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AbstractThe article examines some traditional forms of conferral of powers on international organisations – by international treaties ("common" international treaties and constituent international treaties that can form the basis for further delegation) and for supranational law-making. The main conclusion is that although the agreed norms may be construed in the application processes, the formal determination of powers remains the formal basis of action.

"This article argues that a World Environment Organisation (WEO) does not promise
to enhance international environmental governance. First, we claim that the establishment of an
international organisation alone in a policy field currently populated by regimes cannot be
expected to significantly improve environmental governance because there is no qualitative
difference between these two forms of governance institutions. Second, we submit that significant
improvement of international environmental governance through institutional rearrangement
must rely on a modification of decision-making procedures and/or a change of
institutional boundaries. Third, we develop three principal models of a possible WEO. A WEO
formally providing an umbrella for existing regimes without modifying issue-areas and decisionmaking
procedures would be largely irrelevant. A WEO integrating decision-making processes
of existing regimes so as to form comprehensive 'world environment rounds' of intergovernmental
bargaining would be largely dysfunctional and prone to a host of negative side-effects. A
'supranational' WEO including large-scale use of majority decision-making and far-reaching
enforcement mechanisms across a range of environmental issues might considerably enhance
international environmental governance, but it appears to be grossly utopian. In conclusion, a
WEO cannot be at the same time realistic, significant and beneficial for international environmental
governance. Available political resources should be invested in advancing existing and
emerging sectoral environmental regimes rather than in establishing a WEO." [author's abstract]

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in labor markets around the world. Extraordinary political efforts have been made to overcome the effects of the corona crisis. Governments, together with trade unions, have taken immediate action to address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the protection of jobs, including financial support for businesses and households experiencing sharp declines in income.Purpose. Justify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international labor market.Methods. The following methods were used in the research process: decomposition – to form the purpose of the research and set tasks; theoretical and methodological – to reveal the theoretical aspects of the international labor market; economic analysis – to study the regional and sectoral aspects of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international labor market; synthesis, comparison, analogy – to study the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for regional labor markets; logical generalization – to identify problems in the functioning of the international labor market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; graphical method – to visualize the results of the study.Results. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the participation of the population in the labor force, reducing employment in all regions of the world with different income levels, both men and women, as well as increasing unemployment. Empirical analysis has shown that the greatest decline in employment among both men and women is observed in countries with incomes below and above average. In 2020, compared to 2019, the total working time in the world decreased by about 8.8 %, which is equivalent to the full-time work of 255 million employees. The loss of working time was particularly severe in Latin America and the Caribbean (16.2 %), Southern Europe and South Asia, and the total loss of working time in North and South America was 13.7 %. Overall, the COVID-19 crisis affected global working hours by about ...

บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาและทดสอบความสัมพันธ์เชิงสาเหตุระหว่างภาพลักษณ์ของการท่องเที่ยวไทยและพฤติกรรมของนักท่องเที่ยวต่างชาติที่รวมถึงความภักดีต่อการท่องเที่ยวไทย ภายใต้สถานการณ์วิกฤตการเมืองที่เกิดขึ้นระหว่างเดือนตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2551-พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2552 โดยใช้วิธีการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยแบบจำลองสมการโครงสร้าง (Structural Equation Model: SEM) ที่ประกอบด้วยตัวแปรสังเกตได้ 19 ตัวแปร ตัวแปรแฝงภายนอก 1 ตัวแปร คือ ภาพลักษณ์ของแหล่งท่องเที่ยว และตัวแปรแฝงภายใน 4 ตัวแปร คือ ความพึงพอใจในกิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยว คุณค่าที่ได้รับ ความพึงพอใจรวม และความภักดีต่อแหล่งท่องเที่ยวผลการศึกษา พบว่า แบบจำลองที่สร้างขึ้นมีความเข้มแข็งเพียงพอที่จะใช้อธิบายพฤติกรรมของนักท่องเที่ยวต่างชาติภายใต้สถานการณ์ที่แตกต่างกันได้ เนื่องจากความแตกต่างของสถานการณ์ไม่ได้ทำให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงในระดับโครงสร้างพฤติกรรม มีแต่เพียงการเปลี่ยนแปลงภายในโครงสร้างพฤติกรรมของนักท่องเที่ยวต่างชาติเท่านั้น จากกรณีศึกษาของประเทศไทย พบว่า ไม่ว่าจะเกิดวิกฤตการณ์ใดๆ ก็ตาม บรรยากาศทางสังคมของความไทยยังคงเป็นภาพลักษณ์ที่สำคัญที่สุด แต่ราคาเริ่มมีความสำคัญเพิ่มขึ้นหลังจากเกิดวิกฤตการเมือง โดยภาพลักษณ์ที่เปลี่ยนแปลงอันเป็นผลมาจากวิกฤตการเมืองที่เกิดขึ้น มีผลทำให้ค่าอิทธิพลของภาพลักษณ์ที่มีต่อความพึงพอใจในกิจกรรมท่องเที่ยวเพิ่มขึ้น แต่ค่าอิทธิพลที่มีต่อความพึงพอใจรวมและความภักดีต่อการท่องเที่ยวไทยกลับลดลง แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม เหตุการณ์วิกฤตการเมืองที่เกิดขึ้นจะส่งผลต่อภาพลักษณ์การท่องเที่ยวไทยในช่วงระยะเวลาสั้นๆ ดังนั้นในระยะสั้นจึงยังไม่จำเป็นที่จะต้องเร่งรีบในการปรับปรุงภาพลักษณ์ แต่ควรสร้างความเชื่อมั่นและฟื้นฟูสภาพบรรยากาศของความเป็นไทย ; The objective of this article is to study and test the causal relationships between the destination image and international tourist behaviors as well as destination loyalty of Thai tourism during the Thai political crises between October 2008 to May 2009. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The model consists of 19 observable variables, one external latent variable, destination image, and four internal latent variables, attribute satisfaction, perceived value, total satisfaction and destination loyalty. The results ofthe study show that the constructed model is strong enough to be used to test the behaviors of international tourists under different circumstances. This is so because the differences in circumstances do not lead to changes in behavior at the overall structure level, but rather tochanges within the behavioral structure of international tourists only. It was found that whatever crisis that has occurred in Thailand, the social atmosphere of "Thainess" remains the most important destination image of Thai tourism. However prices have been found to be increasingly important after the occurrence of the political crises. Changes in destination image due to political crises do have influence on international tourists' satisfaction on individual tourism activities, though the impact on the overall satisfaction and destination loyalty has been found to fairly small. The impact of the political crises on destination image of Thai tourism is more of short term nature. Therefore, in the short run there is no necessity to urgently improve destination image, but rather to create confidence and restore the social atmosphere of Thainess.

In Deutschland gelingt bislang nur wenigen internationalen Wissenschaftler*innen der Zugang zu einer Universitätsprofessur. Dies zeigt sich im internationalen Maßstab, aber auch im Vergleich mit dem sonstigen wissenschaftlichen Personal an Universitäten. Das Forschungsprojekt InWiDeHo hat untersucht, ob und ggf. welche Hürden beim Übergang von der Postdoc-Phase auf eine Professur für diese Personengruppe bestehen. Der Bericht stellt die Kernbefunde und Handlungsempfehlungen der qualitativen Studie vor, für die im Rahmen von Expert*inneninterviews internationale Postdocs und Neuberufene sowie Mitglieder von Universitätsleitungen befragt wurden. Außerdem wurden Gruppendiskussionen mit Mitarbeitenden an Universitäten durchgeführt.

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; In Mexico, most irrigation delivery systems consist of a network of open-channels with manually-operated control structures. Efficiencies of these systems typically are low. To improve water management in these systems, the Mexican government has attempted to modernize many irrigation projects (Reynosa, Apatzingan, Valle del Mezquital, and Santiago among others) using automatic self-leveling check structures. However, problems have emerged with the operation of these structures, causing dissatisfaction among water users. The Santiago Irrigation System (SIS) began operating in 1998. Its main distribution system consists of open channels regulated by self-leveling gates and constant flow modules. Low-pressure pipelines deliver water to individual plots. During the first three years of operation, inadequate water level regulation with the automated gates caused water distribution problems that ultimately affected crop productivity. This negative situation encouraged users to take control over the irrigation system and to revert to the traditional manual operation. To help address the technical issues, an experimental channel was built at the University of Zacatecas. The channel was expected to help researchers develop a better understanding of the hydraulic theory and operation of this type of structures and to help solve practical installation and operational problems. This paper describes our experience rehabilitating and calibrating AVIS and AVIO self-leveling gates; it also describes the sequence of operations that must be followed for the adequate management of the automated structures in the SIS main network.

Dispatches from the Frontlines analyzes some of the world's most contentious hotspots. It focuses on such compelling global issues as Third World development, the role of the state, corporatism, and foreign aid. This is a thought-provoking book for anyone interested in foreign policy, comparative politics, and international affairs.

Seit 2007 handeln die Vertragsparteien der Klimarahmenkonvention den "REDD-Mechanismus" aus, mit dem für Entwicklungsländer ein finanzieller Anreiz geschaffen werden soll, Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der Emissionen aus Entwaldung zu ergreifen. Der Autor geht der Frage nach, ob mit diesem Mechanismus ein neuer, effektiverer Ansatz zur Ausgestaltung von Ressourcentransfers im Umweltvölkerrecht und zur stärkeren Einbeziehung von Entwicklungsländern in den internationalen Klimaschutz eingeführt wird. Zugleich untersucht er, ob das dem Mechanismus zugrunde liegende Konzept, Mittel erfolgsbasiert und erst ex post bereitzustellen, mit dem zentralen umweltvölkerrechtlichen Prinzip der "gemeinsamen, aber unterschiedlichen Verantwortlichkeit" vereinbar ist. Die Analyse bestätigt dies und zeigt, dass das Instrument letztlich sogar eine dynamische Weiterentwicklung des Prinzips widerspiegelt, im Rahmen derer sich die Eigenverantwortung von Entwicklungsländern im Bereich des internationalen Umweltschutzes verstärkt. Die Arbeit thematisiert auch potentielle Risiken, denen die Staaten bei Umsetzung des Mechanismus Rechnung tragen sollten

"This volume analyses South American regional and international cooperation during the COVID19 crisis started in 2020. Across thirteen chapters a collection of leading experts address how regional collaboration has developed, evolved, and recoiled. The chapters explore the state of regionalism at the pandemic surge and the challenges and opportunities this situation has opened for regional and international cooperation. Authors analyze the role of extra-regional powers and traditional regional leaders during the pandemic, identifying the extent to which regional cooperation has been possible across several policy agendas. They argue that fragmented visions of regionalism, ideological polarization, and weak leadership, has prevailed from before the pandemic which, accompanied by adverse interactions among major powers, has ensured that cooperation has remained bilateral rather than regional. Ultimately all these factors have created a complex scenario in which disintegration dynamics have emerged, darkening, even more, the South American regional panorama. Regional and International Cooperation in South America After Covid will be an invaluable resource for students, scholars and policy specialists of regionalism and regional integration, Latin American studies, international relations and international political economy"--