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This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

Frames is a monthly newsletter produced by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Each edition covers news, thoughts and updates involving ASEAN and East Asia.

This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

Today, ASEAN is at an important crossroads. Over the next decade, member states are likely to face increasing pressure from geopolitical rivalries and disruptions in regional supply chains and global trade. While the current context is markedly different from the Cold War, the fundamental principle of ASEAN countries coming together to protect their collective interests is more relevant than ever. Many governments and international analysts are calling for renewed commitment to ASEAN, and further investment in multilateral approaches. For example, Australia's 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper placed Southeast Asia, and ASEAN, in particular, at the center of Australia's policy and engagement strategy. The United States of America (US), the People's Republic of China (China), Republic of Korea (South Korea), Japan, India, several European countries, New Zealand, and other Western and Asian governments are expanding engagement with ASEAN, and many have publicly committed to deepen ties with the regional body.

The CESD calculations show that the foreign debt of Azerbaijan is higher than the official figure that has reported . Based on the anonymous survey among CESD's contacts in the government show that Azerbaijani real foreign debt is double digit billions dollar. That also means that the foreign debt's share in the GDP in reality is higher than the official figure. The CESD has underlined that Azerbaijan's foreign debt's share in GDP became as a double digit number in the GDP first time after the second devaluation of the manat of in the last decade. The country has been able to keep share of the foreign debt in the GDP as a single digit number by 2015 since 2005.

Despite various reform efforts over the years, the tax system in the Philippines continues to suffer from chronic weaknesses. Tax rates are high relative to the country's ASEAN neighbors, yet revenue productivity remains low. Filipino individual taxpayers are overburdened by personal income tax brackets that have not been indexed to inflation, resulting in bracket creep. The real value of excise tax rates on petroleum products have likewise been eroded by inflation, and the schedule is characterized by a number of exemptions and rates that are low by international standards. The value-added tax base has narrowed from excessive exemptions. The Duterte administration is pursuing a simpler, more efficient, and more equitable tax system to support its economic growth strategy. The administration's Comprehensive Tax Reform Program was filed as House Bill (HB) No. 4774 in January 2017 at the lower house and Senate Bill (SB) No. 1408 at Senate. These bills represent the first of several reform packages that will each focus on different areas of tax policy. The House of Representatives approved a compromise bill, House Bill No. 5636, titled "Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion" or TRAIN in May 2017. HB 4774, HB 5636 and SB 1408 seek to reform the structure of the personal income tax, value-added tax, and excise tax on petroleum products and automobiles, while improving the progressivity of the tax system. A portion of the additional revenues generated will be earmarked for investments in education, infrastructure, and health to stimulate long-term growth. This paper aims to assess the implications of these bills on the distribution of tax burden across income groups, economic incentives in affected sectors, national government revenues, and likely impact on tax compliance. Overall, the proposed reforms are projected to generate additional revenues of PhP 51.3 billion in 2018, PhP 96.5 billion in 2019, and PhP 99.9 billion from 2020 onwards. However, the high estimates are unlikely to be achieved due to an increased risk of noncompliance among SEPs who are expected to face higher effective tax rates under all three bills in comparison to those under the current system. If tax compliance/ efficiency in collecting PIT from SEPs deteriorates, the overall revenue take of national government is likely to be considerably lower than these high estimates. In terms of incidence, the change in the tax burden as a percentage of household income that will result from HB 4774/ HB 5636 and SB 1408 is highest for the poorest income decile and declines as income rises. This reflects the regressive character of the reform when one abstracts from the proposed targeted subsidies intended to mitigate the adverse impact of the reform on the poorer segments of the population. Furthermore, these three bills are estimated to give rise to a net income transfer from households in deciles 1 to 8 in favor of deciles 9 to 10. The results suggest the need to compensate poorer deciles, e.g., the poorest two or four deciles, through targeted subsidies for a longer period than that proposed under HB 4774 and HB 1408.

The stock of external debt owed by low- and middle-income countries reached US $6.7 tril-lion in 2015 (World Bank, 2017). In 2015, ex-ternal debt accounted for 26 percent of the Gross National Income (GNI) of the low- and middle-income countries and 98 percent of their export receipts. In this study, we intend to examine the role that institutional quality plays in defining the debt-growth relationship. The objective is to under-stand whether the presence or absence of qual-ity institutions determines and influences the direction and magnitude of debt's effect on growth.

Fiji's financial reforms were disrupted by the coup of 2000. Since then, Fiji has initiated more targeted reforms. This report, for which work commenced in January 2016, documents the country's financial management systems covering budgeting, funds flow, accounting and reporting, and auditing systems. It provides insights into Fiji's internal control systems, staffing resource capacity, and information technology structure. The intent is to give project teams and consultants a better understanding of the country's financial management systems in order to improve project preparation. Find out how high-quality financial management assessments support projects by identifying key risks and enabling the implementation of appropriate actions and reforms to mitigate those risks.

Impact evaluation is an empirical approach to estimating the causal effects of interventions, in terms of both magnitude and statistical significance. Expanded use of impact evaluation techniques is critical to rigorously derive knowledge from development operations and for development investments and policies to become more evidence-based and effective. To help backstop more use of impact evaluation approaches, this book introduces core concepts, methods, and considerations for planning, designing, managing, and implementing impact evaluation, supplemented by examples. The topics covered range from impact evaluation purposes to basic principles, specific methodologies, and guidance on field implementation. It has materials for a range of audiences, from those who are interested in understanding evidence on "what works" in development, to those who will contribute to expanding the evidence base as applied researchers.

When the Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established in 1966, the Asia and Pacific region was undergoing a process of deep change. Several countries gained independence and a sense of regional identity was emerging. A more organized drive toward modernization started in several countries but the region was still defined by poverty. Feeding people remained a primary concern even while the Green Revolution was under way. The first oil crisis in 1973 led to a worldwide recession and tested many Asian economies. This volume explains how the idea of a regional development bank for Asia emerged and gained support. During its formative years, ADB dealt with a myriad of administrative, organizational, and funding issues in order to establish itself as a sound and credible institution. ADB's first President, Takeshi Watanabe, envisioned ADB's role as Asia's "family doctor." ADB took a pragmatic approach and conducted studies and surveys to acquire a fuller understanding of the region before lending gained momentum in the second half of the decade, focused on energy, transport, agriculture, and finance.

This paper shows the recent formation of a car pole in the Tangier region, driven by Renault, and its difficulties, based on an investigation carried out by a Franco-Moroccan research team in recent years. It sets out the conditions for the French manufacturer's decision to locate, at the crossroads between its internationalisation strategy and the Moroccan Government's policy of industrialising the north of the country. It examines the impact of this location on car suppliers and local employment, which highlights the limitations currently encountered in terms of industrial development. To date, it is more an agglomeration of activities linked to the arrival of the manufacturer than a genuine integrated industrial complex. A first part shows the development of industrial policy in Morocco, from the Emergence Plan to the Industrial Acceleration Plan, which favours an approach in terms of ecosystems. The second part describes the role of Tanger in Renault's strategy for supplying the European market with the Entry models, a range derived from the success of Logan. The third part focuses on Renault's Tier 1 suppliers and highlights the weakness of the supplier's fabric, the supply being mainly made abroad. The fourth part describes the rapid upskilling of Moroccan car workers, while highlighting the difficulties encountered by companies in managing employment. Finally, the conclusion discusses the prospects for the formation of a genuine automotive complex in northern Morocco. ; International audience ; This paper shows the recent formation of a car pole in the Tangier region, driven by Renault, and its difficulties, based on an investigation carried out by a Franco-Moroccan research team in recent years. It sets out the conditions for the French manufacturer's decision to locate, at the crossroads between its internationalisation strategy and the Moroccan Government's policy of industrialising the north of the country. It examines the impact of this location on car suppliers and local employment, which highlights ...

This article investigates the long-term historical impact of missionary activity on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. On the one hand, missionaries were among the first to invest in modern medicine in a number of countries. On the other hand, Christianity influenced sexual beliefs and behaviors. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant and Catholic missions in the early 20th century, as well as their health investments. Using a number of different empirical strategies to address selection in missionary locations and into health investments, we show that missionary presence has conflicting effects on HIV today. Regions close to historical mission stations exhibit higher HIV prevalence. This negative impact is robust to multiple specifications accounting for urbanization, and we provide evidence that it is specific to STDs. Less knowledge about condom use is a likely channel. On the contrary, among regions historically close to missionary settlements, proximity to a mission with a health investment is associated with lower HIV prevalence nowadays. Safer sexual behaviors around these missions are a possible explanatory channel.

Our research will investigate the accounting standards applied to SMEs in ASEAN and the manner in which those standards are spread to SMEs. After we investigate the challenges faced by SMEs in ASEAN nations when utilising the accounting standards as well as the measures with which to conquer such challenges, we will develop and recommend public policies. Our research will also clarify the gap between ideals and the reality of the introduction of international accounting standards, including IFRS and IFRS for SMEs, and determine if it is progressing smoothly or not. After we identify the reality and challenges of the accounting system for SMEs in the ASEAN region, we can clearly determine what type of public policy should be created throughout ASEAN or the individual nations. With a public policy in effect, we foresee improvement in the ability of SMEs in ASEAN to obtain financing.