Le Yen et les échanges extérieurs du Japon

In: Revue de l'OFCE, Band 33, Heft 1, S. 57-104

Abstract

Measured in dollars, the Japanese current account surplus started to decline in 1989. But this is misleading : the actual reversal of the trend started in 1987, when this surplus, measured in yen, started to decline. This is due to a contraction of the trade balance which appears in every bilateral trade account. During the period 1987-1990, the prices of primary products declined while the terms of trade of manufactured goods were almost stable despite the wide fluctuations of the exchange rate. Consequently, the contraction of the current account surplus is due to the movements affecting the volumes of manufactured goods : decelerating exports, accelerating imports. Changes in the dollar-yen exchange rate largely explain those volume movements despite a very active behaviour of Japanese exporting firms on their profit margins. This behaviour is particularly noticeable for equipment goods, and still shows in sectors confronted with quantitative restrictions in importing countries. External trade of manufactured goods is increasingly split between high value added exports and low value-added imports. This is consistent with the long-term trend of appreciation followed by the yen and by direct investments overseas. Direct investments overseas account for only a small fraction of capital outflows. Global outflows largely excède the current account surplus, which explains part of the yen depreciation in 1988-1989. The current account surplus will probably register a small growth in the coming quarters despite the surge of oil prices. But it will eventually drift downwards as the surplus in manufactured goods will diminish, while the yen will follow its appreciation trend.