regression was used to conduct retrospective cohort analysis of HAART availability/access on all-cause mortality among MSM diagnosed with AIDS reported to the information systems between 1998-2008, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and controlling for spatially-correlated survival data by including a frailty effect. Multiple imputation by chained equations was used to handle missing data.ResultsAmong 50,683 patients, 10,326 died during the 10year of period. All-cause mortality rates declined following introduction of HAART, and were higher among non-white patients and those starting HAART with higher viral load and lower CD4 counts. In multivariable analysis adjusted for race, age at AIDS diagnosis, and baseline CD4 cell count, MSM diagnosed in latter periods had almost a 50% reduction in the risk of death, compared to those diagnosed between 1998-2001 (2002-2005 adjHR: 0.54, 95% CI:0.51-0.57; 2006-2008 adjHR: 0.51, 95% CI:0.48-0.55). After controlling for spatially correlated survival data, mortality remained higher among those diagnosed in the earliest diagnostic cohort and lower among non-white patients and those starting HAART with higher viral load and lower CD4 lymphocyte counts.ConclusionsUniversal and free access to HAART has helped achieve impressive declines in AIDS mortality in Brazil. However, after a 10-years follow-up, differential AIDS-related mortality continue to exist. Efforts are needed to identify and eliminate these health disparities, therefore improving the Brazilian ...

The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. ; Winner of the 2022 Friends of the Kreitzberg Library Award for Outstanding Research in the University Archives category. ; Brown 1 Looking Back on the Representation of LGBTQ+ Members, People of Color, & Women An Analysis of The Chameleon Literary Journal, 1961 — Present Lydia Brown Department of English & Communications, Norwich University EN 415: English Internship Professor Sean Prentiss Fall 2021 Brown 2 Abstract The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. Brown 3 The Chameleon | 1961 - Present Brief Historical Background Founded in 1961, The Chameleon Literary Journal continues to serve as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine under a team of student editors. Norwich University undergraduate and graduate students are welcome to submit various pieces for review, such as visual arts, drama, poetry, creative nonfiction, and fiction. Sean Prentiss, a published author and professor of creative writing, was selected to be the advisor of the journal when he arrived on campus in 2012. Since his arrival, he has assisted the journal in becoming multilingual by translating students' creative writing pieces into multiple languages. In addition, three-four creative writing awards are issued annually to writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body. Brown 4 Introduction Significance of Representation Representation is a system for unambiguously organizing values, ideas, and conduct — all of which enable communication and social exchange amongst members of a particular group or community. From birth onward, an individual's self-c 1 oncept and values are affected by the surrounding environment. Adolescence is an especially critical period for identity development as the classroom serves as the primary site of socialization, although the American K-12 and college school systems have previously marginalized students who were perceived as different. Women are also encouraged from an early age to adhere to the traditional role of a homemaker, rather than pursue vocational training, higher education, and careers in STEM. As the reader will observe in the following excerpts from The Chameleon Literary Journal, Norwich University is no stranger to marginalization as women were not officially admitted for enrollment prior to the mid-1970s. Telltale signs found in the language used by Norwich student contributors indicate that slurs, stereotypes, and insults used against minorities and women were normalized for much of the Chameleon's history. It was not until the early 2000s that there appears to be a significant social shift within the student body due to the increasing presence of minorities and women on campus. Based on these findings, American society seemed to finally be becoming more inclusive, allowing minority Norwich students to express themselves freely, develop social stability, and gain a sense of acknowledgment through positive identity formation as well as representation. 1 "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https://dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Brown 5 Baby Boomers | 1946 - 1964 Brief Historical Background Following World War II and the Great Depression, a significant spike in birth rates occurred throughout the United States. Approximately 76.4 million babies were born over the course of these nineteen years. Most historians claim that this phenomenon stems from the general population's desire to establish their own families — an undertaking that was previously postponed due to World War II. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act also gave soldiers an additional reason to have larger families as the G.I. Bill granted stipends for college tuition, job-finding assistance, and housing expenses. During this time period, economic growth began to increase and the majority of Americans had an optimistic outlook for the future. This encouraged families to relocate from the sparse countryside to the bustling atmospheres of nearby cities. Once these cities were overcrowded by newcomers, plans for large residential communities were undertaken by housing pioneer William Levitt who created the suburbs as a result.2 However, those with xenophobic tendencies followed quickly relocated to the suburbs as cities became miniature melting pots of integrated immigrants with various political, social, and economic backgrounds. This sparked disputes among the American people as legalized statutes remained persistent in enforcing segregation at both the state and local capacity.3 2 Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) 3 The first three years of the Chameleon were released during the Baby Boomers generation but were mostly written by students who were born during the Silent Generation (1928-1945). Brown 6 Baby Boomers Overview of Significant Events • Brown v. Board of Education becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1954). • Civil Rights Movement begins (1954). • Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus (1955). • Montgomery Bus Boycott tackles segregation on the public transit system (1955). • Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American, is lynched in Mississippi (1955). • 1956 Sugar Bowl becomes the first integrated college football game in the South (1956). • Civil Rights Act becomes the first federal civil rights legislation since 1875 (1957). • Little Rock Crisis prevents students from enrolling in a racially segregated school (1957). • Greensboro sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Nashville sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Gay Liberation Movement begins (1960). • Alliance for Progress initiates improved economic cooperation with Latin America (1961). • Katherine Johnson assists NASA's 1962 Friendship 7 Mission (1962). • Civil Rights Act establishes federal inspection of voter registration polls (1960). • Children's Crusade addresses segregation within the school system (1963). • Martin Luther King Jr. leads the March on Washington (1963). • Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique (1963). • President Johnson proposes the Great Society to combat poverty and racial injustice (1963). • Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, religion, and sex (1964). Brown 7 Baby Boomers The Chameleon Highlights "A young woman driving a truck!? That was unusual, no doubt about it…Stupid woman, all guts, and no brains! … Maybe you can imagine what went on inside the young man when an officer stopped him and hurriedly said; Never mind, mister, there's nothin' you can do, she's dead, just some dirty n***** woman truck driver" (1963). 4 —- An excerpt from "The Wanderers" by R. Reid The use of profanities towards both people of color and women appears to be a commonality amongst Norwich student contributors from the Chameleon's founding in 1961 through much of the decade. In this short story, "The Wanderers," terms such as stupid and dirty are used to target a woman of color for being a trucker. The author continues to expand the character's description by using calling the woman the N-word. Deriving from the Spanish word negro, the N-word is now considered taboo as its connotation has been predominantly used by white people to demean those of color. Black social identity has been especially damaged by the usage of this word as it severs their overall sense of national belonging. 5 4 Complete usage of the word is censored in respect of the black community. 5 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https:// doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469628578.003.0002. Brown 8 "…I saw everything. The city has been purified, swept clean, and now fosters only the black scars and in glorious moments of the past…You liar! You had to see the city die! You had to see it spill its false entrails out in the rotten streets to be devoured by the cleansing fires. This place is no longer dirty…" (1961). —- An excerpt from "The Dream Monger" by Anonymous In this short story, "The Dream Monger," the phrase cleansing fires reveals itself to be the cause of death and destruction. Like the Holocaust, mass genocides often surround ideologies associated with ethnic cleansing. This allows for a geographical area to become ethnically homogeneous under an establishment of power. In 20th-century America, for example, Anglo- American colonialism constituted the genocide of countless Natives in America and around the world. Such events will never be widely coined as genocide, however, due to the number of those who survived exploitation, disease, malnutrition, and neglect. 6 The term black scars also leads to further speculation that this short story may involve post-slavery events of America's racial segregation system. One of which included the Tulsa race massacre, decimating the Black business ecosystem and killing 6,000 community members. 7 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women, although there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members.8 6 Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. 7 Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. 8 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 9 Generation X | 1965 - 1980 Brief Historical Background Those who grew up during this time were accustomed to having a sense of independence from an early age. This was caused by the increased divorce rates throughout the United States, the unique dynamics of single-parent households, and dual-income parents who were not able to spend as much time at home. Most parents found a life-long career in computers, business management, construction, or transportation. Although routinely working long hours, they still managed to find a healthy balance between exhibiting their creative freedoms within the workplace and maintaining personal relationships with their children. Also referred to as latchkey kids, Gen Xers often spent their downtime conversing with friends via email, channel surfing on the television, or playing video games. They also seemed to have a deep interest in musical genres associated with social-tribal identities, including punk rock and heavy metal. This meant that music became an important self-identifying factor, even influencing the type of attire an individual wore on a daily basis. In the 1960s and 1970s, a countercultural movement known as the hippie era catalyzed other self-identifying factors — especially for those who identified as members of the LGBTQ+ community. American writer Allen Ginsberg formed the core of the movement as he openly opposed all military efforts, sexual repression, and capitalism.9 Ginsburg also identified as gay, serving as positive a role model for members of the LGBTQ+ community and allies alike. 10 9 Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. 10 Eleven years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation X but were mostly written by students who were born during the Baby Boomers generation (1946-1964). Brown 10 Generation X Overview of Significant Events • Selma to Montgomery marches promote voting rights for African Americans (1965). • Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American Supreme Court Justice (1965). • Immigration & Nationality Act outlaws de facto discrimination against immigrants (1965). • Voting Act outlaws racial discrimination in voting (1965). • Malcolm X is assassinated (1965). • Watts Riots occur in light of Marquette Frye's arrest (1965). • Nation Organization for Women is established (1966). • American Indian Movement is founded (1967). • Detroit Riot sheds blood between black residents and the Detroit Police Department (1967). • Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated (1968). • Fair Housing Act outlaws discrimination regarding housing (1968). • Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman elected to Congress (1968). • East Los Angeles Walkouts are organized by Mexican American students (1968). • Stonewall Riots call for LGBTQ+ members to respond to police raids (1969). • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1971). • AIM protests against injustice under law enforcement towards Native Americans (1972). • Roe v. Wade becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1973). • Billie Jean King wins the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match (1973). • Beverly Johnson becomes the first black model on the cover of Vogue (1974). Brown 11 Generation X Relevance to The Chameleon "The pedestrian Walks, talks, and discriminates On such vital and valid criteria as Color, breeding and religion. Sees sex, and is offended. Grows indignant. Has a firm conviction that freedom of speech sometimes goes too far When it lets Martin Luther King "cause trouble" and "incite" riots" (1965). —- An excerpt from "The Pedestrian" by Jacob Sartz Unlike most pieces of writing from the 1960s publishings, this free verse poem seems to call out the discriminatory tendencies of others. The author especially targets any person whose ideologies are rooted in racism, sexism, and other gateways leading to unequal treatment. By labeling them as the pedestrian, such subtlety creates an effect where anyone can be the principal character and thus the reader may begin to question their own actions. As the author begins to shift towards a more political ambiance, African American activist Martin Luther King Jr. is mentioned. From the pedestrian's perspective, however, King is known to overstep the principle of free speech with the exception of cases where it benefits the white majority. Brown 12 "He had gone through a variety of different girls in the next six years, and he had accumulated an assortment of different names in his address book, including a few of the local sweethearts that he'd called up in dire sexual emergencies… When he had heard that his little "streetlight girl" had been married, he put a check next to her name in the book as he had done for several other old flames that had been put out of commission for one reason or another. He thought of her a little while after that, but closed the book as he had always done" (1970). —- An excerpt from "The Street Light" by Paul LeSage Unlike our example directly above, there are several alarming factors sprinkled throughout this short story, revealing how a man uses the sexual objectification of women to his advantage. The man's use of an address book further proves this implication as the women he has been sexually involved with are jotted down in writing. Visually speaking, the reader may think of a grocery list or an inventory of stock goods when it comes to the address book's description. The man proceeds to check off the women who no longer sexually benefit him all while refusing to use their real names, ultimately dehumanizing them in the process. This allows the reader to further explore the harmful effects of sexual objectification, pushing them to decipher the differences between sex and sexualizing.11 11 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 13 Generation Y | 1981 - 1996 Brief Historical Background Many of those who were either born into this generation or lived through it prioritized their careers and personal interests above marriage. This means that they were having fewer children than their predecessors. Like Gen Xers, Millenials were known to be tech-savvy with a specific preference to communicate through email or text. MTV brought them further reason to enjoy screen time when the cable channel was launched in 1981. Originally created to showcase music videos, MTV quickly moved to television personalities. Michael Jackson, for example, served as the precedent for television personalities and leading artists, topping the charts throughout the duration of the 1980s. He eventually became one of the most well-loved television personalities who dedicated much of his offscreen time to charitable efforts. Prince, Whitney Houston, Diana Ross, and many others followed closely behind. Based on the increased media representation of minority artists, it's safe to say that this particular time frame allowed for people of color to debut their own music videos for the first time. This urged the public to gravitate towards soul music and R&B, marking the start of this generation's willingness to embrace black creators. Alongside music, technological advances in STEM were budding with breakthroughs. Women paved the way towards many of these breakthroughs under large startups and federal organizations, inspiring younger girls to do the same through higher education. 12 12 Eighteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Y but mostly written by students who were born during Generation X (1965-1976). Brown 14 Generation Y Overview of Significant Events • Asian American/Pacific Islander Heritage Week is implemented in May (1979). • Boston African American National Historic Site is established (1980). • AIDS Epidemic begins, causing numerous deaths in the LGBTQ+ community (1981). • Sandra Day O'Connor is nominated as the first female Supreme Court Justice (1981). • Federation of Survival Schools leads legal education seminars for Native students (1984). • Ellison Onizuka, the first Asian-American in space, dies in the Challenger disaster (1986). • Minneapolis AIM Patrol refocuses on protecting native women in Minneapolis (1987). • Sally K. Ride becomes the first American woman in space (1983). • Susan Kare made typeface contributions to the first Apple Macintosh (1983). • Michael Jordan is named the NBA's "Rookie of the Year " (1985). • Nadia Perlman invents the spanning-tree protocol (1985). • Carole Ann-Marie Gist becomes the first African American to win Miss USA (1990). • Freddie Mercury dies from AIDS (1991). • Rodney King is brutally beaten by LAPD officers (1991). • AIM revives the Sun Dance ceremony in Pipestone, Minnesota (1991). • Los Angeles Riots result in numerous deaths and $1 billion in damage (1992). • Mae Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space (1992). • National Coalition in Sports & Media Forms is established by native leaders (1992). • "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" bars the LGBTQ+ community from military service (1993). Brown 15 Generation Y Relevance to The Chameleon "I slowly adapt myself to another man's world, But I soon realize that my character is a reflection Of a foreign spectrum I see myself through another man's eyes, My words come from another man's mouth, And my ideals are relocated from another man's mind" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Nostalgic Experience" by Noble Francis Allen America's social construction has continued to uphold whiteness throughout the duration of its history, while people of color must condition themselves to that of the norm. In this case, the author speaks in the first person, signifying their position as the principal character who is faced with having to mirror the way others perceive the world. This implies that the narrator may have had a weakened sense of self-identity at the time this poem was written. Self-identity is an especially important feature as it consists of the traits, characteristics, social relations, and roles that define who one is. An individual's racial and ethnic 13 background is also included within the same realm due to the distinguishment of their given group's cultural values, kinship, and beliefs.14 13 Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. 14 Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378. Brown 16 "Across his back is a deerskin quiver, and in the quiver, there are seven feathered arrows. Gripped in his sweaty palm is an oak bow. A golden-handled sword, whose blade is as long as a man's leg, hangs from his waist. Its once binding shine has been replaced by a thick coat of blood. His skin is the color of golden honey, and his hair is the reflection of yellow sunshine… A woman emerges from the foliage of the wildwood. Warm sunshine gleams off of browned skin. Raven-black hair drops over a slender neck, and ends upon soft shoulders. Unsuspecting almond-eyes gaze wildly at the sky. She is nude. Her breasts are round, full, and tipped with chocolate nipples. A thin waist gives way to broad hips, and eventually slender legs" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Blind Odin" by Mitchell T. Kubiak This short story, "A Blind Odin," depicts a deep contrast between the description of a man and the description of a woman. The man embodies characteristics associated with a skilled hunter, such as strength and courage. The woman, however, is only described based on her physical features, all of which seem to align with the male gaze. For those who are not familiar with feminist theory, the male gaze is perceived from a masculine heterosexual perspective with aspects of voyeurism, objectification, fetishism, and scopophilia attached.15 Further descriptions of the woman's bodily proportions also suggest clues about the author, although it is crucial for the reader to understand that Norwich University had very few female candidates at the time this short story was written. 16 15 Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https:// doi.org/10.2307/2928465. 16 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 17 Generation Z | 1997 - 2009 Brief Historical Background Gen Zers are the first to experience technological advances from birth onward. Once the majority reached adolescence, it became evident that there was a growing demand for portable devices. Although the first smartphone was released by IBM during the early 1990s, its overall bulkiness and poor battery life were not ideal for communication lines. Apple has since become the most popular phone brand in the United States. It also helped that the company released the iPod, a portable music device with, at the time, the ability to store over 200 songs. The same year also marked the events of several terrorist attacks on September 11th. Two jet airliners shattered the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in a series of terrorist attacks, killing nearly 3,000 people and injuring twice as many. Those responsible were later identified as members of al-Quaeda, a militant Islamist organization led by Saudi Arabian terrorist Osama bin Laden. Life became all the more difficult for Muslim Americans as they continuously experienced the dangers of Islamophobia on a daily basis. Such dangers surrounded an ongoing spike in hate crimes, ranging from cold-blooded murder to vandalism of places of worship. Even when there was a slight decline in hate crimes years later, Muslim Americans continued to struggle with employment discrimination. Many of those who practiced Islam were either laid off or turned away during the hiring process for reasons directly relating to their religion. By the end of Generation Z, religion no longer served as a determining factor during the hiring process and diversity became a primary focus in the workplace. 17 17 Thirteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Z but were mostly written by students who were born during Generation Y (1977-1995). Brown 18 Generation Z Overview of Significant Events • Gary Locke becomes the first Asian American governor of a mainland state (1996). • Kalpana Chawla boards Columbia as the first woman in space of Indian origin (1997). • Serena Williams wins the U.S. Open Women's Singles Tennis Championship (1999). • Maurice Ashley becomes the world's first black Grandmaster in chess (2000). • Permanent Partners Immigration Act is introduced to Congress (2000). • Equality Mississippi is founded as an LGBT civil rights organization (2000). • Millennium March on Washington raises awareness of LGBT issues (2000). • Elaine Chao is selected as the first Asian American to be Secretary of Labor (2001). • Patriot Act allows the indefinite detention of immigrants and warrantless searches (2001). • Cincinnati-based riots spark unrest following Timothy Thomas' death (2001). • Balbir Singh Sodhi's death is deemed the first fatal act of violence as a result of 9/11 (2001). • Dennis Archer becomes the first African American to be President of the ABA (2002). • Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (2003). • Grutter v. Bollinger becomes a landmark Supreme Court Case (2003). • Same-sex marriage is first legalized in the state of Massachusetts (2004). • Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon are wed, becoming the first legal same-sex marriage (2004). • Condoleezza Rice is named the first black woman to be Secretary of State (2005). • Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007). • Barack Obama is elected as the first African American to hold office (2009). Brown 19 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "You called me a fa***t and said no one would love me But I am here to say what goes around comes around And now it's your turn to get knocked down" (2004). —- An excerpt from "The Bastard Son" by James A. Hoffman Now used as a slur in reference to homosexual men and boys, the term fa***t has its own unique origin. The term's former use in the Norwegian dialect was originally emplaced to describe a bundle of firewood. Because these bundles were large in size, the term eventually moved towards describing heavyset women who were often seen as slovenly and thus placing them near the bottom of all social classes. When British English ha 18 d made a far greater influence on the Scandinavian languages, the term was combined with bugger, also known as a person who engages in anal or oral sex. Premodern Europe was known to persecute heretics during this time, including homosexuals, as they did not conform to the belief systems of the Church. 19 This short story, "The Bastard Son," is one of the first positive representations of LGBTQ+ members found in the Chameleon as the narrator gains the courage to speak against negative attitudes and feelings surrounding the LGBTQ+ community. 18 Johansson, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word 'Fa***t'." William Percy. 19 Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Brown 20 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "Mother, you are the greatest woman I know. I have based my life upon yours, all the great things you have done and all the obstacles that you were able to overcome; the thing that I admire most about you is the fact that you were a single mother of four and didn't need a man's help, but I always knew that was a great challenge for me, in this world that is much too different from the one that you grew up. To me, that was the greatest obstacle that you conquered" (2004). —- An excerpt from "Mother's Love" by A.M.T Lebron In this dedication, "Mother's Love," the author retrieves past memories in writing to celebrate their mother. It is not often that Norwich student contributors write about the entailments of motherhood. Although it remains unclear whether the author's mother was divorced, widowed, or remained unmarried, the family has a relentless source of love for one another and proceeds to use their shared affection to overcome challenges. Such challenges include economic hardships and increased states of stress as a single mother often relies on one source of income. There is also reason to believe that those raised in similar households develop a sense of independence resembling that of their mother. Some may even develop additional 20 internal resources that will allow them to construct their own identity far from the gender roles typically seen within the American household. 21 20 Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. 21 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of minority communities and women. Brown 21 Generation Alpha | 2010 - Present Brief Historical Background Many of those who are either born into this generation or currently living through it witness technological advances at an accelerating rate to the extent of replacing the previously known means of childhood entertainment with mobile devices and streaming services. The dawning of this generation also brought Instagram, the most frequently preferred social media platform to date. The thought of having children was generally delayed across the United States following the economic crisis of 2008, while young adults reportedly dealt with increasing stress from education debt. Following the economic crisis of 2008, it is not uncommon for young adults to deal with increasing stress from education debt. Many Gen Zers who previously planned on extending their families during this time were also affected as financial worries prevented them from having children. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused further economic turmoil when small businesses had to close down to prevent the spread of the virus. Those who were employed under larger corporations, however, moved their offices to home. Between dual-career families and remote work, the boundaries separating professional and personal life became blurred. 22 Such challenges have proved that the young faces of Generation Alpha are capable of resilience, utilizing their own diverse backgrounds to tackle the more difficult questions. This includes advocating for fairness in all aspects of society and questioning the validity of gender. 22 Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Brown 22 Generation Alpha Overview of Significant Events • Apple's iPad is released, also known as the first touchscreen tablet PC (2010). • President Barack Obama begins his second term (2013). • Defense Against Marriage Act is struck down by the Supreme Court (2013). • Black Lives Matter emerges as a political movement (2013). • Michael Brown is fatally shot by a Ferguson police officer (2014). • Nine African Americans churchgoers are killed during a Bible study in Charleston (2015). • Same-sex marriage is legalized in all 50 states (2015). • Pulse Nightclub shooting causes the deaths of 49 LGBTQ+ members (2016). • Unite the Right, a white supremacist rally, leads to three deaths in Charlottesville (2017). • Me Too movement is relaunched following the Harvey Weinstein accusations (2017). • Director Jon M. Chu breaks box office records with his film Crazy Rich Asians (2018). • California Synagogue shooting causes the injuries of three and the death of one (2019). • President Trump's wall receives $2.5 billion in funds under the Supreme Court (2019). • Kobe Bryant, along with his daughter, dies in a helicopter crash (2020). • Geroge Floyd is murdered by a Minneapolis police officer during an arrest (2020). • Kamala Harris becomes the 49th vice president (2021). • Spa shooting in Atlanta leaves eight dead, with six being of Asian descent (2021). Brown 23 Generation Alpha Relevance to The Chameleon "It had only been four days since I was bought from the Greens. The Green House was known for cutting off the body parts of slaves and letting them bleed out slowly or waiting for them to die of infection. They used to take other slaves to the field and pick different parts to cut off. If they cut off too much and you couldn't work anymore, they'd leave the bodies in the field as an example of what happens when you make mistakes. " (2019). —- An excerpt from "Mixed Voices" by Alain Cropper-Makidi The author moves to educate the reader on a particular building utilized during America's slavery period. Also known as the Green House, the building lay separate from the main house and lodged slaves who were being punished for fieldwork mistakes. Whipping, burning, branding, raping, and imprisoning were some of the most common punishments for slaves. However, the Green House resorted to dismembering the slaves' limbs and allowing them to bleed out. This short story, "Mixed Voices," also addresses that some slaves received educational instruction from the main house's mistress. This was most likely executed in secret as slaves were generally prohibited from reading and writing out of fear that they would forge travel passes and escape. 23 23 "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https:// americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Brown 24 "One day You tell me that let's be Together I shake my head Say I'm tired of your lies Rather to get myself alone" (2020). 有⼀天 你对我说我们在⼀起吧 我摇摇头 说我厌倦了你的虚伪 宁愿孤独 —- An excerpt from "Untitled" by Zenghui Zhang Like several others, this poem was both written and translated by a student under Professor Lenny Hu. Since his arrival at Norwich, Professor Hu has assigned his Chinese students the task of writing and translating poetry. This allows them to expand their Chinese literacy and gain a sense of passion for the language itself. As the Norwich language department continues to grow, translations will continue to be included in future Chameleon issues for the benefit of promoting diverse students and staff who already understand or aim to learn beyond that of the English language. Brown 25 Conclusion Sustains & Improves After reviewing all past issues of the Chameleon, it is clear that Norwich's literary journal previously published pieces of writing representing LGBTQ+ members, the BIPOC community, and women in a negative light. This was especially true from 1961 through the late 1990s. Gradually, the Chameleon has begun to positively represent our communities. During our current time period, for example, positive representations have become the primary focus under Professor Sean Prentiss and his team of student editors who have made a conscious effort in improving the Chameleon as a whole. Student writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body are oftentimes selected for awards. One of which is the "Be You, Be True Prize" for the best writing by or about the LGBTQ+ community. Additionally, many Norwich University professors currently include culturally sustaining pedagogies within their curricula. Such pedagogies include seeking nontraditional texts, merging language varieties, and encouraging students to explore cultural spaces. To maintain as well as improve such efforts, Norwich University affiliates must remain aware that America's long history of combating minorities often resulted in bloodshed. Although not to the extent of our previous generations, similar events still continue to occur today. Therefore, as one of the most renowned military colleges in the United States, it is our responsibility to protect minority students and ensure that they perceive themselves as valuable members of the community. Without them, the future stands for nothing. Brown 26 References Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https:// dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Johanssen, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word F*****." William Percy, pp. 356–359. Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. Brown 27 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/ 9781469628578.003.0002. Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https://doi.org/10.2307/2928465. Tenaglia, Sean. '"Seeing Yourself in the Story:' The Influence of Multicultural Education on Adolescent Identity Formation." The Virginia English Journal, vol. 68, 2018. Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378.

Part 1: New Orientations and Topical Integrations -- Framing chapter: Devin O. Pendas, 'Final Solution', Holocaust, Shoah, or Genocide? From Separate to Integrated Histories -- Cathie Carmichael, Raphael Lemkin and Genocide before the Holocaust: ethnic and religious minorities under attack -- Dan Stone, Ideologies of Race: the Construction and Suppression of Otherness in Nazi Germany -- William J. Spurlin, Queering Holocaust Studies: New Frameworks for Understanding Nazi Homophobia and the Politics of Sexuality under National Socialism -- Daniel Blatman, Holocaust as Genocide: Milestones in the Historiographical Discourse -- Part 2: Plunder, Extermination, and Prosecution -- Framing chapter: Edward B. Westermann, Old Nazis, Ordinary Men, and New Killers: Synthetic and Divergent Histories of Perpetrators -- Mark Spoerer, The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labour System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers -- Waitman Wade Beorn, All the Other Neighbors: Communal Genocide in Eastern Europe -- Kim Christian Priemel, War Crimes Trials, the Holocaust and Historiography, 1943- -- Bianca Gaudenzi, Crimes against Culture: From Plunder to postwar Restitution Politics -- Part 3: Reframing Jewish Histories -- Framing chapter: Dan Michman, Characteristics of Holocaust Historiography and their Contexts since 1990: Emphases, Perceptions, Developments, Debates -- David Engel, A Sustained Civilian Struggle: Rethinking Jewish Responses to the Nazi regime -- Guy Miron, Ghettos and Ghettoization: History and Historiography -- Martin C. Dean, Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps -- Natalia Aleksiun, Social Networks of Support: Trajectories of Escape, Rescue, and Survival -- Joanna B. Michlic, A Young Person's War: the Disrupted Lives of Children and Youth -- Elisabeth Gallas and Laura Jockusch, Anything But Silent: Jewish Responses to the Holocaust in the Aftermath of World War II -- Part 4: Local, mobile and transnational Holocausts -- Framing chapter: Tim Cole, Geographies of the Holocaust -- Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Global 'Final Solution' and Nazi Imperialism -- Susanne Heim, Refugees' Routes: Emigration, Resettlement, andTransmigration -- David A. Messenger, The Geo-politics of Neutrality: Diplomacy, Refuge and Rescue during the Holocaust -- Alejandro Baer and Pedro Correa, Spain and the Holocaust: Contested Past, Contested Present -- Esther Webman, Contesting the "Zionist" Narrative: Arab Responses to the Holocaust -- Aomar Boum, Re-drawing Holocaust Geographies: A Cartography of Vichy and Nazi Reach into North Africa -- Part 5: Witnessing in dialogue: testifiers, readers and viewers -- Framing chapter: Alan Rosen, The Holocaust Witness: Wartime and Postwar Voices -- Monika J. Flaschka, Sexual Violence: Recovering a Suppressed History -- Jonathan Druker, Ethical Grey Zones: On Coercion and Complicity in the Concentration Camp and Beyond -- Carol Zemel, Holocaust Photography and the Challenge of the Visual -- Nicholas Chare, Holocaust Memory in a Post-Survivor World: Bearing Lasting Witness -- Noah Shenker, Post Memory: Digital Testimony and the Future of Witnessing -- Part 6: Human rights and visual culture -- Framing chapter: Valerie Hébert, The Problem of Human Rights after the Holocaust -- David B. MacDonald, Indigenous Genocide and Perceptions of the Holocaust in Canada -- Avril Alba, Lessons from History? The Future of Holocaust Education -- Amanda F. Grzyb, The Changing Landscape of Holocaust Memorialization in Poland -- Meghan Lundrigan, #Holocaust #Auschwitz: Performing Holocaust Memory on Social Media -- Daniel H. Magilow, Contemporary Holocaust Film Beyond MimeticImperatives.

Introdução: Apesar da conquista ao acesso de saúde em nosso país através da Constituição Federal de 1988, onde ressalta que saúde é direito de todos e dever do estado, os homossexuais, na maioria das vezes, ainda são tratados de forma indevida nas instituições de públicas, também nos serviços de saúde. Materiais e Métodos: O presente estudo traz uma parte da dissertação de mestrado "Comportamentos vulneráveis para ist e hiv/aids, uso de drogas e violência no trabalho entre travestis profissionais do sexo", este trabalho abordará as construções de políticas publicas voltadas a comunidade LGBT e suas fragilidades de implementação. Resultados e Discussões: No que tange saúde, a comunidade LGBT hoje em dia têm diversas medidas protetoras relacionadas aos direitos humanos, às discriminações e ao estigma que esta comunidade têm por si só. Porém, mesmo assim podemos ressaltar que diversos são os influenciadores para a negligencia na prática desta proteção e inserção no que tange aos atendimentos à saúde desta minoria Conclusões: O fato de haver lacunas entre o Sistema Único de Saúde e a população LGBT, as quais poderiam ser minimizadas com o trabalho continuo em educação em saúde e com a inserção desta temática na formação dos futuros profissionais. Esse distanciamento necessita ser superado, com o intuito de eliminar entraves, quanto aos preconceitos e juízos de valores em relação ao segmento e reconhecer que assim como todo e qualquer cidadão brasileiro, a população LGBT têm necessidades de saúde variadas e devem receber cuidados humanizados e pautados na integralidade em todos os níveis da atenção.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero. Sexualidade. Comportamento. Política Pública.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: : In spite of the conquest of access to health in our country through the Federal Constitution of 1988, which emphasizes that health is the right of everyone and the duty of the state, homosexuals are, in most cases, still treated improperly in public institutions , also in health services. Materials and Methods: The present study features a part of the master dissertation "Vulnerable Behaviors for Ist and HIV / AIDS, Drug Use and Workplace Violence among Sex Transgendered Professionals," this paper will address the constructions of public policies aimed at the LGBT community and their weaknesses in implementation. Results and Discussion: With regard to health, the LGBT community today has several protective measures related to human rights, discrimination and the stigma that this community has on its own. However, we can still point out that several are the influencers for the negligence in the practice of this protection and insertion in the health care of this minority Conclusions: The fact that there are gaps between the Unified Health System and the LGBT population, which could be minimized with the continuous work in health education and with the insertion of this theme in the training of future professionals. This distancing needs to be overcome in order to eliminate barriers to prejudices and value judgments in relation to the segment and to recognize that, like all Brazilian citizens, the LGBT population has different health needs and should receive humanized and standardized care in all levels of attention.
KEYWORDS: Sexual and Gender Minorities. Sexuality. Behavior. Public Policy

In an increasingly diverse society, bias and discrimination are concomitants of different value systems colliding. Among the most mentioned bases of discrimination are racial and sexual prejudices. Bias in a dominant social group against minorities causes discriminatory behavior. Since school has an important overriding educational mission with regard to promoting equality and inclusion, Anti-Bias Education (ABE) plays a crucial role in raising bias awareness and, therefore, in reducing discrimination. This research delves into the practical application of ABE within a classroom setting. The study designed and implemented lesson plans, subsequently analyzing the students' reactions to them. The lessons were designed to stimulate student participation, facilitate direct discussions on bias, and encourage reflective thinking. Two key factors emerged as particularly influential in successful ABE: emotional involvement, which fostered empathy and understanding, and the provision of a platform for students to share personal experiences. Classroom participation did not decrease when students disagreed with the topic. The use of resources such as short films and interactive games proved effective in challenging preconceived notions and stereotypes. Further research is recommended to investigate quantifiable changes in students' bias awareness and long-term behavior.

Zusammenfassung
In einer zunehmend vielfältigen Gesellschaft sind Vorurteile und Diskriminierung Begleiterscheinungen des Aufeinandertreffens unterschiedlicher Wertesysteme. Zu den am häufigsten genannten Gründen gehören rassistische und sexuelle Vorurteile. Vorurteile einer dominanten sozialen Gruppe gegenüber anderen Minderheiten führen zu diskriminierendem Verhalten. Da die Schule im Hinblick auf die Förderung von Gleichheit und Integration einen wichtigen, übergeordneten Bildungsauftrag hat, spielt die Anti-Bias-Education (ABE) eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Sensibilisierung für Vorurteile und damit beim Abbau von Diskriminierung. Diese Studie befasst sich mit der praktischen Anwendung von ABE in einem Klassenzimmer. Im Rahmen der Studie werden Unterrichtseinheiten entworfen und umgesetzt und anschliessend die Reaktionen der Schüler:innen auf diese Pläne analysiert. Die Unterrichtsstunden wurden so gestaltet, dass sie die Beteiligung der SchülerInnen anregen, direkte Diskussionen über Vorurteile erleichtern und zum Nachdenken anregen. Zwei Schlüsselfaktoren erwiesen sich als besonders einflussreich für eine erfolgreiche ABE: emotionale Beteiligung, die Empathie und Verständnis förderte, und die Bereitstellung einer Plattform für die Schüler:innen, um persönliche Erfahrungen zu teilen. Die Beteiligung in der Klasse nahm nicht ab, wenn die Schüler:innen mit dem Thema nicht einverstanden waren. Der Einsatz von Ressourcen wie Kurzfilmen und interaktiven Spielen erwies sich als wirksam, um vorgefasste Meinungen und Stereotypen zu widerlegen. Weitere Studien werden empfohlen, um quantifizierbare Veränderungen im Bewusstsein der Schüler:innen für Vorurteile und im langfristigen Verhalten zu untersuchen.

Résumé
Dans une société de plus en plus diversifiée, les préjugés et la discrimination sont les conséquences malheureuses de l'affrontement de différents systèmes de valeurs. Les préjugés raciaux et sexuels figurent parmi les raisons les plus souvent citées. Les préjugés d'un groupe social dominant à l'égard d'autres minorités entraînent un comportement discriminatoire. L'école ayant une mission éducative primordiale dans la promotion de l'égalité et de l'inclusion, l'éducation anti-biais (EAB) joue un rôle crucial dans la sensibilisation aux préjugés et, par conséquent, dans la réduction de la discrimination. Cette recherche se penche sur l'application pratique de l'EAB dans une salle de classe. L'étude conçoit et met en œuvre des plans de cours, puis analyse les réactions des élèves. Les leçons ont été conçues pour stimuler la participation des élèves, faciliter les discussions directes sur les préjugés et encourager la réflexion. Deux facteurs clés se sont révélés particulièrement influents dans la réussite de l'EAB : l'implication émotionnelle, qui a favorisé l'empathie et la compréhension, et la mise à disposition d'une plateforme permettant aux élèves de partager leurs expériences personnelles. La participation en classe n'a pas diminué lorsque les élèves n'étaient pas d'accord avec le sujet. L'utilisation de ressources telles que des courts-métrages et des jeux interactifs s'est avérée efficace pour remettre en question les idées préconçues et les stéréotypes. Il est recommandé de poursuivre les recherches afin d'étudier les changements quantifiables dans la prise de conscience des préjugés par les élèves et dans leur comportement à long terme.

Schlagworte: Voreingenommenheit; Diskriminierung; Anti-Bias-Education; Unterrichtsplan; ethnische Minderheiten;sexuelle Minderheiten
Mots-clés: Préjugés; Discrimination; Éducation anti-préjugés; Plan de cours; Minorités raciales; Minorités sexuelles

The problems of the quality of democracy in the EU member states that joined during the recent enlargements of the union are studied. The main manifestations of the growth of democratic regress are revealed: the rise of left and right populism, illiberal government initiatives, government efforts to narrow the scope of civil society, oppression of minorities (ethnic, sexual, etc.), growing hate speech, political corruption, demonization of refugees and more. The EU's performance in the field of the quality of democracy has been described as unsatisfactory, resulting in an increase in illiberal democracy and other types of defective democracies in the member states. The current range of EU instruments (including Article 7 of the EU Treaty) is currently insufficient to effectively prevent and combat the deterioration of the quality of democracy in the member states. The need to develop and adopt new mechanisms for monitoring the observance of democratic standards in the member states was emphasized. The article focuses on the impact of information and communication technologies on liberal democracy (the impact of online trolls and other virtual "weapons"). It has been proven that the preconditions for the deterioration of the quality of democracy in the "young democracies" of Central and Eastern Europe were laid before the global financial crisis of 2008, but it was this crisis that triggered the mechanisms of democracy consolidation. The institutional, political and economic reasons for the democratic backwardness of the Central and Eastern European states that are members of the EU are highlighted. It was noted that the COVID-19 pandemic not only delayed the EU's implementation of a number of tasks to improve the quality of democracy, but also served as a basis for some member states to continue to expand the powers of governments and narrow the democratic civic space. The author of the article defines the COVID-19 pandemic as a stress test for the "young democracies" of Central and Eastern Europe, which are members of the EU. ; Досліджуються проблеми якості демократії в державах-учасницях ЄС, які приєдналися в процесі останніх розширень союзу. З'ясовуються основні прояви наростання демократичного регресу: підйом лівого та правого популізму, неліберальні урядові ініціативи, намагання влади звузити простір дії громадянського суспільства, утиски меншин (етнічних, сексуальних та ін.), наростання мови ненависті, політична корупція, демонізація біженців тощо. Діяльність ЄС у площині якості демократії охарактеризована як незадовільна, наслідком чого визначено наростання неліберальної демократії та інших видів дефектних демократій у державах-учасницях. Наявний спектр інструментів ЄС (зокрема й ст. 7 Договору про ЄС) визначено недостатнім для ефективного запобігання та протидії погіршенню якості демократії в країнах-учасницях. Підкреслено необхідність розробки та прийняття ЄС нових механізмів контролю за дотриманням демократичних стандартів у державах-учасницях. У статті приділено увагу питанню впливу інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій на ліберальну демократію (вплив онлайн-тролів та іншої віртуальної «зброї»). Доведено, що передумови для погіршення якості демократії в «молодих демократіях» Центральної та Східної Європи були закладені ще до глобальної фінансової кризи 2008 р., однак саме ця криза запустила механізми деконсолідації демократії. Виділено інституційні, політичні та економічні причини демократичного відставання держав Центральної та Східної Європи, які входять до ЄС. Зазначено, що пандемія COVID-19 не лише відклала реалізацію ЄС низки завдань щодо покращення якості демократії, а й слугувала підставою окремим державам-учас-ницям продовжити розширювати повноваження урядів і звужувати демократичний громадянський простір. Пандемію COVID-19 автор статті визначає як тест на стресостійкість для «молодих демократій» Центральної та Східної Європи, які входять до ЄС.

Anthropology and historyAlter, Joseph S. Gandhi's body: sex, diet, and the politics of nationalismBoone, Elizabeth Hill and Tom Cummins (eds). Native traditions in the post‐conquest worldGeary, Christraud M. and Virginia‐Lee Webb (eds). Delivering views: distant cultures in early postcardsJulien, Catherine. Reading Inca history.Mignolo, Walter D. Local histories/global designs: coloniality, subaltern knowledges, and border thinking.Ridington, Robin and Dennis Hastings. Blessing for a long time: the sacred pole of the Omaha tribe.Rodman, Margaret Critchlow. Houses far from home: British colonial space in the New Hebrides.Roth, Michael S. and Charles G. Salas (eds). Disturbing remains: memory, history, and crisis in the twentieth century.Van der Veer, Peter. Imperial encounters: religion and modernity in India and Britain.Applied anthropologyBarume, Albert Kwokwo. Heading towards extinction? Indigenous rights in Africa: the case of the Twa of the Kahuzi‐Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo.Ellen, Roy, Peter Parkes and Alan Bicker (eds). Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations: critical anthropological perspectives.Goldman, Laurence R. (ed.). Social impact analysis: an applied anthropology manual.ArchaeologyBinford, Lewis R. Constructing frames of reference: an analytical method for archaeological theory building using ethnographic and environmental data sets.Ikram, Salima and Aidan Dodson. The mummy in ancient Egypt: equipping the dead for eternityPerry, Warren R. Landscape, transformations and the archaeology of impact: social disruption and state formation in southern AfricaBiological anthropologyCrawford, Michael H. The origins of Native Americans: evidence from anthropological geneticsMcMichael, Tony. Human frontiers, environments, and disease: past patterns, uncertain futuresGenderBourdieu, Pierre (transl. Richard Nice). Masculine domination.Cassell, Joan. The woman in the surgeon's body.Feinberg, Richard. Oral traditions of Anuta: a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands.Gilmore, David D. Misogyny: the male malady.Hirsch, Susan F. Pronouncing and persevering: gender and discourses of disputing in an African Islamic court.Sobo, Elisa J. and Sandra Bell (eds). Celibacy, culture, and society: the anthropology of sexual abstinence.GeneralAuyero, Javier. Poor people's politics: Peronist survival networks and the legacy of Evita.Bender, Barbara and Margot Winer (eds). Contested landscapes: movement, exile and place.Blum, Susan D. Portraits of 'primitives': ordering human kinds in the Chinese nation.Chambers, Keith and Anne Chambers. Unity of heart: culture and change in a Polynesian atoll societyChaudenson, Robert with Salikoko S. Mufwene. Creolization of language and cultureHaviland, John B. and Roger Hart. Old Man Fog and the last Aborigines of Barrow PointMcVeigh, Brian J. Wearing ideology: state, schooling and self‐presentation in Japan.Michaud, Jean (ed.). Turbulent times and enduring peoples: mountain minorities in the South‐east Asian massifNelson, John K. Enduring identities: the guise of Shinto in contemporary JapanRosenberger, Nancy. Gambling with virtue: Japanese women and the search for self in a changing nationSusser, Ida and Thomas C. Patterson (eds). Cultural diversity in the United States: a critical readerYoust, Lionel. She's tricky like Coyote: Annie Miner Peterson, an Oregon Coast Indian womanMethod and theoryAllen, N.J. Categories and classifications: Maussian reflections on the socialBowker, Geoffrey C. and Susan Leigh Star. Sorting things out: classification and its consequencesHerzfeld, Michael. Anthropology: theoretical practice in culture and societyKurin, Richard. Reflections of a culture broker: a view from the SmithsonianLincoln, Bruce. Theorizing myth: narrative, ideology, and scholarship.Nelson, Robert S. (ed.). Visuality before and beyond the Renaissance.Watson, C.W. Multiculturalism.Social anthropologyBates, Crispin (ed.). Community, empire and migration: South Asians in diaspora.Eves, Richard. The magical body: power, fame and meaning in a Melanesian society.Gudeman, Stephen. The anthropology of economy: community, market and culture.Harris, Mark. Life on the Amazon: the anthropology of a Brazilian peasant village.Harris, Olivia. To make the earth bear fruit: fertility, work, gender in Highland Bolivia.Helleiner, Jane. Irish Travellers: racism and the politics of culture.Ramirez, Philippe. De la disparition des chefs: une anthropologie politique népalaise.Vincent, Jeanne‐Françoise. Femmes Beti entre deux mondes: entretiens dans la forêt du Cameroun

In this review we bet by projecting the idea of Olga Lucia Vélez (2003) in his book "reconfiguring the social work": Develop reflections which give display features of a comprehensive, renewed reading and the social work for its holistic discipline, a perspective complex, critical and constructivist; integrate inquiries within the framework of building discipline in social work, University research group of the Salle in Bogotá Colombia. We present contributions on ethical, epistemological and methodological reconfiguration of social services: Vélez (2003, 7-19) proposes think convergent and prospectively from outside and from the inside; strengthen the values and principles from which leads professional action; contribute to understanding and addressing fundamental problems of contemporary, societies with available to reflect on ourselves, challenges, options and possibilities that arduous and complex aspects of reality suggests (ethical dimension). Reorganize specific knowledge, promote open, relevant, relevant and significant knowledge with rigour and critically (new maps cognitive - epistemological dimension-), in which we can accommodate the error and illusion. Strategically display their effectiveness, efficiency and competitiveness, consider the deployment of action (methodological dimension) that conjuguemos global with the particular devices. In social work in Latin America, later the reconceptualization fruit polarizations of speeches and practices on the profession, discipline and professional training, dictatorships contexts; emergence of social sciences, establishment of the neoliberal model, has been to reflect on the vocational Intervencion propositivamente. "Contexts local, national, regional and global demand today resignificar social services; rebuild the exercise, of ético-política and teórico-metodológica, reflection allowing informed interventions, conjuguemos reflection, action and transformation, to influence strategically and relevant in the complexity of the social question, showing high levels of poverty, marginalization, labour flexibility, displacement, immigration, interculturalism, inequalities, inequities, institutions delegitimizing and exclusion of ethnic minorities or political, religious and sexual, among many other aspects of the complex social reality orientations demonstrations permanently" (University of Antioquia, 2008). Gustavo Parra (2005, 89) proposes to take the social work as a professional project with three dimensions: "ético-política, teóricometodológica, operativo-instrumental. inherent and insolvable, articulated together, separated for analytical purposes only". In this review we do emphasis in three dimensions that today charged vitally important for the professional projection: we provide arguments for ethical, epistemological and methodological, reconfiguration view to respond to changes and contextual paradoxes. This does not mean ignoring the importance of other dimensions as the ideological context, aesthetic, also necessary in understanding and complex consolidation of social services. ; En esta revisión apostamos por proyectar la idea de Olga Lucía Vélez (2003) en su libro Reconfigurando el Trabajo Social: desarrollamos reflexiones que aportan a visualizar las características de una lectura comprensiva, renovada y holística del Trabajo Social, para su consolidación disciplinar, desde una perspectiva compleja, crítica y constructivista; integramos indagaciones desarrolladas en el marco del grupo de investigación Construcción Disciplinar en Trabajo Social , en la Universidad de La Salle en Bogotá, Colombia. Presentamos aportes sobre reconfiguración ética, epistemológica y metodológica del Trabajo Social: Vélez (2003, 7-19) propone pensarlo convergente y prospectivamente desde afuera y desde adentro; afianzar los valores y principios desde los que se direcciona la acción profesional; aportar a comprender y abordar problemas fundamentales de las sociedades contemporáneas, con disposición de reflexionar sobre nosotros mismos, los desafíos, opciones y posibilidades que aspectos duros y complejos de la realidad sugieren (dimensión ética). Reorganizar el saber específico, promover conocimientos abiertos, pertinentes, relevantes y significativos con rigor y espíritu crítico (nuevos mapas cognitivos –dimensión epistemológica-), en los cuales podemos albergar el error y la ilusión. Visualizar estratégicamente su eficacia, eficiencia y competitividad, considerar el despliegue de dispositivos de actuación (dimensión metodológica) en que conjuguemos lo global con lo particular. En Trabajo social en América Latina, posterior a la reconceptualización, fruto de polarizaciones de los discursos y prácticas sobre la profesión, disciplina y formación profesional, contextos de dictaduras; eclosión de las ciencias sociales, instauración del modelo neoliberal, se ha avanzado en reflexionar propositivamente sobre la Intervención Profesional. Los contextos local, nacional, regional y global, demandan hoy resignificar el Trabajo Social; reconstruir permanentemente el ejercicio, a partir de la reflexión ético-política y teórico-metodológica, que permita intervenciones fundamentadas, en que conjuguemos la reflexión, la acción y la transformación, para incidir de manera estratégica y pertinente en la complejidad de las manifestaciones de la cuestión social, que presenta altos niveles de pobreza, marginalidad, flexibilidad laboral, desplazamiento, inmigración, interculturalidad, desigualdades, inequidades, deslegitimación de las instituciones y exclusión de minorías étnicas u orientaciones políticas, religiosas y sexuales, entre muchos otros aspectos propios de la compleja realidad social" (Universidad de Antioquia, 2008). Gustavo Parra (2005, 89) propone asumir el Trabajo Social como un proyecto profesional con tres dimensiones: "ético-política, teórico-metodológica, operativo-instrumental. inherentes e indisolubles, articuladas entre sí, separadas únicamente para fines analíticos". La complejidad de lo social y de la intervención social, implica comprenderlas relacional y holísticamente, en sus múltiples pliegues. En esta revisión hacemos énfasis en tres dimensiones que hoy cobran vital importancia para la proyección profesional: aportamos argumentos para una reconfiguración ética, epistemológica y metodológica, en la perspectiva de responder a los cambios y paradojas contextuales. Esto no implica desconocer la importancia de otras dimensiones como la ideológica, contextual, estética, también necesarias en la comprensión y consolidación compleja del Trabajo Social.

15 Years of Predictions and Realities With this issue we begin our fifteenth year of publication. This decade and a half has certainly seen a number of changes to the field, and to the academy in general. If we compare the present state of the field, and higher education in general, to what was predicted for us 15 years ago, we can get a 30,000-foot view on some interesting advancements and disappointing stalls. We'd like to look at just two of those predictions, where the current state of affairs illustrates just how fluid and nuanced higher education is as we crawl out of the global pandemic. Parsing the field in any way we choose, via institutions, or disciplines, or geographic regions, or modes of instruction, etc., we can see but one commonality: we are not monolithic, and do not move in lockstep. Online / Digital / Remote instruction Perhaps the most ubiquitous and incessant prediction, one that began in the mid-1990s and which we are still working hard to manifest, is that online education will conquer the digital divide and democratize higher education. We can all point to successful online programs, degrees, and even entire universities. However, as we have learned in the past year, the potential for remote instruction is still high, but other factors, unanticipated fifteen years ago, mitigate against it becoming the panacea for all the ills of higher education. ZOOM fatigue is real, and a student's success in an online environment relies heavily on their internal locus of control. Remote instruction, we have learned, requires students to be far more responsible for their own time and effort than any face-to-face instruction ever required. We're not sure if this is the reason why students dislike remote instruction, but the fact is that they do, or at least they did. A survey of undergraduates conducted by SimpsonScarborough in March of 2020 (at the beginning of the lockdown of higher ed here in the US) revealed that 63% of the respondents said that online instruction was worse than the in-person instruction they received at their school. When SimpsonScarborough repeated the same survey just a month later, than number had risen to 70%.1 But, oh, what a difference a year makes. The Digital Learning Pulse survey of undergraduates in the US, published in April of 2021 by Bay View Analytics (in partnership with a number of entities heavily invested in the use of technology in education), notes that 73% of their respondents either somewhat agreed or strongly agreed that they would like to take some fully online courses in the future.2 Maybe we got better at remote instruction once we had a chance to breathe after the mad scramble to jump online in the spring of 2020. Maybe students rose to the occasion and remained persistent in their coursework. Or maybe the real explanation here is the distinction between being forced to have all your courses online and choosing to take some fully online courses. And there are other reasons why we are not all teaching MOOCs as we sit poolside, relying on ZOOM to make us look engaged with a nicely academic virtual background. Even before the pandemic, the rise (and subsequent fall) of many for-profit online universities painted online instruction with a broad brush, and soured many on it as just a cash grab. Some not-for-profit institutions, looking to cut instructional expenses and get good returns on their investments in large Learning Management Systems, played fast and loose with intellectual property rights, and the professoriate (whom those institutions saw as merely content providers) balked at having their instructional designs and course materials co-opted into turnkey courses that could be taught by adjuncts or teaching assistants. Fortunately, the tide has turned in this matter at least, as many institutions have articulated IP policies that benefit greatly from faculty input. Other enhancements or appendages to online instruction, things like the gamification of learning or the use of virtual reality, have sputtered and seen little penetration in the culture. Big Data Another prediction that has been proven true, but in unexpected ways, is one bruited about for decades. Decisions in higher education, this prediction states, will rely less on historical models, institutional or disciplinary inertia, and the vagaries of theoretical models. Rather, these decisions will be driven by data. And those data sets are overwhelmingly numerical rather than verbal. Everything from student ratings of instruction to annual reviews of faculty members, from your methodology for evaluating student performance to Comprehensive Administrative Review dashboards, relies on numbers. While the distinction between, say, a score of 4.6 and a score of 4.7 out of 5 may be minute, for many faculty members such fine distinctions matter a great deal, because they are tied to their compensation packages. We can, in good faith, argue both sides of the tendency to boil our professional lives down to a series of numbers, but the movement away from anecdotal evidence and the "it works for me" mentality has, in large part, improved both curricula and instruction. The SoTL field, more than almost any other discipline in higher education, has sorted itself over the period of the last fifteen years, demonstrating a strong preference for data-driven decision-making. IJSoTL itself illustrates this point. If you look at the articles from our first year of publication, you see a far wider variety of article types. There are some articles that follow the social science model--where data is generated then analyzed, but there are a number of other forms, like essays, reflections, and personal narratives. Our most recent issues are almost completely filled with articles that follow the social science model, since what it offers is reliability and repeatability. In other areas, however, this drive toward data has moved in fits and starts. Predictive analytics, where instructors can drill down into huge data sets to predict the success or failure of individual students, has been one of the largest carrots dangled in front of us in recent years. It represents the most enticing promise of data, yet it still cannot offer the level of certainty that the big data sales teams continue to claim. But the efficacy and the possibility of data for transforming higher education is seen at its most engaging in what we might call the rise of assessment culture. As we employ the Continuous Quality Improvement or Total Quality Management cycles first used in the US in the 1950s, honed to their streamlined perfection in Japan in the 1970s, then rediscovered in the west in the 1980s, we participate in the "plan-do-study-act" process that is the foundation for any sound and lasting change in a culture or institution. And the grist for this mill, the fuel for this engine, is the data we generate then analyze. We think we can say with certainty that nothing in higher education has had such a positive impact, or possesses such still-untapped potential, as the data generated through program assessment. A Special Issue Moving from the past to the very immediate future, we will be celebrating our fifteenth year of publication with a special issue that will come out in January of 2022.That issue will focus on the scholarship of teaching and learning here where the journal is housed, at Georgia Southern University. We would like to show the innovative work that our colleagues are doing here, in the hope that you may be able to use what they're doing in your own work. We'll still be publishing our regular issue in May of 2022 so this special issue is a bonus, and this volume will contain three issues rather than two. A Change to the Masthead Before we show you a variety of our colleagues on our several campuses in our special issue, we'd like to introduce just one, a new addition to our masthead. Nikki DiGregorio is an Associate Professor in the School of Human Ecology and a member of the Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Executive Board at Georgia Southern. She joins the journal as an Editor-in-Chief. Nikki teaches courses in sexuality and diversity in human development, public policies affecting families, as well as programming and evaluation, and conducts research on the interplay between social policy, language appropriation, and the experiences of gender and sexual minorities. Nikki has published in SoTL, examining especially the effectiveness of teaching strategies centered around concepts including diversity-related issues, homophobia, trauma-informed care, objectification, and sexualization. She is also the current Vice President of the Family Science Association, the premiere teaching-focused organization in the discipline. As many of us head back to face-to-face instruction in the fall of 2021, we hope you all can keep safe, and will find both fulfillment and joy in the new normal, whatever that may be. The Editors Notes 1. See "Higher Ed and COVID-19: National Student Survey," SimpsonScarborough, April 2020, available at https://f.hubspotusercon- tent30.net/hubfs/4254080/SimpsonScarborough%20National%20Student%20Survey%20.pdf, and "Higher Ed and COVID-19: April Replication of the National Student Survey," SimpsonScarborough, April 2020, available at https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/ hubfs/4254080/The%20April%20Replication%20of%20the%20National%20Student%20Survey%20by%20SimpsonScarb orough.pdf. 2. For complete results, see https://info.cengage.com/wrec_PulseSurveyResults_1470945, which requires a free registration. For a summary of results, see "Students Want Online Learning Options Post-Pandemic," by Lindsay McKenzie, in Inside Higher Ed, 27 April 2021, available at https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/04/27/survey-reveals-positive-outlook-online-instruction-po st-pan- demic#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20students,%2073,in%2Dperson%20and%20online%20instruction.

Today Ukraine faces a number of social, medical, spiritual problems (severe ailments, alcoholism, abortions, depression, suicides, etc.). They are usually determined by a low level of culture of spiritual and physical health of the population. Therefore, the need for Civic Education of future physicians is urgent. This will ensure their readiness for educational and public activities in order to address these important health problems. The aim of the study is to determine the content and methods of Civic Education of future medical professionals on the basisof interdisciplinary integration. The author uses methods of analysis of scientific literature, normative documents, content analysis, induction and deduction.It has been found that structuring the content of Civic Education within Human Rights, Gender and National components will help prepare future physicians for social work with different social groups, taking into consideration national characteristics and world experience in protecting Human Rights in the Health Care system. The Human Rights component involves the study of topics related to international legal acts, which regulate the provision of Human Rights, especially of vulnerable groups (children, including orphans, children with special needs, unborn children, national minorities and people with disabilities). The Gender component means studying issues of implementation of equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the field of Health, as well as addressing the problems that are determined by the gender peculiarities of patients. In this context Civic Education of future physicians means: firstly, understanding of socio-cultural and political and legal factors of gender issues in the field of Health Care; secondly, readiness to carry out educational work (within Family Psychology and Conflictology) in order to prevent domestic / sexual violence as well as provide professional assistance to those who became its victims; thirdly, the ability to identify, analyze and solve problems regarding family planning, abortion, post abortion syndrome, etc. The National component of Civic Education deals with issues that reflect the main characteristics of Ukrainian Identity / historical experience of the Nation and their role in solving medical and bioethical problems.The basic method of forming of Civic Education of students of medical universities, namely the method of project preparation is determined. It is aimed at developing the practical skills of future physicians to create and implement community initiatives. in order to improve the Nation Health. This method will help students to master the skills of Citizen Participation in society / in government. As a result, future physicians will be able to use such methods of Citizen Participation as local initiative, participation in public organizations, volunteer services or activities as well as awareness campaign. This method will be effective if teachers and students systematically collaborate in order to prepare and implement social and medical projects. ; Сьогодні Україна має низку соціальних, медичних, духовних проблем (важкі недуги, алкоголізм, аборти, депресії, суїциди тощо). Вони зазвичай детерміновані низьким рівнем культури духовного і фізичного здоров'я населення. Тому актуальною є потреба громадянської освіти майбутніх медиків. Це забезпечить їх готовність до просвітницької та громадської роботи задля вирішення важливих проблем охорони здоров'я. Мета статті – визначити зміст і методи формування громадянської освіченості майбутніх медичних фахівців на засадах міждисциплінарної інтеграції. Авторка використовує методи аналізу наукової літератури, нормативних документів, контент-аналізу, індукції і дедукції.Встановлено, що структурування змісту громадянської освіти в межах правозахисного, гендерного та національного компонентів допоможе підготувати фахівців медицини до громадської роботи з різними соціальними групами, враховуючи національні особливості та світовий досвід захисту прав людини в сфері охорони здоров'я. Правозахисний компонент передбачає вивчення тем, пов'язаних із міжнародними нормативними актами, які регулюють забезпечення прав людини, особливо, вразливих груп (діти, діти сироти, діти з особливими потребами, ненароджені діти, а також національні меншини та люди з інвалідністю). Гендерний компонент означає вивчення359 № 2(17)2 0 1 9ПЕДАГОГIЧНI НАУКИпитань щодо реалізації рівних прав і можливостей для жінок і чоловіків у сфері охорони здоров'я, вирішення проблем, детермінованих гендерними особливостями пацієнтів. У цьому контексті громадянська освіченість майбутніх медиків означає: по-перше, розуміння соціально-культурних і політико-правових чинників гендерних проблем у сфері охорони здоров'я; по-друге, готовність проводити просвітницьку роботу (в межах сімейної психології та конфліктології) задля попередження домашнього, сексуального насильства, а також надання професійної допомоги особам, які стали їх жертвами; по-третє, здатність визначати, аналізувати й вирішувати проблеми щодо планування сім'ї, абортів, постабортного синдрому та ін. Національний компонент громадянської освіченості пов'язаний з питаннями, що відображають основні риси української ідентичності, історичний досвід нації та їх роль у вирішенні медичних і біоетичних проблем.Пріоритетним методом формування громадянської освіченості студентів медичних ЗВО визначено метод підготовки проектів, спрямований на вироблення практичних навичок майбутніх медиків створювати та реалізовувати громадські ініціативи з метою покращення здоров'я нації. Цей метод допоможе студентам розвивати навички громадянської участі у суспільстві, у владі. Відтак, майбутні медики зможуть використовувати такі методи участі громадян, як місцева ініціатива, участь у громадських організаціях, волонтерські послуги чи діяльність, а також просвітницька кампанія. Даний метод буде ефективним за умови системної співпраці викладачів і студентів з метою підготовки та реалізації соціальних і медичних проектів.

In der Arbeit wird untersucht, wie die EU mit Diversität umgeht, wie sich entsprechende Maßnahmen in der Personalpolitik der verschiedenen europäischen Behörden niederschlägt und welche Auswirkungen dies hat. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass die EU als Institution einige Spezifika aufweist, die diese Frage beeinflussen und die bei einer Beurteilung Berücksichtigung finden müssen. So ist die EU verpflichtet, die Vielfalt der Mitgliedstaaten in den eigenen Institutionen abzubilden. Eine Besonderheit ist auch, dass die Effizienz der Organisation " und damit auch der mögliche Wert von Diversity Management (DiM) " mangels marktinduzierter Kriterien schwer zu bestimmen ist. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in vier Teile. Nach einer überblickartigen Einführung (Teil A) werden in Teil B der Anspruch von DiM und dessen Vor- und Nachteile dargestellt. Als Bezugspunkt für erfolgreiches DiM werden einige Beispiele aus deutschen Großunternehmen angeführt, wo DiM eine relativ bedeutende Rolle spielt. Die Einschätzung, was diese Erfahrungen für die EU bedeuten könnten, schließt den Teil B ab. Dabei werden die Besonderheiten einer Behörde, die durch starke rechtliche Regelungen gebunden ist und für die es kaum eindeutige Effizienzkriterien gibt, besonders hervorgehoben. Der Teil C enthält die empirischen Recherchen, die angestellt wurden. Dazu werden zunächst das Weißbuch des Kinnock Reports und das Statut für die Beamten der Europäischen Gemeinschaften von 2004 ausführlich dargestellt und anschließend gewürdigt. Es stellt sich heraus, dass bei einzelnen Personalmaßnahmen bereits weitgehende Öffnungen und Flexibilitäten vorgesehen sind, die sich unmittelbar zur Implementierung von DiM anbieten. Im Weiteren wurde ein leitender Mitarbeiter des Europäischen Parlaments zu dem Statut ausführlich interviewt. Die Ergebnisse verleihen den vorher geschilderten Regelungen des Statuts Farbe und vermitteln dem Außenstehenden ein lebendiges Bild vom Innenleben einer solchen Behörde. Die Einschätzung der neuen Regelungen durch den Interviewten ist zwar differenziert, aber insgesamt ergibt sich doch ein positives Bild der personalpolitischen Maßnahmen im Hinblick auf die mögliche Implementierung von DiM. Die zweite wesentliche empirische Quelle der Arbeit sind Publikationen der EU selbst zu Problemen der Diversität, Diskriminierung und verwandten Themen. Die dazu erschienenen Broschüren geben Auskunft darüber, welche Ansichten die Mitarbeiter zu Bestrebungen um Diversität und Chancengleichheit äußern, welche Aktionen die EU plant und welche Erfolge man sich erhofft. Die Prüfung dieser Unterlagen ergibt, dass in einer solchen Organisation die Integration von Minderheiten weit fortgeschritten ist und Vorurteile und offene Diskriminierungen weitgehend fehlen. Jedoch werden Umsetzungsprobleme der Maßnahmen zur Chancengleichheit der Geschlechter, zur work-life balance, zur Respektierung von Behinderungen oder sexuellen Orientierungen konstatiert. Um die geschilderten Maßnahmen zu beurteilen, werden sie mit entsprechenden Entwicklungen der im zweiten Teil der Arbeit beschriebenen privatwirtschaftlichen Organisationen, die als Vorreiter des DiM in Europa angesehen werden können, verglichen. In einem weiteren Schritt sollten die Einschätzung der Mitarbeiter zu Diversität und zu den vorher beschriebenen Maßnahmen ergründet werden. Die ins Auge gefasste repräsentative Befragung konnte trotz anfänglicher Ermutigung in einer Behörde der EU, dem Europäischen Parlament (EP), nicht durchgeführt werden, da die EU-Behörden eine offizielle Unterstützung der Untersuchung und damit den Zugang zu anderen Interviewpartnern nicht zustimmten. Daher beschränkte sich die Befragung auf Mitarbeiter, die sich nach Ansprache durch einige leitende Beamte zur Beantwortung gleichsam als Privatpersonen zur Ausfüllung des Fragebogens bereit erklärten. Die Befragung hat also keinerlei repräsentativen, sondern rein explorativen Charakter. Im Teil D der Arbeit wird eine Gesamtbewertung der Recherchen abgegeben. Es wird konstatiert, dass zwar eine Menge an Einzelinitiativen und -maßnahmen in den Behörden der EU zu finden ist, dass aber mit einem übergreifenden Konzept des DiM diese Aktionen koordiniert und in ihrem Nutzen verstärkt werden könnten. ; This document investigates, how the EU handles diversity and how certain measures of personnel management in the different institutions of the EU develop. The paper will show that the EU as an institution has some specifics that influence this question and that have to be recognized. E. g. the EU is forced to build up all member states within their institutions. A specialty is also that the efficiency of the organization - and therefore the possible value of Diversity Management (DiM) - is difficult to define because of missing market induced criteria. The document is divided into fore parts. After an over viewing introduction (part A) part B describes the claim, the advantages and disadvantages of DiM. As a reference for effective DiM some examples from big German enterprises, in which DiM plays an important roll, are given. The judgment of the importance for the EU concludes part B. The specialties of an institution that is regulated by strict rules and has almost no efficiency criteria will be specially mentioned. Part C contains the empirical research. First of all the Kinnock-Report and the Staff Regulations for the European Union of 2004 will be described and recognized in detail. It will be stated that some personnel management measures already execute an opening to DiM and give flexibility to the organization. In the following a leading member of European Parliament- staff has been interviewed. The results will give color to the rules of the staff regulations and will give a living picture of the interior of the EU. The judgment of the interview partner concerning the staff regulations is differentiated but all in all it gives a positive picture of the personnel management measures with reference to a possible implementation of DiM. The second important source of this document are publications of the EU itself in which the problems concerning diversity, discrimination and similar topics are described. The edited brochures give information about the opinions of their employees concerning the efforts for DiM, the measures for equal opportunities which are planned by the EU and which success the organization expects. The examination of these papers gives information about a developed integration of minorities and the missing of prejudices and open discrimination within the organization. But the implementing of measures concerning equal opportunities, gender, work-life balance, disability and sexual orientation will be criticized. To value the described measures the development will be compared with the diversity management in the above mentioned big German enterprises that might be seen as the leaders of the way of DiM in Europe. In the next step the judgment of the employees concerning the described measures for DiM should have been discovered. A representative questionnaire was not possible due to the ban of the president of the European Parliament. Therefore the questionnaire was reduced to some employees who were asked by some leading officers and who took part as private persons. So the questionnaire is not representative but explorative. Part D gives an over all assessment of the research. As a result the EU developed several single initiatives and measures but an over all concept that coordinates DiM-actions for an efficient benefit is missing.

The idea of social inclusion has garnered considerable attention, especially in the context of two recent developments: the Sustainable Development Goals and the heightened attention to inequality. This paper reviews the manner and extent to which social inclusion is addressed in the first 17 Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs), which are ex ante, country-level assessments conducted by the World Bank Group, ahead of the preparation of its Country Partnership Frameworks. In addition to this primary purpose, the paper fulfils three other purposes. It allows for a broader reflection on the value of the social inclusion construct in macro-level diagnostics; it takes the opportunity to develop and refine a methodology to assess social inclusion and finally, it positions the narrative on social inclusion into the ongoing discourse on poverty, shared prosperity, inequality and the thinking around the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is therefore, a refined articulation of the idea of social inclusion in the context of global epistemological shifts

The L Word: Generation Q is the reboot of The L Word, a long running series about a group of lesbians and bisexuals in Los Angeles in the early 2000s. Both programmes are unique in their positioning of lesbian characters and have been well received by audiences and critics alike. These programmes present a range of characters and narratives, previously excluded from mainstream film and television, bringing a refreshing change from the destructive images typically presented before. We argue that the reboot Generation Q now offers more meaningful representation of the broader lesbian and transgender communities, and discuss its relevance in the changing portrayals of gay representation. Gay visibility has never really been an issue in the movies. Gays have always been visible. It is how they have been visible that has remained offensive for almost a century. (Russo 66) In 2004 The L Word broke new ground as the very first television series written and directed by predominantly queer women. This set it apart from previous representations of lesbians by Hollywood because it portrayed a community rather than an isolated or lone lesbian character, that was extraneous to a cast of heterosexuals (Moore and Schilt). The series brought change, and where Hollywood was more often "reluctant to openly and non-stereotypically engage with gay subjects and gay characters" (Baker 41), the L Word offered an alternative to the norm in media representation. "The L Word's significance lies in its very existence" according to Chambers (83), and this article serves to consider this significance in conjunction with its 2019 reboot, the L Word: Generation Q, to ascertain if the enhanced visibility and gay representation influences the system of representation that has predominantly been excluding and misrepresentative of gay life. The exclusion of authentic representation of lesbians and gays in Hollywood film is not new. Over time, however, there has been an increased representation of gay characters in film and television. However, beneath the positive veneer remains a morally disapproving undertone (Yang), where lesbians and gays are displayed as the showpiece of the abnormal (Gross, "Out of the Mainstream"). Gross ("Out of the Mainstream") suggests that through the 'othering' of lesbians and gays within media, a means of maintaining the moral order is achieved, and where being 'straight' results in a happy ending. Lesbians and gays in film thus achieve what Gerbner referred to as symbolic annihilation, purposefully created in a bid to maintain the social inequity. This form of exclusion often saw controversial gay representation, with a history of portraying these characters in a false, excluding, and pejorative way (Russo; Gross, "What Is Wrong"; Hart). The history of gay representation in media had at times been monstrous, playing out the themes of gay sexuality as threatening to heterosexual persons and communities (Juárez). Gay people were incorrectly stereotyped, and gay lives were seen through the slimmest of windows. Walters (15) argued that it was "too often" that film and television images would narrowly portray gays "as either desexualized or over sexualized", framing their sexuality as the sole identity of the character. She also contested that gay characters were "shown as nonthreatening and campy 'others' or equally comforting and familiar boys (and they are usually boys, not girls) next door" (Walters 15). In Russo's seminal text, The Celluloid Closet, he demonstrated that gay characters were largely excluded from genuine and thoughtful presentation in film, while the only option given to them was how they died. Gay activists and film makers in the 1980s and beyond built on the momentum of AIDS activism (Streitmatter) to bring films that dealt with gay subject matter more fairly than before, with examples like The Birdcage, Philadelphia, To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar, and In and Out. Walters argues that while "mainstream films like Brokeback Mountain and The Kids are Alright entertain moviegoers with their forthright gay themes and scenes" (12), often the roles have been more of tokenisation, representing the "surprisingly gay characters in a tedious romcom, the coyly queer older man in a star-studded indie hit, the incidentally gay sister of the lead in a serious drama" (Walters 12). This ambivalence towards the gay role model in the media has had real world effects on those who identify themselves as lesbian or gay, creating feelings of self-hatred or of being 'unacceptable' citizens of society (Gamson), as media content "is an active component in the cultural process of shaping LGBT identities" (Sarkissian 147). The stigmatisation of gays was further identified by the respondents to a study on media and gay identity, where "the prevailing sentiment in these discussions was a sense of being excluded from traditional society" (Gomillion and Guiliano 343). Exclusion promotes segregation and isolation, and since television media are ever-present via conventional and web-based platforms, their messages are increasingly visible and powerful. The improved portrayal of gay characters was not just confined to the area of film and television however, and many publications produced major stories on bi-sexual chic, lesbian chic, the rise of gay political power and gay families. This process of greater inclusion, however, has not been linear, and in 2013 the media advocacy group known as the Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) mapped the quantity, quality, and diversity of LGBT people depicted in films, finding that there was still much work to be done to fairly include gay characters (GLAAD Studio Responsibility Index). In another report made in 2019, which examined cable and streaming media, GLAAD found that of the 879 regular characters expected to appear on broadcast scripted primetime programming, 10.2% were identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and or queer (GLAAD Where Are We on TV). This was the highest number of queer characters recorded since the start of their reporting. In January 2004, Showtime launched The L Word, the first scripted cable television to focus chiefly on lesbians. Over the course of six seasons it explored the deep bonds that linked the members of an evolving lesbian friendship circle. The central themes of the programme were the love and friendship between the women, and it was a television programme structured by its own values and ideologies. The series offered a moral argument against the widespread sexism and anti-gay prejudice that was evident in media. The cast, however, were conventionally beautiful, gender normative, and expensively attired, leading to fears that the programme would appeal more to straight men, and that the sex in the programme would be exploitative and pornographic. The result, however, was that women's sex and connection were foregrounded, and appeared as a central theme of the drama. This was, however, ground-breaking television. The showrunner of the original L Word, Ilene Chaiken, was aware of the often-damning account of lesbians in Hollywood, and the programme managed to convey an indictment of Hollywood (Mcfadden). The L Word increased lesbian visibility on television and was revolutionary in countering some of the exclusionary and damaging representation that had taken place before. It portrayed variations of lesbians, showing new positive representations in the form of power lesbians, sports lesbians, singles, and couples. Broadly speaking, gay visibility and representation can be marked and measured by levels of their exclusion and inclusion. Sedgwick said that the L Word was particularly important as it created a "lesbian ecology—a visible world in which lesbians exist, go on existing, exist in forms beyond the solitary and the couple, sustain and develop relations among themselves of difference and commonality" (xix). However, as much as this programme challenged the previous representations it also enacted a "Faustian bargain because television is a genre which ultimately caters to the desires and expectations of mainstream audiences" (Wolfe and Roripaugh 76). The producers knew it was difficult to change the problematic and biased representation of queer women within the structures of commercial media and understood the history of queer representation and its effects. Therefore, they had to navigate between the legitimate desire to represent lesbians as well as being able to attract a large enough mainstream audience to keep the show commercially viable. The L Word: Generation Q is the reboot of the popular series, and includes some of the old cast, who have also become the executive producers. These characters include Bette Porter, who in 2019 is running for the office of the Mayor of Los Angeles. Shane McCutchen returns as the fast-talking womanising hairdresser, and Alice Pieszecki in this iteration is a talk show host. When interviewed, Jennifer Beals (executive producer and Bette Porter actor) said that the programme is important, because there have been no new lesbian dramas to follow after the 2004 series ended (Beals, You Tube). Furthermore, the returning cast members believe the reboot is important because of the increased attacks that queer people have been experiencing since the election of Donald Trump in 2016. Between the two productions there have been changes in the film and television landscape, with additional queer programmes such as Pose, Orange Is the New Black, Euphoria, RuPaul's Drag Race, and Are You the One, for example. The new L Word, therefore, needed to project a new and modern voice that would reflect contemporary lesbian life. There was also a strong desire to rectify criticism of the former show, by presenting an increased variation of characters in the 2019 series. Ironically, while the L Word had purposefully aimed to remove the negativity of exclusion through the portrayal of a group of lesbians in a more true-to-life account, the limited character tropes inadvertently marginalised other areas of lesbian and queer representation. These excluded characters were for example fully representative trans characters. The 2000s television industry had seemingly returned to a period of little interest in women's stories generally, and though queer stories seeped into popular culture, there was no dedicated drama with a significant focus on lesbian story lines (Vanity Fair). The first iteration of The L Word was aimed at satisfying lesbian audiences as well as creating mainstream television success. It was not a tacky or pornographic television series playing to male voyeuristic ideals, although some critics believed that it included female-to-female sex scenes to draw in an additional male viewership (Anderson-Minshall; Graham). There was also a great emphasis on processing the concept of being queer. However, in the reboot Generation Q, the decision was made by the showrunner Marja-Lewis Ryan that the series would not be about any forms of 'coming out stories', and the characters were simply going about their lives as opposed to the burdensome tropes of transitioning or coming out. This is a significant change from many of the gay storylines in the 1990s that were seemingly all focussed on these themes. The new programme features a wider demographic, too, with younger characters who are comfortable with who they are. Essentially, the importance of the 2019 series is to portray healthy, varied representations of lesbian life, and to encourage accurate inclusion into film and television without the skewed or distorted earlier narratives. The L Word and L Word: Generation Q then carried the additional burden of countering criticisms The L Word received. Roseneil explains that creating both normalcy and belonging for lesbians and gays brings "cultural value and normativity" (218) and removes the psychosocial barriers that cause alienation or segregation. This "accept us" agenda appears through both popular culture and "in the broader national discourse on rights and belongings" (Walters 11), and is thus important because "representations of happy, healthy, well integrated lesbian and gay characters in film or television would create the impression that, in a social, economic, and legal sense, all is well for lesbians and gay men" (Schacter 729). Essentially, these programmes shouldered the burden of representation for the lesbian community, which was a heavy expectation. Critiques of the original L Word focussed on how the original cast looked as if they had all walked out of a high-end salon, for example, but in L Word: Generation Q this has been altered to have a much more DIY look. One of the younger cast members, Finlay, looks like someone cut her hair in the kitchen while others have styles that resemble YouTube tutorials and queer internet celebrities (Vanity Fair). The recognisable stereotypes that were both including and excluding have also altered the representation of the trans characters. Bette Porter's campaign manager, for example, determines his style through his transition story, unlike Max, the prominent trans character from the first series. The trans characters of 2019 are comfortable in their own skins and supported by the community around them. Another important distinction between the representation of the old and new cast is around their material wealth. The returning cast members have comfortable lives and demonstrate affluence while the younger cast are less comfortable, expressing far more financial anxiety. This may indeed make a storyline that is closer to heterosexual communities. The L Word demonstrated a sophisticated awareness of feminist debates about the visual representation of women and made those debates a critical theme of the programme, and these themes have been expanded further in The L Word: Generation Q. One of the crucial areas that the programme/s have improved upon is to denaturalise the hegemonic straight gaze, drawing attention to the ways, conventions and techniques of reproduction that create sexist, heterosexist, and homophobic ideologies (McFadden). This was achieved through a predominantly female, lesbian cast that dealt with stories amongst their own friend group and relationships, serving to upend the audience position, and encouraging an alternative gaze, a gaze that could be occupied by anyone watching, but positioned the audience as lesbian. In concluding, The L Word in its original iteration set out to create something unique in its representation of lesbians. However, in its mission to create something new, it was also seen as problematic in its representation and in some ways excluding of certain gay and lesbian people. The L Word: Generation Q has therefore focussed on more diversity within a minority group, bringing normality and a sense of 'realness' to the previously skewed narratives seen in the media. In so doing, "perhaps these images will induce or confirm" to audiences that "lesbians and gay men are already 'equal'—accepted, integrated, part of the mainstream" (Schacter 729). References Anderson-Minshall, Diane. 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República Federal AlemanaLa República Federal Alemana es una república democrática, representativa, parlamentaria y federal, compuesta por 16 Estados. El parlamento es bicameral. El Bundestag o Asamblea Federal posee 598 miembros y el Bundesrat o Consejo Federal posee 69. El Poder Ejecutivo es ejercido por el Canciller Federal que es el Jefe de Gobierno.El país mantiene altos índices en materia de Estado de Derecho:Estado de derecho en Alemania(1)Observamos como en una perspectiva histórica de 15 años, los valores concernientes al Estado de Derecho se ubican en una posición constante de un percentil 94/100, lo que nos habla de un elevado índice de garantías políticas. Siguiendo a Bobbio, quién se funda en los principios de la ley natural de Locke, podemos afirmar en este caso la existencia de un verdadero imperio de la ley. La sociedad se compone de un 91.1% de alemanes, un 2,3% de turcos y kurdos, 0,7% de personas provenientes de la ex Yugoslavia, 0,7% de italianos, 0,4% de griegos y bosnios y 0,2% de gitanos. (2) En cuanto a religión, predominan la católica con un 33% y la protestante con un 32%, existiendo a su vez minorías judías y musulmanas (6% de la población). (3)Alemania ha sido escenario de abundantes inmigraciones, las cuales dejaron como consecuencia principal una serie de minorías que no pasaron desapercibidas a lo largo de su historia. En este sentido, es el tercer país en materia de recepción de migrantes. Una posible razón a este fenómeno es su posición liberal ante el asilo político que el Estado ha predicado desde siempre –incluso actualmente- ya que en el artículo 16a de su Constitución dispone que "todo perseguido político goza de derecho de asilo en Alemania". (4) Es interesante observar en este punto como el principio de defensa de los derechos inalienables del individuo poseen una implícita primacía por sobre los conceptos de Estado y nación. Es este un elemento que sustenta la intención de defender las garantías políticas de todo individuo que se vea privado de las mismas, aún cuando careciere de la nacionalidad alemana. Observamos entonces como subyace el principio filosófico de la teoría liberal de Locke. Destacamos, por otra parte, que en la actualidad Alemania es uno de los países europeos que más dificulta la inmigración –en circunstancias distintas a las previamente mencionadas- y la expedición de su nacionalidad. Dado la enorme complejidad de la persecución que históricamente han sufrido las minorías en Alemania, nos limitaremos a mencionar las cifras del holocausto llevado a cabo por el régimen Nazi: 11 millones de víctimas, de las que 6 millones eran ciudadanos polacos. Asimismo, además de los 6 millones de judíos, hubo 5 millones que incluían a afro-europeos, Testigos de Jehovah, discapacitados, homosexuales, gitanos, sacerdotes y líderes cristianos y perseguidos políticos opositores al sistema. (5) Destacamos este hecho histórico no sólo por la enorme relevancia que tiene en materia de Derechos Humanos y por constituir una atrocidad que ha calado hondo en la percepción del mundo sobre los alcances de la naturaleza humana, sino –y a los efectos de nuestro análisis- para plantear la evidente consecuencia de este fenómeno en nuestros tiempos. Persiste en la sociedad y gobierno alemán una suerte de cargo de conciencia, profundizado por el saberse moralmente reprobado y vigilado por el mundo entero. Esto obliga a tener una profunda y particular consideración para con el trato de las minorías en su país. Paso seguido, ¿Cuál es el papel de las minorías en términos de participación política? El sistema de representación alemán determina que sólo aquellos partidos "receiving more than 5% of the vote are represented in parliament in proportion to their vote." (6) En este sentido observamos su evidente consecuencia: "El establecimiento de dicho umbral logró reducir la oportunidad de representación de los partidos pequeños." (7) Esto obliga a generar un sistema de gobierno de coalición donde las minorías –que exceptuando a la suma de judíos y musulmanes no superan en ninguno de los casos el 5%- sólo podrían verse representados en función de negociaciones con los grandes partidos, donde su influencia o poder de imposición sería escaso –por no considerarlo nulo en términos relativos. El problema se ve incrementado por el escaso porcentaje de extranjeros nacionalizados y, por ende, poseyentes de derechos políticos. "Only a third of Turks have become German citizens, in part because dual citizenship is not allowed." (8) Esto, de acuerdo a la teoría del gobierno representativo de John Stuart Mill, caería dentro de lo que podría considerarse una deficiencia del sistema de representación. Sin embargo, queremos destacar que aún a pesar de lo que las cifras llevan a inducir, los resultados de las elecciones del 2005 determinan que "there were at least eight members of ethnic minorities in the Bundestag and one on the Federal Constitutional Court, but none in the cabinet." (9) Lo que nos habla de un sistema de representación que en cierta medida pudiere estar funcionando en la práctica. Otro problema radica en la pobre integración –particularmente de los turcos- ya que, como es señalado en un artículo The Economist, la población joven desconoce el alemán e intensifica sus prácticas religiosas –distantes a la tradición cristiana alemana- careciendo muchas veces, como señalábamos previamente, de la nacionalidad. Eso, producto también de las mayores trabas existentes para obtener la ciudadanía, en parte porque, como indica el artículo, "immigrants are welcome, but you also have to get to know our culture, says Wolfgang Schäuble, the interior minister, who rejects the growth of parallel societies." (10) En cierto sentido, buscando distanciarse de las llamadas falsas promesas de la democracia planteada por Bobbio. Esta es una de las causas de la complicada situación que persiste en materia de Derechos Humanos para con las minorías extranjeras (debidamente protegidas por la constitución alemana en su artículo 3 (11)), donde"harassment, including beatings, of foreigners and racial minorities remained a frequent problem throughout the country." (12) En relación a micro grupos operando organizadamente en materia de persecución política, el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos sostiene que "the FCO defines politically motivated crimes as offenses related to the victims' ideology, nationality, ethnicity, race, skin color, religion, worldview, ancestry, sexual orientation, disability status, appearance, or social status. The FOPC report listed 180 right wing extremist organizations and groups." (13) Sin embargo, es necesario remarcar que el país se destaca por sus bajos índices de violencia y su buena estabilidad política (14): Estabilidad política y ausencia de violencia en Alemania (15) En esta línea, The Freedom House (16) posiciona a Alemania en un puntaje de 1 (valor que representa la escala máxima de libertad) en materia de libertades civiles y políticas. En su análisis se destaca particularmente el buen funcionamiento de las instituciones democráticas y el Estado de Derecho, aunque sugiere también un llamado de atención en materia de ataques a minorías étnicas y en lo que respecta a ciertas restricciones a la participación política: "Political pluralism in Germany has been constrained by laws restricting the far left and far right." (17) En lo que al Poder Judicial respecta, observamos que prevalece una estricta independencia amparada en la misma constitución, estableciendo explícitamente en su artículo 97 que "los jueces son independientes y están sometidos únicamente a la ley." (18) Esto, sumado a que "the government is free of pervasive corruption" (19) nos habla un funcionamiento democrático que se aleja en buena medida de las falsas promesas a la democracia planteadas en la teoría de Bobbio. En materia de libertad de expresión, también The Freedom House (20) ubica a Alemania entre los países considerados libres. Esto se fundamenta en su Constitución, donde se establece explícitamente en su artículo 5 que "No se ejercerá censura." (21) El análisis de The Freedom House lo posiciona como poseyente de una prensa diversa e independiente. Asimismo, dicho derecho se ve respaldado en el artículo 10 (22) de la European Convention on Human Right, considerado en Alemania ley federal. Por último, se observa que "Germany's government is accountable through open debates in parliament that are covered widely covered in the media" (23), indicios de una aproximación al debate público que pudiere dar origen a una suerte de democracia deliberativa. Sin embargo, pensamos que a la luz de la eficacia que en definitiva parecieran tener las instituciones democráticas en Alemania, sugerimos que quizá dicho camino democrático no sería –a la fecha- necesario.Estudio comparado Entendemos que en buena medida el estudio de cada uno de los casos ha permitido al lector generar una suerte de deducción en materia comparativa. Sin embargo, consideramos necesario remarcar algunos puntos del análsis comparativo e incorporar algunos detalles que pudieren servir en esta materia. Observamos entonces, en una primera lectura, cómo los indicadores marcan una importante diferencia en los factores que hacen a la gobernabilidad, inclinándose decididamente en favor de Alemania. Como estudiamos en cada caso, la posición de cada país en el Indice de Estado de Derecho elaborado por el Programa de Gobernabilidad del Banco Mundial ha sido debidamente estipulado. Mientras Turquía se posiciona en una escala media, Alemania prevalece en un percentil cercano al 100. Una situación similar se da en el Indice de Rendición de Cuentas, donde Alemania se encuentra por encima de 95/100 y Turquia por debajo de 50/100. Aquí, las respectivas Constituciones nos informan sobre el tratamiento en la materia: por un lado, Turquía mantiene un vocabulario amplio y vago que deviene en un Parlamento fuerte y centralizado, con posibilidad de ejercer presión sobre las instituciones en teoría independientes (por ejemplo, el Poder Jucidial y Consejo Supremo de Radio y Televisión) al tiempo que la arbitrariedad en materia de libertades fundamentales limita toda posibilidad de mecanismos de contralor o rendición de cuentas. Por su parte, en Alemania impera una Constitución clara y contundente, que garantiza tanto la independencia indiscutida de las instituciones como los mecanismos que determinan la efectividad en la rendición de cuentas. Por otro lado, nos remitimos al indicador más contundente en materia comparativa: el Indice de Estabilidad Política (Alemania alcanza 80/100 y Turquia 20/100). No profundizaremos particularmente en este concepto, porque entendemos ha sido debidamente considerado en cada uno de los estudios de caso. Sin embargo, es posible relacionar este indicador con lo que ocurre en materia de libertades y participación política.Por último, nos detenemos en lo que hace al control de la corrupción, elemento que incide notablemente en muchas de las falsas promesas propuestas por Bobbio. Aquí, Alemania obtien 90/100 y Turquia mejora su dsempeno relativo, alcanzando un indicador de 60/100. La enorme distancia que prevalece también en este sentido da fe del difícil camino que tiene Turquía por delante si se plantea seriamente reformar la efectividad de sus instituciones para generar un clima político acorde a su vecino europeo. Sólo de este modo podría garantizar las libertades fundamentales de todos los individuos que conforman su sociedad. Finalmente, en materia de libertad de expresión nos encontramos ante una Turquía que genera especial preocupación, particularmente en el trato con las minorías. Esto permite realizar una lectura entre líneas que determina la situación de persecución en que dicha población se encuentra, tal como ha sido estudiado con antelación.Consideraciones Finales La evidente distancia en materia de instituciones democráticas, Estado de Derecho y tratamiento de las minorías entre la República Federal Alemana y la República de Turquía dan fe de las dificultades que en definitiva enfrenta esta última ante la posibilidad de su eventual incorporación a la Unión Europea. Pareciere que Alemania ha asumido las lecciones del pasado en materia de protección de las libertades liberales, al tiempo que el camino emprendido por Turquía en la materia no parece estar dando los resultados esperados. Nos posicionamos, en este sentido, ante una Alemania libre y de instituciones independientes, con un clima político que posibilita un alto grado de inclusión, al menos desde la conformación de coaliciones políticas. Por otro lado, Turquía permanece en una posición de centralismo que limita enormemente la eficacia a la hora de garantizar la independencia de sus instituciones y las libertades de sus individuos. En un clima de alta corrupción, las falsas promesas de Bobbio afloran en una Turquía con una Constitución más asemejada a los procederes estipulados por Rousseau que a las libertades individuales articuladas por Locke, sin siquiera preservar el rousseauniano idealismo teórico a la hora de la procura de una voluntad generaldesinteresada e independiente. Con un vocabulario amplio y vago, la arbitrariedad es introducida de modo legal, coartando las libertades individuales que son consideradas fundamentales –e incluso previas al Estado- en la concepción liberal. Alemania, aún con algunas señales preocupantes en el trato de la población a las minorías étnicas, carece de estas penetrantes limitaciones que limitan a la democracia y oprimen a las minorías. El estudio comparado refleja una Turquía distante y ajena a los principios democrático-liberales en que está embebida Alemania, distancia que repercute directamente en las condiciones de vida y participación política de sus respectivas minorías. Una eventual Europa que incluyera a ambos gigantes sentiría en sus miembros la palpable distinción que persiste entre un individuo siervo, y un individuo en pleno ejercicio de su libertad. (1) WORLD BANK. (2) Valores aproximados: GUÍA DEL MUNDO: (3) GUÍA DEL MUNDO: (4) LEY FUNDAMENTAL DE LA REPÚBLICA FEDERAL DE ALEMANIA. (5) HOLOCAUST FORGOTTEN.(6) NEW ZEALAND ELECTION STUDIE. (7) Descripción del sistema de Representación Proporcional Mixto en Alemania. .pag 13(8) The Economist. 2007.(9) U.S. DEPATRTMENT OF STATE. 2008.(10) The Economist. 2007. 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