Suchergebnisse

Since January 2017, there have been at least 1563 suspected cases of Yellow Fever, 629 confirmed cases and 232 confirmed deaths. Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease endemic to the tropical parts of Africa and South America. At the present time, it has presented a significant increase in its incidence in Brazil, with important repercussions and impacts on the public health. This review paper outlines the causes of yellow fever, as well as the disease epidemiology, progression, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. We conclude by reporting on the current epidemic in Brazil and future directions for research. Method: Data from Pubmed, SciELO, Medline and government sources concerning Yellow Fever were used, dating from 2002 to 2018. In the collection of the data the following descriptors were used: Yellow-fever, Aedes, Arbovirus and Flavivirus. ; Desde Janeiro de 2017, foram reportados 1563 casos suspeitos de Febre Amarela, sendo confirmados 629 casos, dos quais foram confirmadas 232 mortes devido a doença. A Febre Amarela é uma doença febril hemorrágica, sendo endêmica de regiões tropicais da África e América do Sul. Nos dias atuais, tem apresentado aumento significativo em sua incidência no Brasil, com repercussões e impactos importantes na saúde pública do país. Neste artigo são descritas as causas de Febre Amarela, bem como sua epidemiologia, progressão, os métodos diagnósticos, tratamento e prevenção da doença, de forma a promover atualização epidemiológica e direcionar futuras pesquisas na área. Método: Foram utilizados dados do Pubmed, SciELO, Medline e de fontes governamentais, referentes a Febre Amarela, que datam de 2002 à 2018. Na coleta do dados foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: Febre Amarela, Aedes, Arbovírus, Flavivirus.

This is the keynote lecture given by Dr. Jennifer Tappan to introduce the 2021 Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference. The early twentieth-century discovery of what became known as "jungle" yellow fever marked a turning point in the history of global health. A great deal of scientific research on "jungle" yellow fever was carried out in Africa and unfolded within a colonial framework that viewed Africa and Africans as "diseased." The talk will examine the distinctions that were drawn between "jungle" yellow fever and what was known as "urban" yellow fever and how these distinctions were mapped onto different world regions. It will also explore how colonial constructions of yellow fever translated into distinct prevention strategies and differential access to yellow fever vaccines, leading to highly unequal global burdens of yellow fever disease. The history of yellow fever research and vaccination in Africa sheds light on global health disparities of particular importance in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, and the highly unequal global access to COVID-vaccines. Jennifer Tappan is an Associate Professor of History at Portland State University. She received her doctorate from Columbia University and her research focuses on African history and the history of global health. She is the author of The Riddle of Malnutrition: The Long Arc of Biomedical and Public Health Interventions in Uganda and her work has also appeared in the International Journal of African Historical Studies and an edited volume: Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. She is currently working on the history of yellow fever in Africa.

Yellow fever (YF) remains a public health issue in endemic areas despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2015–2016, urban outbreaks of YF were declared in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and a sylvatic outbreak has been ongoing in Brazil since December 2016. Of great concern is the risk of urban transmission cycles taking hold in Brazil and the possible spread to countries with susceptible populations and competent vectors. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of an outbreak response, but a low vaccine stockpile has forced a sparing-dose strategy, which has thus far been implemented in affected African countries and now in Brazil. Accurate laboratory confirmation of cases is critical for efficient outbreak control. A dearth of validated commercial assays for YF, however, and the shortcomings of serological methods make it challenging to implement YF diagnostics outside of reference laboratories. We examine the advantages and drawbacks of existing assays to identify the barriers to timely and efficient laboratory diagnosis. We stress the need to develop new diagnostic tools to meet current challenges in the fight against YF. ; Peer Reviewed

A discussion of the recent gilets jaunes revolt in France, reflecting on the dynamics of contemporary populist social movements. Starting with the causes of the uprising - underlying and immediate - the article goes on to explore the democratic demands of the movement, the role
of the historical imaginary of the French Revolution, the relationship between the gilets jaunes and France's banlieues, and the predominance of police violence.

ABSTRACT Yellow fever is an infectious disease of acute evolution, initially non-contagious, transmitted by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. In the period from December 2016 until March 17, 2017, 1, 561 suspected cases of wild yellow fever were reported to the Ministry of Health in Brazil. Among these cases, 850 (54.8%) remain under investigation, 448 (28.7%) were confirmed and 263 (16.9%) were discarded. Out of the total cases reported, 264 died, 144 (54.5%) were confirmed for the disease, 110 (41.7%) were investigated and 10 (3.8%) were discarded. The case fatality rate among confirmed cases was 32.2%. The specific diagnosis for determining the etiology of infection can be made by demonstrating the humoral response of the antibodies, virus isolation, or histopathological study of the liver. Only through early laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological data supply can government and cooperative organizations establish public policies to combat future disease epidemics, as well as social awareness campaigns.

Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral communicable disease transmitted by an arbovirus of the Flavivirus genus. It is primarily a zoonotic disease, especially the monkeys. Worldwide, an estimated 200 000 cases of yellow fever occurred each year, and the case-fatality rate is ~15%. Forty-five endemic countries in Africa and Latin America, with a population of close to 1 billion, are at risk. Up to 50% of severely affected persons from YF die without treatment. During 2009, 55 cases and 18 deaths were reported from Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. Brazil reported the maximum number of cases and death, i.e., 42 cases with 11 deaths. From January 2010 to March 2011, outbreaks of YF were reported to the WHO by Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Uganda. Cases were also reported in three northern districts of Abim, Agago, and Kitugun near the border with South Sudan. YF usually causes fever, muscle pain with prominent backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, and nausea or vomiting. Most patients improve, and their symptoms disappear after 3 to 4 d. Half of the patients who enter the toxic phase die within 10–14 d, while the rest recover without significant organ damage. Vaccination has been the single most important measure for preventing YF. The 17D-204 YF vaccine is a freeze-dried, live attenuated, highly effective vaccine. It is available in single-dose or multi-dose vials and should be stored at 2–8 °C. It is reconstituted with normal saline and should be used within 1 h of reconstitution. The 0.5 mL dose is delivered subcutaneously. Revaccination is recommended every 10 y for people at continued risk of exposure to yellow fever virus (YFV). This vaccine is available worldwide. Travelers, especially to Africa or Latin America from Asia, must have a certificate documenting YF vaccination, which is required by certain countries for entry under the International Health Regulations (IHR) of the WHO.

In 1855, the town of Portsmouth, Virginia was devastated by an epidemic of yellow fever. Most citizens fled. Of those who remained, most became infected and a thousand died. The municipal government collapsed. In their place, a small organization known as the Portsmouth Relief Association assumed responsibility for ensuring the survival of the town. This organization managed the care of the sick, the burial of the dead, and the care of orphans. It was the sole agent receiving and allocating the funds and resources that poured into the community. Scarce food, drugs and other supplies were available only through the Association. Once the epidemic was over, the Association handed control back to the returning Common Council. This dissertation examines the work of the Association using systems theory as described by Carter and Anderson. This theory describes individuals as being the center of ever-larger human populations (e.g., families, groups, organizations). Each population interacts with the individual, with each other and with the external environment. The context and the events of the epidemic are described. The analysis concentrates on the organizational element of the theory and uses additional sources concerning the nature of organizations to augment the theory.