Suchergebnisse

ÖZET: Hayvancılık, Çad'ın gelişmekte olan bir ülke olarak önemli bir ekonomik bileşenidir. Petrol sektöründen sonra genel olarak ülkenin GSYİH'sini paylaşmaktadır. Önemine rağmen, bu sektör bir takım kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya. Bu kısıtlamaları araştırmak için, bu çalışma hayvancılık politikasını etkileyen faktörler araştırıldı. Çad'daki hayvancılık sektöründeki iyileşmenin, Hükümet tarafından halihazırda ele alınan politika kısıtlamalarından etkilendiği varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın belirli bir araştırma amacı Çad'da hayvancılık politikasının uygulamadaki zayıf yönlerini ve güçlü yönlerini analiz etmektir; hayvancılık politikası uygulamasını incelemenin yanı sıra. Bu araştırmada kullanılan yöntem hem niteliksel hem de nicelikseldir ve birincil ve ikincil olmak üzere iki veri kaynağına dayanır. Hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasına ilişkin temel veriler, hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasını etkileyen parametreleri belirlemek için hayvancılık ve paydaşlık bakanlığında çalışan kamu görevlilerine yönelik anketler kullanılarak bir anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Anket sonuçları, hem nicel hem de nitel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma, nicel betimsel analizin sonucuna dayandı. İstatistikler, Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik Paketi (SPSS) programı ile yürütülen analiz sonrası demografik özelliklerin ve çalışma faktörlerinin bir özetini ve açıklamasını verir. Açık uçlu soruların sonucu nitel analizde tartışılmış ve cevaplayıcılardan her birinin en önemli üçünü seçmelerini istemek için ek sorular eklenmiştir. nitel analiz. Analizlerin sonuçları, araştırmanın nitel kısmından gelen yanıtlar, ilgili çalışmaların sonuçları ve araştırma bulgularına genel bir bakış açısı sağlamak için Çad Hayvancılık Dairesi'nden gelen hayvancılık istatistik verileriyle daha da doğrulanmıştır. Ortalama ve frekans dağılımı gibi tanımlayıcı istatistikler de kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın ana bulguları, hayvancılık geliştirme politikasının dört faktörden etkilendiğini göstermiştir: hayvancılık verimlilik sistemleri; ekonomik çevre; kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim; ve insan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi. Çalışmanın sonuçları, hayvancılık üretim sistemindeki faktörler arasında, hayvancılık politikasına etkileri bakımından, geniş üreme sistemleri bulunduğunu; hayvan sağlığı sorunları; ve veteriner eczanesi. Ekonomik ortamda, faktörler mezbaha modernizasyonunun eksikliğidir; hayvan pazarı sistemlerinin modernizasyonunun eksikliği; hayvan ticareti pazarlama sistemlerinin eksikliği; ve önceliklendirme hayvancılık bütçesi eksikliği. Kamu yönetiminde ve yönetişimde tanımlanan faktörler, önceliklendirme yapan hayvancılık politikasının eksikliğidir; uygunsuz proje yönetimi; stratejik yönetim kapasitesi eksikliği; ve kapasite geliştirme yönetiminin eksikliği. İnsan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi ve politikasının yönetiminde, etkileyici faktörler, esas sistem ilkelerinin uygulanmasının eksikliğidir; yöneticilerin değerlendirilmemesi; ve eğitim ve uzatma eksikliği. Öneriler, proje yönetimini geliştirmek için politika oluşturma ve uygulamada yer alan kurumlar arasındaki işbirliğini güçlendirmek amacıyla dört faktör etrafında sunulmuştur; Hayvancılık politikasını, ekonomik perspektifi içeren kapsamlı bir yaklaşım gerektiren karmaşık bir sorun olarak ele almak; Gelişen bir sistem olarak hayvancılık politikası vizyonunu modernize etmek. Bu tavsiyeler, hayvancılık politikasının daha fazla uygulanmasını ilgilendirmekte ve merkezi hükümetin ülke genelinde izlenmesi mümkün olan hayvancılık politikasındaki stratejisine atıfta bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bu önerilerin hepsi çok önemlidir, ancak bazıları kısa, orta ve uzun vadede yapılmalıdır. İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa numarası. TABLO LİSTESİ X ŞEKİL LİSTESİ XI KISALTMA LİSTESİ XII 1. ÇALIŞMA ARKA PLANI 1 1.1 Giriş 1 1.2 Araştırma Sorunu Beyanı 4 1.3 Çalışmanın Amacı 6 1.4 Araştırma Amaçı 7 1.5 Araştırma Soruları 7 1.6 Araştırma Hipotezi 8 1.7 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodolojisi 8 1.8 Çalışmanın Önemi 9 1.9 Tez Bölümlerinin Anahatları 9 2. LITERATÜR TARAMASI, POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 11 2.1 Giriş 11 2.2 Politika Tanımları 12 2.3 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI 14 2.3.1 Açıklayıcı Modeller 16 2.3.2 Açıklayıcı Modellerin Uygulanması 16 2.3.3 Reçeteli Modeller 17 2.3.3.1 Reçete Modellerinin Uygulanması 18 2.3.4 Rasyonel Yaklaşım 22 2.3.5 Politik yaklaşım 24 2.3.6 Uygulama teorisi: Sistem Modeli 25 2.3.7 AŞAĞIDAN YUKARIYA VE YUKARIDAN AŞAĞIYA YAKLAŞIMLAR 27 2.3.7.1 Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşım 28 2.3.7.2 Aşağıdan Yukarıya Yaklaşım 28 2.3.7.3 Aşağıdan Yukarıya ve Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşımların Sentezi 29 2.3.8 BAŞARILI VE BAŞARISIZ UYGULAMA NEDİR? 34 2.4 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE: HAYVANCILIK UYGULAMASININ POLİTİKASI 36 2.4.1 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASINDAN ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 36 2.5 HAYVANCILIK POLİTİKASININ UYGULAMASINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 42 2.5.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemleri 42 2.5.1.1 Geniş Kapsamlı Islah Sistemi 42 2.5.1.2 Hayvan Sağlığı Sorunları 43 2.5.1.3 Veteriner Eczacılığı 43 2.5.2 Ekonomik Çevre 44 2.5.2.1 Hayvancılık Pazarlama Sistemleri 44 2.5.2.2 Hayvancılık Pazar Sistemleri 44 2.5.2.3 Olumlu Tedbir Eksikliği 45 2.5.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 45 2.5.3.1 Politika Yönetimi 45 2.5.3.2 Kamu Yönetimi 47 2.5.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme Yönetimi 48 2.5.4.1 Eğitim ve yazışmalı 49 2.5.4.2 Araştırma Hizmetleri 49 2.5.5 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanması 50 2.5.6 Stratejik Planlama için Devlet Koordinasyonu 52 2.5.7 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Yönelik Tutumları 54 2.5.8 Hayvancılık Planlama ve Bilgi Hizmetleri Livestock 56 2.5.8.1 Hayvancılık Teknolojisinin Sağlanması 57 2.6 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 57 2.6.1 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ELEMANLARI 58 2.6.1.1 Politika İçeriği 58 2.6.1.2 Uygulama İçeriği 59 2.6.1.3 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Taahhüdü 60 2.6.1.4 Politika Uygulama Kapasitesi 61 2.6.1.5 Uygulama İçin Müşterilere ve Koalisyonlara Destek 62 2.6.2 Kavramsal Çerçeve 65 2.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 66 3. ÇAD'IN SOSYO EKONOMİK ORTAMINA GENEL BAKIŞ VE LIVESTOCK POLİTİKA SİSTEMİ 68 3.1 Giriş 68 3.2 Ülke Profili 68 3.2.1 Kolonizasyon ve Bağımsız 69 3.2.2 Yönetim Seviyesi 70 3.2.3 Devlet ve Ssiyasi Durum 71 3.2.4 Doğal Kısıtlamalar 71 3.3.1 Sosyo-demografik ve Ekonomik Özellikle 72 3.3.2 Sosyoekonomik Kısıtlamalara Genel Bakış 73 3.3.3 Siyasi Kısıtlamalar 77 3.3.4 Çad'da Hayvancılık Sektörü Arka Planı 79 3.5 PASTORAL KALKINMA BAKANLIĞI ORGANİZASYONU ÇAD VE HAYVAN ÜRETİMİ 81 3.5.1 Hayvancılıkta Kurumsal Politika Çerçevesi 82 3.5.2. Hayvancılık Kurumsal Bağlantıları ve Ortaklığı 83 3.5.3 Hayvancılık Kuruluş Kuruluşları 83 3.5.4 Özel Sektör Kuruluşları 84 3.5.5 Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları 85 3.6 ENDÜSTRİYELLEŞME VE ÜRÜNÜN SINIRLARI İŞLEME 85 3.6.1 Mezbahaneler ve Kesim Alanları 86 3.6.2 İşlenmiş Ürün Faaliyetleri 86 3.6.3 Süt İşleme Üniteleri 88 3.6.4 Dönüşüm Birimleri 88 3.6.5 İşlenmiş Ürün Çeşitleri 88 3.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 89 4. METODOLOJİ METHODOLOGY 90 4.1 Giriş 90 4.2 Çalışmanın amacı 90 4.3 ARAŞTIRMA TASARIMI VE ANALİTİK MODELİ 91 4.3.1 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodoloji 91 4.4 Nüfus 94 4.5 Örnek 94 4.6 Anket Aracı 95 4.7 Veri Toplama 96 4.7.1 Pilot Testi 96 4.7.2 Gerçek Anket/Veri Toplama 97 4.8 Analiz 97 4.9 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 98 5. ÇALIŞMA VERİLERİNİN TOPLANMASI ANALİZİ 99 5.1 Giriş 99 5.2 Numunenin Demografik Profili 99 5.3 Çalışma Faktörleri 100 5.3.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörleri 101 5.3.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörleri 102 5.3.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 103 5.3.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Yönetimi 104 5.3.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 106 5.3.5.1 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanmasının Güçlü ve Zayıf Noktaları 106 5.3.5.2 Hayvancılık Stratejik Planlaması için Devlet Koordinasyonunda Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 107 5.3.5.3 Uygulayıcıların Hayvancılık Politikasına Karşı Tutumlarında Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 108 5.4 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 109 6. BULGULARIN TARTIŞMASI, ÇALIŞMA ÖZETİ, SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 110 6.1 Giriş 110 6.2 Bulguların Özeti 110 6.2.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörü 110 6.2.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörü 111 6.2.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim Faktörü 111 6.2.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Faktörü Yönetimi 111 6.2.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 112 6.3 Bulguların Tartışılması 114 6.3.1 Hayvancılık verimlilik sistemi faktörleri ile ilişkileri ve geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni 114 6.3.2 Ekonomik çevre faktörleri ile geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 115 6.3.3 Kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim ve gelişmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 118 6.3.4 İnsan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi ile iyileştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 120 6.3.5 Araştırma Sorusuna Cevap 122 6.4 Öğütleme 143 6.5 Sonuç 161 Kaynakça 162 Ekler 173 Anket 190 --- ABSTRACT: Livestock is an important economic component of Chad as a developing country. It shares in overall country's GDP after the oil sector. In spite of its importance, this sector is facing a number of constraints. In order to explore those constraints, this study was investigated the factors that impact the livestock policy. It is hypothesized that the improvement of the livestock sector in Chad is affected by the policy constraints, already being addressed by the Government. A specified research objective of this study is to analyse the weaknesses and the strengths of livestock policy implementation in Chad; as well as to examine livestock policy implementation. The method used in this research both qualitative and quantitative and is based on two sources of data, primary and secondary. The primary data on the implementation of livestock policy were collected by using a survey through the questionnaires addressed to the public officers working at the Ministry of livestock and stakeholders to identify the parameters influencing the implementation of livestock policy. The survey results were analysed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods of analyses. The study relied on the result of the quantitative descriptive analysis. The statistics give a summary and description of the demographic aspects and the study factors after analysis run with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. The result of open-ended questions was discussed in qualitative analysis and additional questions were added to ask the respondents to select the most significant top three in each part of the three statement-questions each has five strong points and five weak points also were discussed in qualitative analysis. The results of the analyses were further substantiated by the responses from the qualitative part of the survey, by the results of related studies, and by livestock statistical data from the Department of the livestock of Chad to provide a general perspective on the research findings. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency distribution were also utilized. The main findings of this research showed that livestock development policy is influenced by four factors: livestock productivity systems; economic environment; public administration and Governance; and management of human resources development policy. The results of the study revealed that among the livestock production system factors in terms of their impact on livestock policy, there are extensive breeding systems; animal health issues; and veterinary pharmacy. In the economic environment, factors are lack of modernization of slaughterhouse; lack of modernization of livestock market systems; lack of livestock trade marketing systems; and lack of livestock budget prioritizing. In public administration and governance identified factors are lack of livestock policy prioritizing; inappropriate project management; lack of strategic management capacity; and lack of administration of the capacity building. And in management of human resources development and policy, the influencing factors are lack of application of the merit system principles; lack of evaluation of administrators; and lack of training and extension. The recommendations are presented around four factors, to improve project management strengthen the collaboration among the agencies involved in policy making and implementation; to address livestock policy as a complex problem which needs a comprehensive approach embracing economic perspective; to modernize vision of livestock policy as an evolving system. These recommendations concern the further implementation of livestock policy and refer to the strategy of the central government in livestock policy that could be pursued across the country. However, all of these recommendations are so important but some of them to be done in short, medium and long term. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF ABBREVIATION XII 1. STUDY BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem 4 1.3 Purpose of the Study 6 1.4 Research Objective 7 1.5 Research Questions 7 1.6 Research Hypothesis 8 1.7 Research Design and Methodology 8 1.8 Significance of the Study 9 1.9 Outline of Thesis Chapters 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Policy Definitions 12 2.3 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 14 2.3.1 Descriptive Models 16 2.3.2 Implication of Descriptive Models 16 2.3.3 Prescriptive Models 17 2.3.3.1 Implication of Prescriptive Models 18 2.3.4 Rational Approach 22 2.3.5 Political approach 24 2.3.6 Implementation theory: System Model 25 2.3.7 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES 27 2.3.7.1 Top Down Approach 28 2.3.7.2 Bottom Up Approach 28 2.3.7.3 Synthesis of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches 29 2.3.8 WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED IMPLEMENTATION? 34 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY 36 2.4.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 36 2.5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY 42 2.5.1 Livestock Productivity Systems 42 2.5.1.1 Extensive Breedıng System 42 2.5.1.2 Animal Health Issues 43 2.5.1.3 Veterinary Pharmacy 43 2.5.2 Economic Environment 44 2.5.2.1 Livestock Marketing Systems 44 2.5.2.2 Livestock Market Systems 44 2.5.2.3 Lack of Positive Measures 45 2.5.3 Public Administration and Governance 45 2.5.3.1 Policy Administration 45 2.5.3.2 Public Governance 47 2.5.4 Management of Human Resources Development 48 2.5.4.1 Training and Extension 49 2.5.4.2 Research Services 49 2.5.5 Implementation of Livestock Development Plans 50 2.5.6 Government Coordination for Strategic Planning 52 2.5.7 Attitudes of Implementers Towards the Policy 54 2.5.8 Livestock Planning and Information Services 56 2.5.8.1 Provision of Livestock Technology 57 2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 57 2.6.1 ELEMENTS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 58 2.6.1.1 Policy Content 58 2.6.1.2 Context of Implementation 59 2.6.1.3 Commitment of Implementers to the Policy 60 2.6.1.4 Capacity to Implement Policy 61 2.6.1.5 Support of Clients and Coalitions for Implementation 62 2.6.2 Conceptual Framework 65 2.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 66 3. OVERVIEW OF SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF CHAD AND LIVESTOCK POLICY SYSTEM 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Country Profile 68 3.2.1 Colonization and Independent 69 3.2.2 Administration level 70 3.2.3 Government and political situation 71 3.2.4 Natural Constraints 71 3.3.1 Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics 72 3.3.2 Overview of Socioeconomic Constraints 73 3.3.3 Political Constraints 77 3.3.4 Livestock Sector Background in Chad 79 3.5 ORGANISATION OF MINISTRY OF PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION OF CHAD 81 3.5.1 Institutional Policy Framework of Livestock 82 3.5.2. Livestock Institutional Linkages and Partnership 83 3.5.3 Livestock Associative Institutions 83 3.5.4 Private Sector Institutions 84 3.5.5 Non-Governmental Organisations 85 3.6 CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION AND PRODUCT PROCESSING 85 3.6.1 Slaughterhouses and Slaughter Areas 86 3.6.2 Processed Product Activities 86 3.6.3 Milk Processing Units 88 3.6.4 Transformation Units 88 3.6.5 Processed Product Varieties 88 3.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 89 4. METHODOLOGY 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 Purpose of the study 90 4.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYTICAL MODEL 91 4.3.1 Research Design and Methodology 91 4.4 Population 94 4.5 Sample 94 4.6 Survey Instrument 95 4.7 Data Collection 96 4.7.1 Pilot Test 96 4.7.2 Actual Survey/Data Collection 97 4.8 Analysis 97 4.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 98 5. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTION OF THE STUDY 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 The Demographic Profile of Sample 99 5.3 Study Factors 100 5.3.1 Livestock Productivity System Factors 101 5.3.2 Economic Environment Factors 102 5.3.3 Public Administration and Governance 103 5.3.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy 104 5.3.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points 106 5.3.5.1 Strong and weak points of Implementation of Livestock Development Plans 106 5.3.5.2 Strong Points and Weak point in Government Coordination for Livestock Strategic Planning 107 5.3.5.3 Strong Points and Weak point in Attitudes of implementers toward the Livestock policy 108 5.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 109 6. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 110 6.1 Introduction 110 6.2 Summary of Findings 110 6.2.1 Livestock Productivity System Factor 110 6.2.2 Economic Environment Factor 111 6.2.3 Public Administration and Governance Factor 111 6.2.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy Factor 111 6.2.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points 112 6.3 Discussion of Findings 114 6.3.1 Relationship between livestock productivity system factors and the three components of improved implementation services 114 6.3.2 Relationship between economic environment factors and the three components of improved implementation services 115 6.3.3 Relationship between public administration and governance and the three components of improved implementation services 118 6.3.4 Relationship between management of human resources development policy and the three components of improved implementation services 120 6.3.5 Answer to Research Question 122 6.4 Recommendation 143 6.5 Conclusion 161 Bibliography 162 Appendices 173 Questionnaires 190

In the last decade we witnessed a rapid rise of the online social media services. Although they were created in the early 2000's, their rise began in earnest after 2010 when their presence started to fundamentally alter the traditional media landscape. Today, their influence on the way our society consumes, curates and disseminates information is indisputable. With their wider adoption came also the first criticism, as well as a need to solve emerging legislative, ethical and societal issues. One line of research is to explain and quantify the sources of influence in online social services and investigate to what extent are these new social landscapes vulnerable to manipulation by third parties. This manipulation is often performed by using user's digital traces - a record of their activities on the online social service. These digital footprints have a potential to characterize users in more detail than what they themselves would be willing to share otherwise. For example, user's personality traits can be inferred indirectly from the content with which they interact through online services, and even their writing style on the written content they published could be used to infer their demographic characteristics. This opens opportunities for micro-targeting of users for various dubious purposes, for example by increasing their propensity to spread misinformation. Research described in this thesis shows that much can be learned about user engagement by using very little data - in our case only friendship connections between users and a single activation cascade. A single activation cascade means we only have one registration event per user. This data alone is sufficient to estimate, under certain assumptions, whether activation for each user was predominantly influenced by its peers with which they are connected (endogenous influence), or the exogenous factors which are external to the friendship network itself. Both endogenous and exogenous factors, for example mass media, are known to have a significant impact on the activity of users of online social media. The methodology developed in this thesis requires postulating an explicit endogenous influence model which governs interactions between pairs of users, while exogenous influence is assumed to act equally towards all users in the network. Several suitable endogenous influence models are proposed for the use with this methodology. First one is Susceptible-Infected model, commonly used in epidemiological modeling. Second one features a decay factor for the endogenous influence, which is a realistic assumption for in social systems. Third one features a logistic threshold for activation. Exogenous influence is modelled as an independent probability of activation which is, at any given time, equal for all non-activated users, although it may change in time. An inference method is developed where maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate relative magnitudes of endogenous and exogenous influence on users. These estimates can then be used to characterize influence of individual users. The computational scalability analysis is performed on simulated data to demonstrate that the inference method is able to scale to large social networks. Empirical data on over 20 thousand Facebook users is used for evaluation of the proposed inference method. Data is collected using three unique Facebook political survey applications which provided Facebook friendship relations between users and a single activation cascade - a single registration event per user. Referral links, which identify user's origin, are used as a proxy for user's activation type. Users whose referral links originated from Facebook are considered as endogenously activated while those whose referral links originated from an external website are considered as exogenously activated. Inference method is used to estimate the most probable source of influence for each user individually, as well as to asses the overall influence of different media channels (peer communication, Facebook advertisements, or external news media) on user's activations cascade. Ethical, methodological and technical issues regarding data collection in the context of online social media services is discussed. Guidelines on how to collect online social media data in an ethically principled way are provided, especially in the context of satisfying requirements for reproducible research. Estimating endogenous and exogenous influence in networks with a statistical methodology that is conceptually simple, yet powerful and efficient, is widely applicable to scientific domains where deciphering properties of spreading processes and external influences on complex networks is crucial for an explanation of new phenomena. ; Zadnjih deset godina svjedoci smo naglog uzleta popularsnosti online društvenih mreža. Iako postoje od ranih 2000-tih, njihov uspon je ozbiljno započeo tek nakon 2010. kada njihova prisutnost počinje fundamentalno mijenjati tradicionalne medije. Utjecaj online društvenih mreža na način na koji naše društvo konzumira, odabire i diseminira informacije je danas neporeciv. S njihovom širom upotrebom pojavile su se i prve kritike, kao i potreba za rješavanjem novonastalih legislativnih, etičkih i društvenih pitanja. Jedan smjer istraživanja pokušava objasniti i kvantificirati izvore utjecaja u online društvenim servisima i istražiti do koje mjere su oni podložni manipulaciji od treće strane. Ta manipulacija se često provodi korištenjem korisničkih digitalnih tragova - zapisa njihovih aktivnosti na online društvenim servisima. Navedeni digitalni otisci imaju potencijal za karakterizaciju korisnika s više detalja nego što su oni sami voljni otkriti. Primjerice, korisničke crte osobnosti i demografske karakteristike se mogu procjeniti indirektno preko sadržaja ili stila pisanja kojeg korisnici koriste na online servisu. Ovo otvara mogućnost za mikro-ciljanje (eng. micro-targeting) korisnika u svrhu različitih sumnjivih radnji ili propagande, primjerice povećavanjem njihove sklonosti da šire dezinformacije. Istraživanje opisano u ovoj disertaciji pokazuje da se mnogo toga može saznati o aktivnosti korisnika koristeći relativno malo podataka - u našem slučaju riječ je samo o podacima o prijateljskim vezama između korisnika i jednoj kaskadi širenja informacija, pri čemu informacija koja se širi odgovara činu registracije (aktivacije) korisnika na online društvenom servisu. Koristeći samo ove podatke moguće je, pod određenim pretpostavkama, zaključiti je li aktivacija svakog pojedinog korisnika pretežno uzrokovana zbog njegovih prijatelja s kojima su povezani (endogeni utjecaj) ili faktorima van društvene mreže (egzogeni utjecaj). Poznato je da i endogeni i egzogeni faktori, primjerice iz medija, imaju značajan utjecaj na aktivnost korisnika. U Poglavlju 1 opisana je motivacija i pregled područja istraživanja iz širenja informacija u online društvenim mrežama, kao i statističkih metoda koje se koriste prilikom modeliranja širenja informacija iz empirijskih podataka. Opisani su ciljevi doktorskog istraživanja koji se sastoje od definiranja modela endogenog i egzogenog širenja informacija u društvenim mrežama, razvoja metode za statističko zaključivanje parametara navedenih modela iz podataka, i evaluacije navedene metode na empirijskim podacima prikupljenih iz stvarnih online društvenih mreža. U Poglavlju 2 opisani su modeli širenja informacija koji se koriste u metodi statističkog zaključivanja razvijenoj u sklopu ovog doktorskog istraživanja. Metoda zahtjeva postuliranje izričitog modela endogenog utjecaja koji definira interakcije između parova korisnika. S druge strane, pretpostavka kod egzogenog utjecaja je da djeluje jednako prema svim korisnicima u društvenoj mreži. Predloženo je nekoliko primjerenih modela endogenog utjecaja koji se mogu koristiti u tu svrhu. Prvi je Susceptible-Infected model, često korišten u epidemiološkom modeliranju, gdje svaki trenutno aktivni korisnik ima nezavisnu priliku aktivirati bilo kojeg od svojih prijatelja u online društvenoj mreži, pri čemu se vjerojatnost aktivacije ne mijenja u vremenu. Drugi model pretpostavlja eksponencijalno opadajući utjecaj što znači da tijekom vremena korisnici imaju sve manju vjerojatnost aktivirati nekog od svojih prijatelja, što je realistična pretpostavka u društvenim interakcijama. U trećem modelu se vjerojatnost aktivacije mijenja s brojem prethodno aktiviranih prijatelja prema logističkoj funkciji, što znači da postoji prag broja prethodno aktiviranih prijatelja koji se mora dostići prije nego vjerojatnost aktivacije dostigne značajnu vrijednost. Egzogeni utjecaj je modeliran kao nezavisna vjerojatnost aktivacije koja je, u svakom danom trenutku, jednaka za sve još neaktivne korisnike, iako se može mijenjati u vremenu. Modeli endogenog i egzogenog utjecaja objedinjeni su unutar funkcije izglednosti (eng. likelihood) koja daje vjerojatnost svake kombinacije parametara modela, uvjetno s obzirom na promatrane podatke koji se u ovom slučaju sastoje od mreže prijateljstva između korisnika i vremena njihove aktivacije. U Poglavlju 3 opisana je razvijena metoda statističkog zaključivanja koja koristi maksimalnu izglednost (eng. maximum likelihood) za pronalaženje parametara endogenog i egzogenog utjecaja. Ti parameteri se potom koriste za procjenu relativne magnitude endogenog i egzogenog utjecaja na korisnika pomoću mjere egzogene odgovornosti (eng. exogenous responsibility) koja na skali od 0 do 1 kvantificira koliko je na korisnikovu aktivaciju utjecao egzogeni utjecaj, pri čemu veća vrijednost označava jači egzogeni utjecaj. Definiraju se i mjere individualnog i kolektivnog utjecaja (eng. individual and collective influence) koje kvantificiraju utjecaj pojedinog korisnika i grupe korisnika na aktivacije njihovih prijatelja u društvenoj mreži, pri čemu se uzima u obzir samo endogena komponenta utjecaja. Metoda statističkog zaključivanja koristi metodu maksimalne izglednosti za procjenu fiksnog skupa parametera endogenog utjecaja koji su isti za sve korisnike i ne mijenju se u vremenu. S druge strane, egzogeni utjecaj se procjenjuje u svakom vremenskom trenutku zasebno pa broj parametara ovisi o broju diskretnih vremenskih trenutaka. U realnim primjenama gdje se zahtjeva određena vremenska granulacija egzogenog utjecaja to uvijek rezultira prevelikim brojem parametara za izravnu procjenu metodom maksimalne izglednosti. Zbog toga je razvijena alternirajuća optimizacijska metoda gdje se parametri endgenog i egzogenog utjecaja naizmjence fiksiraju kako bi se smanjio broj parametara koji se optimiraju u svakoj iteraciji algoritma. Manji broj parametara omogućuje da se optimizacija provede nekom od standardnih metoda numeričke optimizacije. Iako ne postoji teorijska garancija konvergencije metode, praksa pokazuje da je za konvergenciju svih parametara potrebno svega nekoliko iteracija algoritma. Provedena je analiza računske skalabilnosti kako bi se pokazalo da predložena alternirajuća metoda statističkog zaključivanja skalira čak i na velike društvene mreže od preko 20 tisuća korisnika. Evaluacija je prvo provedena na simuliranim podacima pri čemu su aktivacijske kaskade korisnika simulirane prema jednom od tri predložena modela endogenog utjecaja. Egzogeni utjecaj dizajniran je tako da sadrži nekoliko distinktnih eksponencijalno-opadajućih šiljaka u vremenu. Ovo je obrazac koji se često opaža u empirijskim podacima, primjerice kad medijske objave uzrokuju porast interesa i pojačanu aktivaciju korisnika. Predložena metoda statističkog zaključivanja sposobna je precizno odrediti stvarne parametre endogenog i egzogenog utjecaja u simuliranom slučaju, kao i stvarni razlog aktivacije svakog pojedinog korisnika, koristeći samo podatke o mreži prijateljstava između korisnika i vrijeme aktivacije svakog pojedinog korisnika. Provedeni su opsežni eksperimenti na simuliranim podacima gdje je pokazano da metoda dobro radi i na proizvoljnim krivuljama egzogenog utjecaja. Također, rezultati su uspoređeni s onima dobivenima jednostavnom osnovnom (eng. baseline) metodom gdje su svi korisnici koji u trenutku aktivacije nisu imali drugih aktiviranih prijatelja proglašeni egzogeno aktiviranima. Ova jednostavna metoda podcjenjuje stvarni broj egzogeno aktiviranih korisnika, pogotovo pred kraj aktivacijske kaskade kada je većina korisnika u mreži već aktivirana. Zbog specifičnog načina prikupljanja podataka o korisnicima - korisnici koji čine mrežu prijateljstava su svi oni koji se u konačnici aktiviraju, mreža prijateljstava se pred kraj aktivacijske kaskade zasiti s aktiviranim korisnicima što ne odražava stvarno stanje u društvenoj mreži. Ovaj efekt nazivamo pristranost opažača (eng. observer bias) i on uzrokuje precjenjivanje egzogenog utjecaja kako se približavamo kraju aktivacijske kaskade. Kako bi se on izbjegao u funkciju izglednosti dodan je korekcijski faktor. U Poglavlju 2 opisana je metodologija prikupljanja podataka korištenih u empirijskoj evaluaciji. Za empirijsku evaluaciju su korišteni podaci o preko 20 tisuća korisnika društvene mreže Facebook. Podaci su prikupljeni pomoću tri online političke ankete koje koriste Facebook Graph programsko sučelje za registraciju korisnika. Ankete su provedene na hrvatskom jeziku i vezane su za tri različita politička događaja u Hrvatskoj - referendum o pitanju ustavne definicije braka iz 2013. i parlamentarne izbore 2015. i 2016. godine. Prikupljeni podaci sadrže informaciju o prijateljskim poveznicama između korisnika i samo jednu aktivacijsku kaskadu - vrijeme registracije svakog pojedinog korisnika. Referencijske poveznice (eng. referral links), koje identificiraju porijeklo korisnika, su korištene kao aproksimacija za korisnikov tip aktivacije. Korisnici čija je referencijska poveznica potekla s Facebooka su smatrani endogeno aktiviranima, dok su oni čija je referencijska poveznica potekla s vanjske web stranice smatrani egzogeno aktiviranima. Anketne aplikacije su bile aktivne otprilike tjedan dana prije samog dana glasanja i tijekom tog vremena su privukle medijsku pozornost online novinskih portala koji su u svojim objavama dijelili poveznicu na aplikacije. U trenucima takvih objava vidljiv je skok u registraciji korisnika na anketne aplikacije što ukazuje na egzogeni utjecaj jer se korisnici registriraju na aplikaciju potaknuti vanjskim izvorom. S druge strane, struktura mreže prijatelja ukazuje na efekt homofilije - korisnici se pretežno povezuju s drugim korisnicima koji dijele njihove političke stavove, ili su im slični po nekim drugim karakteristikama (primjerice starosti), što ukazuje na endogeni utjecaj. Eksploratorna analiza prikupljenih podataka pokazuje da su strukturalne karakteristike mreže prijateljstava i statističke karakteristike demografije korisnika reprezentativne za hrvatski Facebook prostor. Raspravlja se i o etičkim, metodološkim i tehničkim aspektima prikupljanja podataka u kontekstu online društvenih mreža. Predstavljene su i smjernice za prikupljanje podataka s online društvenih mreža na etički prihvatljiv način, tako da se istovremeno poštuju privatnost korisnika, uvjeti korištenja online društvenih servisa kao i zahtjevi za reproducibilnost provedenog istraživanja. Empirijska evaluacija predložene metode statističkog zaključivanja opisana je u Poglavlju 4. Pomoću prikupljenih empirijskih podataka procjenjuje se najvjerojatniji izvor utjecaja za svakog korisnika zasebno, kao i ukupni utjecaj svakog komunikacijskog kanala (komunikacija između korisnika, Facebook oglasi, vanjski medijski izvori) na korisničku aktivacijsku kaskadu. Kao metrika evaluacije koristi se površina ispod krivulje (eng. area under the curve - AUC) koja na empirijskim podacima postiže vrijednost od 0.7 do 0.8, što ukazuje na dobru diskriminacijsku moć predložene metode statističkog zaključivanja u kontekstu binarnog klasifikacijskog problema gdje se korisnici klasificiraju na endogeno i egzogeno aktivirane prema njihovim referencijskim poveznicama. Od komunikacijskih kanala kao najjutjecajnija se pokazala direktna komunikacija između korisnika, dok su se vanjski medijski izvori pokazali dominantni samo na jednom skupu podataka gdje udio egzogeno aktiviranih korisnici čine većinu (preko 90\% od ukupnog broja korisnika). Provedena je i usporedba predložene mjere individualnog utjecaja svakog pojedinog korisnika sa strukturalnim mjerama izračunatima iz mreže prijateljstava, pri čemu je najjača korelacija s Pagerank centralnošću. U sklopu ovog doktorskog istraživanja razvijena je metoda statističkog zaključivanja za procjenu endogenog i egzogenog širenja informacija u društvenim mrežama, no potencijalna primjena nadilazi primjenu u samo jednoj specifičnoj domeni. Identifikacija egzogenih utjecaja ima potencijalnu primjenu i u analizi financijskih sustava gdje vanjski utjecaji mogu imati ključnu ulogu u dinamici sustava. Također, paradigma identifikacije endogenog i egzogenog utjecaja potencijalno ima širu primjenu u modeliranju općenitih dinamičkih sustava gdje bi se pomoću takvih metoda identificirale ranjivosti sustava na vanjske šokove, kao i podložnost manipulaciji od trećih strana. Procjena endogenog i egzogenog utjecaja u mrežama sa statističkom metodologijom koja je konceptualno jednostavna, a opet snažna i učinkovita, široko je primjenjiva u znanstvenim područjima gdje je dešifriranje svojstava procesa širenja i vanjskog utjecaja na kompleksnim mrežama ključno za objašnjavanje novih pojava.

PENGARUH RASIO CAMEL DAN UKURAN BANK, KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERATING TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN PERBANKAN YANG TERDAFTARDI BEI PERIODE 2012-2014 TUKIMIN UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA Abstraksi EdaranBankIndonesia No.6/23/DPNPtanggal31Mei2004,tentangSistem PenilaianTingkat Kesehatan Bank Umum dan Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 tentang bank Indonesia bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesehatan bank dan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap perbankan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuiapakah rasio CAMEL, dan ukuran bank, kepemilikan manajerialsebagaivariabelmoderatingberpengaruh secara parsial dansecara simultan terhadappertumbuhanlaba pada perusahaanperbankan yangterdaftar di BEI(Bursa EfekIndonesia). Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan desain explanatory research. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 42 dengan teknik pengambilan sampling menggunakan purpossive sampling pada bank yang terdaftar di bursa efek Indonesia periode 2012-2014. Analisis univariat menggunakan staistik deskriftif, analisis bivariat menggunakan binary logistic dan analisis multivarial menggunakan binary logistic. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variabel rasio CAMEL, dan ukuran bank, kepemilikan manajerial secara parsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba bank dan secara simultan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Kata Kunci: Rasio CAMEL, Ukuran Bank, Kepemilikan Manajerial, Pertumbuhan Laba Latar Belakang Berdasarkan SuratEdaranBankIndonesia No.6/23/DPNPtanggal31Mei2004,tentangSistem PenilaianTingkat Kesehatan Bank Umum, dimana bank diwajibkan menyampaikan keterangandanpenjelasanyangberkaitandengankegiatanusahabankkepada publik dan Bank Indonesia secara tahunan serta bank wajib melakukan penilaian tingkat kesehatan bank. Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang RI Nomor 23 Tahun 1999 tentang Bank Indonesia yaitu: upaya untuk menjaga kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap perbankan agar tidak menyebabkan kesulitan pendanaan jangka pendek bagi Bank karena ketidaksesuaian antara arus dana masuk yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan arus dana keluar adalah dengan merubah kriteria agunan yang dijaminkan oleh Bank untuk memperoleh kredit atau pembiayaan berdasarkan prinsip syariah dari Bank Indonesia. Landasan Teori Pengertian Bank Berdasarkan UU Negara Republik Indonesia No. 10/1998 pasal 1 ayat 2 tentangPengertianBank menjelaskan bahwa: Badan usaha yang menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan dan menyalurkannya kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk kredit dan atau bentuk-bentuk lainnya dalam rangka meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyat banyak. Asas, Fungsi, dan Tujuan Bank Berikut ini adalah penjelasan dari asas, fungsi, dan tujuan bank, sebagai berikut : 1. Asas Bank a. Asas demokrasi ekonomi b. Asas kepercayaan (fiduciary principle) c. Asas kerahasiaan (Confidential Principle) d. Asas kehati-hatian (Prudential Principle) 2. Fungsi Bank Susilo, dkk (2008) menyatakan bahwa fungsi bank secara umum adalah sebagai berikut : a) Agent of Trust b) Agent of Development c) Agent of Services 3. Tujuan Bank Adapun tujuan bank sebagaimana yang diamanatkan oleh UU No.10 Tahun 1998 tentang perbankan adalah menunjang pelaksanaan pembangunan nasional dalam rangka meningkatkan pemerataan, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan stabilitas nasional ke arah peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat banyak. Kegiatan Usaha Bank Kegiatan usaha yang dapat dilakukan oleh bank umum menurut UU No.10 Tahun 1998 tentang perbankan meliputi : 1. Penghimpunan dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan berupa giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito, tabungan, dan bentuk lainnya yang dapat disamakan ataupun yang setara. 2. Pemberian kredit. 3. Penerbitan surat pengakuan hutang. 4. Pembeli, penjual, atau menjamin atas risiko sendiri maupun kepentingan dan atas perintah nasabahnya. 5. Pemindahan uang baik untuk kepentingan sendiri maupun nasabah. 6. Penempatan dana pada, meminjamkan dana dari atau meminjamkan dana kepada bank lain, baik dengan menggunakan surat, sarana telekomunikasi maupun dengan wesel unjuk, cheque, atau sarana lainnya. 7. Penerima pembayaran dari tagihan atas surat berharga dan melakukan perhitungan dengan atau antar pihak ketiga. 8. Penyediaan tempat untuk menyimpan barang dan surat berharga. 9. Pelaku kegiatan penitipan untuk kepentingan pihak lain berdasarkan suatu kontrak. 10. Pelaku penempatan dana dari nasabah kepada nasabah lainnya dalam bentuk surat berharga yang tidak tercatat di bursa efek. Jenis-Jenis Bank Jenis-jenis perbankan dapat ditinjau dari berbagai segi antara lain Kasmir (2012). Berdasarkan fungsinya bank dapat dibedakan menjadi 4 yaitu 1. Bank Sentral 2. Bank Umum. 3. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) 4. Bank Syariah Laporan Keuangan Bank Pengertian laporan keuangan menurut Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (SAK): Laporan keuangan adalah Menyediakan informasi yang menyangkut posisi keuangan, kinerja, serta perubahan posisi keuangan suatu perusahaan yang bermanfaat bagi sejumlah besar pemakai dalam pengambilan keputusan. Tujuan Laporan Keuangan Tujuan Laporan Keuangan menurut Fahmi (2013), memberikan informasi kepada pihak yang membutuhkan tentang kondisi suatu perusahaan dari sudut angka-angka dalam satuan moneter. Jenis Laporan Keuangan Menurut Kasmir (2012), ada lima jenis laporan keuangan, yaitu: Balance Sheet (Neraca) Income Statement (Laporan Laba Rugi)Laporan Perubahan Modal Laporan Arus KasLaporan Catatan atas Laporan Keuangan Pemakai Laporan Keuangan Menurut Syafri (2008) Pemakai laporan keuangan antara lain adalah Kreditur atau Banker: Menilai kondisi keuangan dan hasil usaha perusahaan dalam jangka pendek maupun dalam jangka panjang.Menilai kualitas jaminan kredit / investasi untuk menopang kredit yang akan diberikan.Melihat dan memprediksi prospek keuntungan yang mungkin diperoleh dari perusahaan atau menilai rate of return perusahaan. Menilai kemampuan likuiditas, solvabilitas, rentabilitas perusahaan sebagai dasar dalam pertimbangan keputusan kredit. Menilai sejauh mana perusahaan mengikuti perjanjian kredit yang sudah disepakati. Pertumbuhan Laba Perbankan Laba merupakan indikator bagi suatu usaha dalam menilai kinerja usaha tersebut selama periode tertentu. Semakin tinggi laba yang diperoleh menunjukan semakin baik kinerja dari manajemen perusahaan khususnya adalah perbankan. Komponen-Komponen Rasio CAMEL Pendekatan ini dilakukan dengan menilai faktor CAMEL dan Menurut Siamat (2005) komponen rasio CAMEL sebagai berikut : 1. Permodalan (Capital) Capital Adequancy Ratio (CAR) CAR adalah rasio yang memperlihatkan seberapa besar jumlah seluruh aktiva bank yang mengandung risiko ( kredit, penyertaan, surat berharga, dantagihan pada bank lain) ikut dibiayai dari modal sendiri disamping memperoleh dana-dana dari sumber- sumber di luar bank. 2. Kualitas Aktiva Produktif (Asset Quality) a) Aktiva Produktif Bermasalah (APB) Rasio ini menunjukkan kemampuan manajemen bank dalam mengelola aktiva produktif bermasalah terhadap total aktiva produktif. b) Non Performing Loan (NPL) Rasio ini menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan manajemen bank dalam mengelola kredit bermasalah yang diberikan oleh bank. 3. Rentabilitas (Earnings) a) Return On Assets (ROA) Rasio ini digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan manajemen bank dalam memperoleh keuntungan (laba sebelum pajak) yang dihasilkan dari rata-rata total aset bank bersangkutan. b) Return On Equity(ROE) Rasio ini digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja manajemen bank dalam mengelola modal tersedia untuk menghasilkan laba setelah pajak. c) Net Interest Margin (NIM) Rasio ini digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja manajemen dalam mengelola aktiva produktifnya untuk menghasilkan pendapatan bunga bersih dan melihat seberapa besar keuntungan bersih yang diperoleh. d) Beban Operasional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) Rasio ini digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja manajemen bank dalam mengendalikan biaya operasional terhadap pendapatan operasional. 4. Likuiditas (Liquidity) a) Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) Rasio ini digunakan untuk menilai likuiditas suatu bank, dengan cara membagi jumlah kredit yang diberikan oleh bank terhadap dana pihak ketiga. Ukuran (Size) Bank Size yang dimaksud adalah total asset yang dimiliki oleh bank, dimana total asset ini dapat dilihat pada total aktiva yang terdapat pada laporan keuangan bank tersebut pada bagian neraca. Kepemilikan Manajerial Kepemilikan manajerial adalah persentase saham yang dimiliki oleh manajemen yang secara aktif ikut dalam pengambilan keputusan perusahaan (komisaris dan direksi). . Kerangka Teoritis Pertumbuhan Laba Pada Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar di BEI Rasio CAMEL : 1.Permodalan (CAR,) 2.Aktiva Produktif (APB, NPL) 3.Rentabilitas (ROA, ROE,NIM, BOPO) 4.Likuiditas (LDR) Gambar 1. Kerangka Teoritis : Analisis Pengaruh Rasio CAMEL serta Ukuran Bank (Size) dan Kepemilikan Manajerial Sebagai Variabel Moderating Terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba Pada Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Variabel Dependen Ukuran bank dan kepemilikan manajerial Variabel moderating VARIABEL INDEPENDEN Hipotesis Berdasarkan rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu apakah rasio CAMEL, dan ukuran bank, kepemilikan manajerial berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap pertumbuhan laba bank yang terdaftar di BEI. Dijelaskan dalam landasan teori beberapa indikator pengukuran tingkat profitabilitas dimana beberapa indikator tersebut merupakan bagian dari komponen rasio CAMEL. Serta berdasarkan juga beberapa penelitian terdahulu yang menjelaskan pengaruh analisis rasio CAMEL terhadap pertumbuhan laba, maka hipotesis yang akan dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah :H0 : Rasio CAMEL, dan Ukuran Bank, Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagai variabel moderating tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI. Rasio CAMEL, dan Ukuran Bank, Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagai variabel moderating tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI. H1 : Rasio CAMEL, dan Ukuran Bank, Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagaivariabel moderating berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI.Pengaruh rasio CAMEL secara parsial terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI. Pengaruh rasio CAMEL dan Ukuran Bank sebagai variabel moderating secara parsial terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI.Pengaruh rasio CAMEL dan Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secara parsial terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI.H2 : Rasio CAMEL, dan Ukuran Bank, Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI.Pengaruh rasio CAMEL secara simultan terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan. Pengaruh rasio CAMEL dan Ukuran Bank sebagai variabel moderating secara simultan terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan.Pengaruh rasio CAMEL dan Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secara simultan terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan perbankan. Metode Penelitian JenisPenelitian Sugiyono (2012) menyebutkanbahwajenis penelitianmerupakansuaturencanadanstrukturpenyidikanyang dibuat sedemikian rupa agar diperoleh jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian.Dengankata lainbahwa dalamrencana penelitiantersebut mencakuphal-halyang dilakukan peneliti. Sedangkan struktur adalah kerangkaataususunandarihubungan - hubunganantar variabel-variabel dalam penelitian. Penelitianini bersifat kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian merupakan penjelasan(explanatory research)yang bertujuanuntukmengujihipotesisyang diajukanyang menyorotipengaruh antara variabelindependendenganvariabeldependendalampenelitian Populasi danSampel Populasi adalah wilayah generalisasi yang teridri dari atas obyek/subyek yang mempunyai kualitas dan karakteristik tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti untuk dipelajari dan kemudian di tarik kesimpulanya. Identifikasi dan Pengukuran Variabel Datayang ditelitidalam penelitian inidapatdikelompokkan menjaditiga variabel yaitu variabel independen, variabel dependen dan variabel moderating. SumberData Penelitianinimenggunakan1(satu)jenissumber data,yaitu:Data sekunderadalahdatayang diperolehdaritangan keduaataupihaklain.Dalam penelitianini,data sekunder diperolehdariAnnualReportBank-bank listingdiBEI padatahun2012-2014,IndonesianCapitalMarketDirectory (ICMD). MetodePengumpulanData Metode pengumpulandatapada penelitianiniadalahdenganberdasarkan padadatayangtelahadapadasumberdatasekunder. Datatersebutdapat diperoleh dariAnnualReportBank-bank yanglistingdiBEIpadatahun 2012-2014,IndonesianCapitalMarketDirectory(ICMD). MetodeAnalisis Data Langkahselanjutnyasetelah semuavariabeldiukur adalahmenganalisis data, uji univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat untuk menjelaskan pengaruh rasio keuangan terhadap pertumbuhan laba Metode penelitian merupakan penjelasan(explanatory research)yang bertujuanuntukmengujihipotesisyang diajukanyang menyorotipengaruh antara variabelindependendenganvariabeldependendalampenelitian Hasil dan pembahasan Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan untuk mengetahui rasio CAMEL, dan UkuranBank,Kepemilikanmanajerialsebagaivariabelmoderating berpengaruh secara parsial terhadappertumbuhanlabapadaperusahaanperbankanyangterdaftardi BEI. Pengujian tingkat parsial Berdasarkan uji hipotesisyang dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan ujiparsial binary logistic, dapat disimpulkanbahwa variabel rasio CAMEL (CAR, APB, NPL ,ROA,ROE, NIM, BOPO,LDR) secaraparsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan lababank yang terdaftar di BEI. Dan variabel rasio CAMEL (CAR, APB, NPL ,ROA,ROE, NIM, BOPO,LDR) dan ukuran bank sebagai variabel moderating secaraparsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan lababank bank yang terdaftar di BEI. Dan juga variabel rasio CAMEL (CAR, APB, NPL ,ROA,ROE, NIM, BOPO,LDR) dan kepemilikan manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secaraparsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan lababank bank yang terdaftar di BEI. Pengujian tingkat simultan Uji hipotesis kedua Pengujian hipotesisdilakukan untuk mengetahui rasio CAMEL, dan UkuranBank,Kepemilikanmanajerialsebagaivariabelmoderating berpengaruh secara simultan terhadappertumbuhanlaba padaperusahaanperbankanyangterdaftardi BEI. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis kedua yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini dapat dengan menggunakan uji regresibinary logistic,menunjukandapat disimpulkanbahwavariabelindependen(CAR,APB,NPL,ROA, ROE, NIM, BOPO, LDR) secara bersama-sama tidak berpengaruh secarasignifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Dan variabelindependen(CAR,APB,NPL,ROA, ROE, NIM, BOPO, LDR) danukuran banksebagai variabel moderating secara bersama-sama tidak berpengaruh secarasignifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Dan juga variabelindependen(CAR,APB,NPL,ROA, ROE, NIM, BOPO, LDR) dan Kepemilikan Manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secara bersama-sama tidak berpengaruh secarasignifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Kesimpulan dan saran Kesimpulan Berdasarkanhasilanalisis,pembuktianhipotesis, danpembahasanseperti yangtelahdiuraikansebelumnya,maka dalampenelitianinikesimpulanyang dapat diambil adalah sebagai berikut: Hasildari penelitiansecaraparsialrasioCAMEL (CAR, APB, NPL,ROA,ROE, NIM, BOPO,LDR)secara parsial tidakberpengaruh signifikanterhadappertumbuhanlaba bank yang terdaftar di BEI.Hasildari penelitiansecaraparsialrasio CAMEL (CAR, APB, NPL,ROA,ROE, NIM, BOPO,LDR) dan ukuran bank sebagai variabel moderating secara parsial tidakberpengaruh signifikanterhadappertumbuhanlaba bank yang terdaftar di BEI.Hasildari penelitiansecaraparsialrasio CAMEL (CAR, APB, NPL,ROA,ROE, NIM, BOPO,LDR) dan kepemilikan manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secara parsial tidakberpengaruh signifikanterhadappertumbuhanlaba bank yang terdaftar di BEI.Hasildari penelitiansecarasimultanvariabelCAMEL(CAR,APB,NPL,ROA,ROE,NIM,BOPO,LDR)secarabersama-sama tidakberpengaruh signifikanterhadap pertumbuhan laba.Hasildari penelitiansecarasimultanvariabelCAMEL(CAR,APB,NPL,ROA,ROE,NIM,BOPO,LDR) dan ukuran bank sebagai variabel moderating secarabersama-sama tidakberpengaruh signifikanterhadap pertumbuhan laba.Hasildari penelitiansecarasimultanvariabelCAMEL(CAR,APB,NPL,ROA,ROE,NIM,BOPO,LDR) dan kepemilikan manajerial sebagai variabel moderating secarabersama-sama tidakberpengaruh signifikanterhadap pertumbuhan laba. saran Berdasarkanketerbatasan-keterbatasantadi,makaadabeberapasaranbagi peneliti selanjutnyaantaralain sebagai berikut : 1. Penelitianhanyaberdasarkanpadalaporanyang dipublikasikandanbelum seluruhnyamenggambarkankondisiperbankansecara utuh. Disarankanuntukpenelitiselanjutnyamelakukanpenelitianyang lebih baik. 2. Menggunakanindikatoryangberbedadarivariabelyangdigunakanpada penelitianini misalnya untukUkuranBank(SIZE) tidakhanya menggunakan jumlah DAFTARPUSTAKA Almilia,Luciana SpicadanWinnyHerdiningtyas (2005).AnalisisRasio CAMEL Terhadap PrediksiKondisiBermasalahPada Lembaga Perbankan Periode 2000-2002Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Vol. 7 No.2 November2005. Bank Indonesia No. 6/ 23/ DPNP, (2004). Sistem Penilaian TingkatKesehatanBank Umum. www.bi.go.id. Fahmi, Irham (2012). Analisis Laporan Keuangan. Cetakan ke-2. Bandung: Alfabeta Fahmi, Irham. (2013). Pengantar Manajemen Keuangan. Bandung : Alfabeta. Ghozali, Imam (2011). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Lanjutan dengan Program SPSS. Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Ghozali, Imam dan A. Chariri (2011). Teori Akuntansi. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Harahap, Sofyan Syafri (2011). Analisis Kritis Atas Laporan Keuangan. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada Harjono, Desy Natalia (2006). Pengaruh Analisis Rasio CAMEL dan Besaran (Size)Terhadap ertumbuhan Laba Pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah di Indonesia Periode Tahun 2002-2004. Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia (2015). Standar Akuntansi Keuangan, Penerbit Salemba Empat, Jakarta. Ismail, Solihin (2012). manajemen strategik. jakarta :erlangga Kasmir (2012). Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan Lainnya. Jakarta : Raja Grafindo persada Leoni Widi Harsari (2008). Analisis Rasio keuangan Terhadap Perubahan Laba Pada Perusahaan Asuransi yang Terdaftar di BEJ Periode 2001-2005. Almilia, Luciana Spica (2005). Analisis Rasio CAMEL Terhadap Prediksi Kondisi Bermasalah Pada Lembaga Perbankan Periode 2000-2002. Malayu, Hasibuan S.P., 2011. Dasar – dasar perbankkan. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta Novarina, Kristiani (2004). Analisis Rasio Aktiva Produktif dan Rentabilitas Untuk Memprediksi Pertumbuhan Laba Pada Bank Umum Swasta Nasional Devisa dan Non Devisa Periode Tahun 2002-2004. Panduan skripsi fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Tanjungpura 2015 Peraturan BankIndonesia. SistemPenilaianTingkatKesehatanBank Umum. www.bankindonesia.co.id. Prasetyo, Wahyu(2006).PengaruhRasioCAMELTerhadapKinerjaKeuanganPadaBankPeriode tahun 2001-2005. Santoso, Lukman. (2011). Hak dan Kewajiban Hukum Nasabah Bank. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Yustisia. Siamat, Dahlan (2013).PerbankandanLembaga-LembagaKeuangan.JavaPustakaMediaUtama. Surabaya. Sitorus, Maurin (2005). Peranan Rasio Keuangan Sebagai Salah Satu Alat Dalam Memprediksi Laba Perusahaan Pada Bisnis Jasa dan Manufaktur Periode Tahun 2002-2003. Sugiyono (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung : Alfabeta Sugiyono (2012). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung : Alfabeta. Susilo, Y. Sri., Sigit Trindaru dan A. Totok Budi Santoso (2012). Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan Lain. Jakarta. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Tarjo dan Jogiyanto, (2013). Analisis Free Cash Flow dan KepemilikanManajerial terhadap Kebijakan Utang pada Perusahaan Publik di Indonesia.Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VI, Surabaya. UUNo.10/1998. PengertianBank. www.bankindonesia.co.id. Wibowo, Beni Nugroho Tri (2007). Analisis Pengaruh Rasio-rasio Keuangan Terhadap Prediksi Pertumbuhan Laba Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia Periode Tahun 2000-2005. Zainudin dan Jogiyanto, Hartono (2009). Manfaat Rasio Keuangan Dalam Memprediksi Pertumbuhan Lab

Med bevægelsen væk fra 70ernes og 80ernes reguleringsmekanismer præget af tilsyn, kontrol og påbud, over renere teknologi og selv-regulering i 90erne, er det nye årtusinde karakteriseret ved en partnerskabstankegang og brug af netværk som mekanisme til at fremme grønne markeder og en miljøvenlig privatsektor. Fortrinsvist siden Rio Topmødet i 1992 har virksomheder i stadig højere grad efterspurgt og deltaget i partnerskaber med offentlige parter, herunder regeringer, internationale organisationer og NGO'er; partnerskaber, der har til formål at medvirke til aktiviteter til sikring af en bæredygtig udvikling. Partnerskaber er blevet mere fremherskende i takt med at virksomheder reagerer på et stadigt stigende pres fra forskellige interessenter, herunder civilsamfundet, nationale og lokale myndigheder, i forhold til ansvarligheden af deres handlinger. Såkaldte grønne netværk, renere teknologi centre og affaldsminimerings-klubber er nogle af de fremhævede alternative tilgange til traditionel myndighedsregulering. Mens disse alternativer bliver udnævnt som mulige løsninger for myndighederne i det globale Syd til at rette op på manglende miljølovgivning, tilsyn og kontrol, er det rent faktisk sådan, at de fleste eksempler på sådanne partnerskaber stammer fra lande i det globale Nord. Et af de mest succesrige offentlige-private partnerskaber i Danmark er Green Network beliggende i det tidligere Vejle Amt. I dette initiativ, der blev startet af de lokale myndigheder og erhvervslivet i amtet, er der i dag mere end 280 aktive partnere, dækkende såvel den offentlige som den private sektor, dvs. lokale virksomheder, offentlige institutioner og myndigheder. Netværket startede i 1994 og har siden da vokset i både omfang, indsats og vigtighed. Helt fundamentalt er dets formål at udvikle, afprøve og indføre nye former for samarbejde mellem de offentlige myndigheder og de private virksomheder. Til at starte på var redskabet til dette en frivillig miljøredegørelse (Grønt Regnskab), som især virksomhederne kunne gøre brug af. Som tiden er gået er der dog generelt kommet et både større og bredere dækkende pres på de offentlige institutioner og myndigheder såvel som virksomheder, og der stilles stigende krav til, hvad samfundsmæssigt ansvar dækker over. I takt hermed har både værktøjer og metoder – og deres brug – udviklet sig. Dette gælder i netværket såvel som i samfundet i bredere forstand. Selvom sådanne typer netværk kan anses for relativt succesfulde i en Nord kontekst, er ukritisk donorfinansieret overførsel af disse koncepter til Syd kontekster ofte mundet ud i i skuffende resultater. Det er nødvendigt at diskutere og være opmærksom på nøgleelementer i det institutionelle landskab og på institutionelle bæreres vigtighed for succesen af grønne netværk i Syd. Med reference til tidligere igangværende initiativer i Thailand, herunder specielt netværket Cleaner Production for Industrial Efficiency, samt den føromtalte succesfulde case Green Network her i Danmark, er det dette ph.d. projekts formål at undersøge og vurdere disse initiativer, diskutere dem i relation til en institutionel og interessent tilgang (til partnerskaber) og foreslå hvorledes de forskellige erfaringer kan forstås og relateres i forhold til et bistandsperspektiv. Der er dog en tostrenget tilgang til dette. På den ene side universitetets-samarbejder, som er den verden, jeg personligt befinder mig i, og på den anden en betoning af, at den private sektor så småt er ved at acceptere en bredere (end snævert økonomisk) funderet rolle i samfundet, herunder også en stigende tendens omkring partnerskaber og virksomhedernes medvirken heri. Dette sidste har ledt mange til at stille sig spørgende overfor, hvilke faktorer, der reelt motiverer virksomheder til at efterspørge og forfølge partnerskaber. Disse underliggende kræfter kan indeholde legitimitets-behov såvel som interessent-pres. Det er dog sådan, at med det konstante flow af opskrifter, standarder, regler osv., som virksomheder præsenteres for, afhænger deres overlevelse af evnerne til at kunne overskue dette flow, optage og indlejre relevante systemer og procedurer, og skille sig af med de unyttige eller de, der er eller bliver overflødige. Denne egenskab kalder Røvik (1998) "multi-standard organisationen", og han identificerer den ved fem fundamentale kapaciteter: • Høj absorptions kapacitet • En dekoblingskapacitet af de 'opskrifter', der ikke passer ind i virksomhedens kernefelt eller med andre 'opskrifter' • En kapacitet til at kunne oversætte nye 'opskrifter' hurtigt og effektivt • En afkoblingskapacitet, så brugen af 'opskrifter', der ikke længere er nyttige, kan stoppes, og • En lagrings- og reaktiveringskapacitet, så engang nyttige opskrifter hurtigt kan gendannes og bruges påny. En undersøgelse af Green Network viser at disse fem kendetegn, som er skitseret i Røvik's teorier, faktisk alle er tilstede i netværket. Green Network har udvist en forbløffende evne til at følge med i udviklingerne i relation til ideerne om økologisk modernisering og bæredygtig udvikling. De har i relation hertil kunnet følge trit med alle de vigtige udviklinger de seneste 15 år, optaget hvad de har fundet vigtigt og kasseret det, de ikke har fundet passende i forhold til deres egen visioner og programmer. De resulterende værktøjer, manualer og måder hvorpå viden udbredes er alle en refleksion af den særlige Green Network måde at gøre tingene på, det vil sige gør det ikke sværere end det er, samarbejd og del jeres viden med hinanden. Konklusionen er, at gennem dialog, refleksivitet og etableringen af en fremmende frem for begrænsende kontekst, kan offentlige private partnerskaber blive et ganske brugbart element i samfundets indsats for en bæredygtig udvikling. I relation til den thailandske kontekst må det siges, at de umiddelbare succeser med at indføre renere teknologier gennem en netværksbaseret tilgang er blevet afløst af frustrationer om endnu et bistandsdrevet projekt, der viste sig ubæredygtigt og kun korttids-holdbar. Det er på dette punkt, universiteternes rolle som centrale elementer i udvikling og innovation – 'universities as development hubs' – finder sin anvendelse. Gennem universitetskonsortier og -netværk er kapacitetsopbygning indenfor miljø og udvikling blevet indført og afprøvet gennem de seneste 10 år. Universiteter fra Afrika (Botswana og Sydafrika), Asien, (Malaysia og Thailand), Mellemamerika (Costa Rica, El Salvador og Nicaragua) og Europa (Danmark) har samarbejdet med studerende og forskere. Til at begynde med fokuserede nogle programmer på forskning og andre på uddannelse, men over tid er resultatet en kombination af højere uddannelse og forskning, der synes at være mere effektiv og relevant. Samarbejder med partnere både indenfor det offentlig og det private er blevet etableret og har vist sig succesrigt og til fælles gavn. Aktiviteterne i disse konsortier har indebåret udvikling af nye studier (herunder i flere tilfælde også et paradigme skifte til problem-orienteret og projekt-baseret læring), lærer- og studenter-udveksling, fælles forskningsprojekter og fælles udviklingskonferencer. Resultaterne har været lovende, ikke mindst i relation til de konkrete typer af aktiviteter, der er foregået, men også samlet set, hvor de i fællesskab bidrager til en overordnet kapacitetsopbygning indenfor højere uddannelse og til forbedrede udviklingsmuligheder og miljøforhold. En styrkelse af højere uddannelse anses for at være en forudsætning for økonomisk og demokratisk udvikling i alle lande, i- såvel som u-lande. Men, i særdeleshed i udviklingslande er der behov for speciel støtte, for eksempel gennem international bistand til programmer for højere uddannelse, herunder forskning og innovation i samarbejde med andre forskningsinstitutioner såvel som med myndigheder og virksomheder. Universiteter bør selvsagt spille en central rolle i sådanne globale anstrengelser for at styrke højere uddannelse. I samarbejde med eksterne partnere (eksempelvis private virksomheder, konsulenter, NGOer, og civilsamfundet generelt), lægges der her vægt på universiteternes rolle som nøgleaktører og formidlere af ny viden og læring, herunder udviklingsværktøjer som IKT og PBL; som formidlere af kompetente og motiverede kandidater, der kan indtræde i nøglepositioner i samfundet; og som uundværlige partnere i at skabe det innovative og selv-lærende samfund, som synes en nødvendighed for begrænse fattigdom og facilitere økonomisk og social fremgang. Reelt operationaliserbare modeller er måske stadig mangelfulde, men "Public-Private-Academic Partnerships" foreslås her som et realiserbart løsningsforslag og som et koncept til yderligere undersøgelse og modifikation. Nogle af resultaterne og disses implikationer er præsenteret i denne afhandling, og flere er dokumenteret i referencerne. Ganske kort, universiteter, i tæt samarbejde med de øvrige af samfundets aktører, er helt nødvendige for opbygningen og vedligeholdelsen af innovative og bæredygtige samfund. ; Moving from largely command and control measures in the 70s and 80s, through cleaner production and self-regulatory initiatives in the 90s, the emphasis in the new millennium is more on using networks and partnerships as levers for promoting a greening of industry. Predominantly since the 1992 Rio Summit, corporations have been increasingly pursuing these partnerships with public institutions including governments, international organizations and NGOs that aim to contribute to sustainable development activities. Partnerships have become more common as corporations react to mounting pressure from corporate stakeholders, civil society and government on the responsible nature of their business practices. So-called 'Green Networks', 'Cleaner Production Centres', 'Waste Minimisation Clubs' are among the highlighted alternatives to governmental regulation. While being promoted as an option for governments in the South to make up for lack of sufficient environmental legislation and enforcement, the majority of these examples, however, stem from countries in the North. In terms of public–private partnerships, one of the foremost Danish initiatives is the Green Network in the former county of Vejle. This initiative, initiated by local governments and businesses in the county, currently involves more than 280 partners from both the private and the public sectors (local companies, public bodies and local governments). The network started in 1994 and has grown in size and importance ever since. Fundamentally, it aims at providing new forms of co-operation between public authorities and private companies. The vehicle for this was initially a voluntary environmental statement by companies, who wished to be members. With the passing of time, however, the demands and pressures on both companies and public bodies have increased as has their innovativeness. Hence, the tools and means employed—outside as well as inside the network—have developed accordingly. Even though they are successful in a Northern context, uncritical transfer of such concepts to contexts in the South along with substantial, external donor funding have in many cases led to disappointing outcomes. It is necessary to discuss and be aware of key factors in the institutional set-up and the importance of institutional carriers for the potential success of Green Networks in the South. With reference to at that time ongoing initiatives in Thailand, especially the Cleaner Production for Industrial Efficiency (CPIE) network, and the successful case of Green Network in Denmark, this PhD project sets out to examine and assess these initiatives, discuss them based on an institutional and stakeholder approach (to partnerships) and suggest how the experiences can be understood in their own rights. Inherent in this is the context of development aid. The point of departure is, however, twofold. From one side, university collaborations and from the other a signification of a corporate awakening towards a broader role of business in society and the trend of corporations embracing partnerships. The latter has led many to question the driving factors that motivate corporations to pursue partnerships. Underlying drivers of corporate organizational behaviour include both legitimacy and stakeholder needs. However, with a constant flow of recipes or standards being the order of the day for modern companies and organisations, their survival also relate to their ability to cope with this flow, adopting relevant recipes from it and incorporating these into their organisation - and dispensing with them when they become outmoded. This ability is exhibited by what Røvik (1998) calls the "multi-standard organisation", and he identifies five fundamental capacities that define it: • High absorption capacity • The capacity to decouple recipes that do not fit in • The ability to translate new recipes in a quick and easy way • The ability to detach old or worn down institutions, and • The ability to preserve and reactivate older forms of institutional recipes An evaluation of Green Network reveals that the five capacities outlined in Røvik's theory are all present. Green Network has exhibited a remarkable ability to keep up with trends in the development of the idea of ecological modernisation and sustainable development. They have been able to keep pace with all the important developments during the last almost fifteen years, absorbing what they find important and discarding aspects that do not fit into their vision and programmes. The resulting manuals, tools and ways of propagating knowledge all reflect the "Green Network way of doing things", i.e. keep it simple, work together and share knowledge. The conclusion is that through dialogue, reflexivity and the establishment of an enabling environment, public–private partnerships can become useful vehicles in societies' move towards sustainability. In relation to the Thai context, the initial successes of implementing cleaner production through the network approach have been substituted by frustrations of yet another aid-driven project that was unsustainable. This is the point where "universities as development hubs" enters the stage. Capacity-building in environment and development has been implemented and tested over the last decade through university and university consortia networking. Universities from Africa (Botswana and South Africa), Asia (Malaysia and Thailand), Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador and Nicaragua) and Europe (Denmark) have collaborated with graduate students and faculty. Initially some programmes emphasised research and others higher education, but eventually a blend of research and higher education appeared to be more productive. Links to external partners in public and private business have been established and proved successful in terms of mutual benefits. Activities comprise evolution of new study curricula (including a shift of the learning paradigm to problem-based and project-organised learning), exchange of students and faculty, joint research and joint development conferences. The results have been promising in terms of concrete results within each type of activity and together they provide vital steps in capacity-building in tertiary education to the benefit of development and environment. Strengthening of tertiary education is assumed to be a prerequisite for economic and democratic development in all countries, be they industrialised, in transition or developing. However, particularly in transition and developing countries there is a need for special support, e.g. through international aid programmes to tertiary education, including research and innovation in an interplay with other research institutions, business and government. Universities should play a central role in such global efforts to strengthen tertiary education. In co-operation with external partners such as business, consultants, NGOs and civil society at large, universities as key agents and providers in new learning, including developing tools such as project-based and problem-oriented learning (PBL) as well as information and communication technology (ICT); as providers of competent and motivated graduates to fill key positions in society; and as indispensable partners in creating the innovative and auto-learning society necessary to curb poverty and facilitate prosperity is emphasised. Modes of operation are still deficient, but ''Public-Private Academic Partnerships' is suggested as a concept to study further and modify to needs. Some of the results and their implications are presented in this thesis and more are documented in the references that are cited. In short, universities, in joint action with business and society at large, are necessary for constructing and maintaining innovative and sustainable societies.

Das CSES Module 5 (2016-2021) legt den Schwerpunkt auf "the politics of populism", also auf Populismus. Es erforscht länderübergreifend den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Aufstieg von populistischen Parteien und der Verteilung von "populistischen" Einstellungen innerhalb der Bevölkerung. Hauptziel des Moduls ist es, die Auffassungen der BürgerInnen von politischen Eliten, gesellschaftlichen "Out-Groups" und nationaler Identität sowie die sich hieraus ergebenden Implikationen für repräsentative Demokratien zu analysieren. Die Daten erlauben es Forschenden somit, die Variation im Wettbewerb politischer Eliten und "populistischer" Einstellungen über Demokratien hinweg mit einzubeziehen, und zu untersuchen, wie solche Wahrnehmungen das Wahlverhalten von BürgerInnen beeinflussen.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein). ; Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in ≈131K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3, 514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P < 1.0 × 10-5). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in ≈440K individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2, 159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 × 10-8). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P < 5.0 × 10-8) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2) have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension. ; The following authors declare commercial private and/or governmental affiliations: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. Oscar H Franco (OHF) is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Fimlab LTD provided support in the form of salaries for author Terho Lehtimäki (TL) but did not have any additional role in the study design to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Gen‐info Ltd provided support in the form of salaries for author Ozren Polašek (OP) but did not have any additional role in the study design to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed

Funding text #1 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-C?cile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #2 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-Cécile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #3 The following authors received support for work unrelated to this study: MPGvdL has received grants from Pfizer, Merck, and the Robert Koch Institut; RB has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; MC has received grants from Pfizer; SAC has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; SD has received a grant from Pfizer; SJG did contract research (carriage studies) for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer) on behalf of Public Health England, but received no personal remuneration; MH has received grants from Pfizer and the Federal Office of Public Health, and personal fees (for being on an advisory board) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; HH has received grants from Astellas and Pfizer; KAJ has received a grant from Wellcome Trust and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline; SNL has done contract research for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur) on behalf of St. George's University of London, but received no personal remuneration; DJL has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; SM has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; CM-A has received grants from Quiastat, Roche, Pfizer, and Genomica, and personal fees from Roche, Pfizer, and Qiagen; LS has received a grant from GlaxoSmithKline; H-CS has received a grant from Pfizer; MI has received non-financial support from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, personal fees from Pfizer (speaker fees) and Merck Sharp & Dohme (speaker fees), and grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme; M-KT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur; ASk has received grants and non-financial support from Pfizer, and personal fees from Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Sanofi Pasteur; CLS has received grants from Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline for investigator-led research; EV has received grants on behalf of her institution (Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; MT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; NKF's institution (Public Health England) has received funding for investigator-initiated research from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Affinivax, but NKF received no personal remuneration; AvG has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; NMvS has received a grant from Pfizer, a fee for service paid to their institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme and GlaxoSmithKline, and also has a patent (WO 2013/020090 A3) on vaccine development against Streptococcus pyogenes, unrelated to this study, with royalties paid to University of California San Diego, CA, USA; and MKT has a patent (630133) for a vaccine for serogroup X meningococcus with GlaxoSmithKline. All other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license ; Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27–0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14–0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. Funding: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France). ; Peer reviewed

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 434 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27–0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14–0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. Funding: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France).

The protection, preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and their functions are of global importance. For European states it became legally binding mainly through the EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD). In order to assess the ecological status of a given water body, aquatic biodiversity data are obtained and compared to a reference water body. The quantified mismatch obtained determines the extent of potential management actions. The current approach to biodiversity assessment is based on morpho-taxonomy. This approach has many drawbacks such as being time consuming, limited in temporal and spatial resolution, and error-prone due to the varying individual taxonomic expertise of the analysts. Novel genomic tools can overcome many of the aforementioned problems and could complement or even replace traditional bioassessment. Yet, a plethora of approaches are independently developed in different institutions, thereby hampering any concerted routine application. The goal of this Action is to nucleate a group of researchers across disciplines with the task to identify gold-standard genomic tools and novel eco-genomic indices for routine application in biodiversity assessments of European fresh- and marine water bodies. Furthermore, DNAqua-Net will provide a platform for training of the next generation of European researchers preparing them for the new technologies. Jointly with water managers, politicians, and other stakeholders, the group will develop a conceptual framework for the standard application of eco-genomic tools as part of legally binding assessments.

Background: The burden of traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses a large public health and societal problem, but the characteristics of patients and their care pathways in Europe are poorly understood. We aimed to characterise patient case-mix, care pathways, and outcomes of TBI. Methods: CENTER-TBI is a Europe-based, observational cohort study, consisting of a core study and a registry. Inclusion criteria for the core study were a clinical diagnosis of TBI, presentation fewer than 24 h after injury, and an indication for CT. Patients were differentiated by care pathway and assigned to the emergency room (ER) stratum (patients who were discharged from an emergency room), admission stratum (patients who were admitted to a hospital ward), or intensive care unit (ICU) stratum (patients who were admitted to the ICU). Neuroimages and biospecimens were stored in repositories and outcome was assessed at 6 months after injury. We used the IMPACT core model for estimating the expected mortality and proportion with unfavourable Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) outcomes in patients with moderate or severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score ≤12). The core study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02210221, and with Resource Identification Portal (RRID: SCR_015582). Findings: Data from 4509 patients from 18 countries, collected between Dec 9, 2014, and Dec 17, 2017, were analysed in the core study and from 22 782 patients in the registry. In the core study, 848 (19%) patients were in the ER stratum, 1523 (34%) in the admission stratum, and 2138 (47%) in the ICU stratum. In the ICU stratum, 720 (36%) patients had mild TBI (GCS score 13–15). Compared with the core cohort, the registry had a higher proportion of patients in the ER (9839 [43%]) and admission (8571 [38%]) strata, with more than 95% of patients classified as having mild TBI. Patients in the core study were older than those in previous studies (median age 50 years [IQR 30–66], 1254 [28%] aged >65 years), 462 (11%) had serious comorbidities, 772 (18%) were taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication, and alcohol was contributory in 1054 (25%) TBIs. MRI and blood biomarker measurement enhanced characterisation of injury severity and type. Substantial inter-country differences existed in care pathways and practice. Incomplete recovery at 6 months (GOSE <8) was found in 207 (30%) patients in the ER stratum, 665 (53%) in the admission stratum, and 1547 (84%) in the ICU stratum. Among patients with moderate-to-severe TBI in the ICU stratum, 623 (55%) patients had unfavourable outcome at 6 months (GOSE <5), similar to the proportion predicted by the IMPACT prognostic model (observed to expected ratio 1·06 [95% CI 0·97–1·14]), but mortality was lower than expected (0·70 [0·62–0·76]). Interpretation: Patients with TBI who presented to European centres in the core study were older than were those in previous observational studies and often had comorbidities. Overall, most patients presented with mild TBI. The incomplete recovery of many patients should motivate precision medicine research and the identification of best practices to improve these outcomes. Funding: European Union 7th Framework Programme, the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung, OneMind, and Integra LifeSciences Corporation.nd outcomes of TBI.

While interplay between BRCA1 and AURKA-RHAMM-TPX2-TUBG1 regulates mammary epithelial polarization, common genetic variation in HMMR (gene product RHAMM) may be associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Following on these observations, we further assessed the link between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers and subsequently analyzed using a retrospective likelihood approach. The association of HMMR rs299290 with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers was confirmed: per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 - 1.15, p = 1.9 x 10(-4) (false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p = 0.043). Variation in CSTF1, located next to AURKA, was also found to be associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs2426618 per-allele HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.16, p = 0.005 (FDR-adjusted p = 0.045). Assessment of pairwise interactions provided suggestions (FDR-adjusted p(interaction) values greater than 0.05) for deviations from the multiplicative model for rs299290 and CSTF1 rs6064391, and rs299290 and TUBG1 rs11649877 in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Following these suggestions, the expression of HMMR and AURKA or TUBG1 in sporadic breast tumors was found to potentially interact, influencing patients survival. Together, the results of this study support the hypothesis of a causative link between altered function of AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 and breast carcinogenesis in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. ; Funding Agencies|National Cancer Institute [UM1 CA164920]; Lithuania (BFBOCC-LT): Research Council of Lithuania grant [LIG-07/2012]; Hereditary Cancer Association (Paveldimo vezio asociacija); LSC grant [10.0010.08]; ESF [2009/0220/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/09/APIA/VIAA/016]; Liepajas municipal council; Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA); Morris and Horowitz Familes Endowed Professorship; NEYE Foundation; Spanish Association against Cancer [AECC08, RTICC 06/0020/1060, FISPI08/1120]; Mutua Madrilena Foundation (FMMA); COH-CCGCRN: City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Network from the National Cancer Institute and the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health; Hereditary Cancer Research Registry from the National Cancer Institute and the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health [RC4CA153828]; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Cancer Research-United Kingdom grant [C12292/A11174, C1287/ A10118]; NHMRC Program Grant; DKFZ; European Union (European Social Fund-ESF); Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)-Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research and Technology: ARISTEIA; European Social Fund; Cancer Research United Kingdom Grants [C1287/A10118, C1287/A11990]; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) grant; NIHR grant; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Cancer Research United Kingdom Grant [C5047/A8385]; University of Kansas Cancer Center [P30 CA168524]; Kansas Bioscience Authority Eminent Scholar Program; Chancellors Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Sciences Professorship; AKG [5U01CA113916, R01CA140323]; German Cancer Aid [109076]; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); Ligue National Contre le Cancer; Association "Le cancer du sein, parlonsen!" Award; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO); National Cancer Institute grant [CA 27469]; GOG Statistical and Data Center [CA 37517]; GOGs Cancer Prevention and Control Committee [CA 101165]; Intramural Research Program, NCI; ISCIII (Spain) [RD12/00369/0006, 12/00539]; European Regional Development FEDER funds; Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund; Academy of Finland [132473]; Finnish Cancer Society; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; Dutch Cancer Society grant [NKI1998-1854, NKI2004-3088, NKI2007-3756]; Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research [NWO 91109024]; Pink Ribbon grant [110005]; BBMRI grant [NWO 184.021.007/CP46]; Hungarian Research Grant [KTIA-OTKA CK-80745]; Norwegian EEA Financial Mechanism [HU0115/NA/2008-3/OP-9]; Spanish Ministry of Health ISCIII FIS [PI10/01422, PI12/01528, PI13/00285]; RTICC [RD12/0036/0008]; Ramon Areces (XV) Foundation; Eugenio Rodriguez Pascual Foundation; Roses Contra el Cancer Foundation; Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC); AGAUR Generalitat de Catalunya [2009-SGR290, 2009-SGR293]; Polish Foundation of Science; Icelandic Association "Walking for Breast Cancer Research"; Nordic Cancer Union; Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund; Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the "CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer" program; Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance-grant [019511]; Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade-grant [PSR-SIIRI-701]; Ministero dellIstruzione, dellUniversita e della Ricerca and Ministero della Salute; Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro; National Breast Cancer Foundation; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); Queensland Cancer Fund; Cancer Council of New South Wales; Cancer Council of Victoria; Cancer Foundation of Western Australia; Cancer Councils of Tasmania; National Institutes of Health grant [CA128978]; NCI Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201]; United States Department of Defence Ovarian Cancer Idea award [W81XWH-10-1-0341]; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Jewish General Hospital Weekend; Quebec Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade; Cancer Councils of South Australia; European Regional Development Fund; State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO) [CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101]; MH CZ-DRO (MMCI) [00209805]; Niehaus Family Genetics Research Fund; STARR Cancer Consortium Grant; NAROD [1R01 CA149429-01]; NCI Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health [NO2-CP-11019-50, N02-CP-65504]; Westat, Inc, Rockville, Maryland; Clalit Health Services in Israel; Israel Cancer Association; Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF), New York; Russian Federation for Basic Research [11-04-00227, 12-04-00928, 12-04-01490]; Federal Agency for Science and Innovations, Russia [02.740.11.0780]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the "CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer" program and grant from the National Cancer Institute [UM1 CA164920]; Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR); United States Government or the BCFR; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center; Isreal cancer association; Israeli Inherited breast cancer consortium; Swedish Cancer Society; Ralph and Marion Falk Medical Research Trust; Entertainment Industry Fund National Womens Cancer Research Alliance; National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01-CA102776, R01-CA083855]; Rooney Family Foundation; Susan G. Komen Foundation for the cure, Basser Research Center; American Cancer Society Early Detection Professorship [SIOP-06-258-01-COUN]; SAF2010-20493; [PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004]