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Nineteenth and early 20th century colonial writings projected the colonial home as a microcosm of the empire. However, as this article argues, the memsahibs' imperial authority was often undermined by the dynamics of domestic relationships inside the home. Complex and contradictory, they threatened to render the colonial home an ambivalent—and even contested—space. In particular, the location of two female servants inside the colonial nursery—the ayah and the wet-nurse—was problematic. Ayahs were close to European children, who were the next generation of imperial rulers. Often, these children were more attached to their servants than to their parents. An even darker figure was that of the wet-nurse who was universally perceived negatively. This paper draws upon a range of materials from memoirs to medical handbooks to delineate tensions within the imperial home.

abstract: Wet nursing was a central industry in the early modern period. Its widespread use can be seen throughout society, from royal and elite babies down to the lowest ranks, including orphans. Infant feeding and nutrition were a significant source of debate; before the advent of formula, breastmilk was the only option for young babies. Throughout the early modern period, humanists wrote about the benefits of mother's milk over that of a wet nurse. Sevillano humanist Luis Brochero echoes the preference for mother's milk and simultaneously demands reform for orphan care in his 1629 Discurso breve ( Brief Treatise ). His focus on this marginalized community is unique within the discourse of didactic texts about breastfeeding. In order to determine if any of the theoretical proposals endorsed by Brochero were implemented in practice, this article analyzes the seventeenth-century archival collection of Pagos a las amas ( Payments for Wet Nurses ) and the foundational Libro de los protocolos ( Book of Protocols ) from a foundling home, the Casa Cuna in Seville, Spain.

Wet-nursing was an essential practice that allowed for infant survival after many mothers died in childbirth. The story of wet-nursing is complicated by both religious pressures and cultural expectations of women. It is likely that these historical practices have shaped our current social, political and legislative environments regarding breastfeeding. The aim of this article is to provide a historical perspective on the practice of wet-nursing, with a focus on: 1) social views of wet nurses, 2) breastmilk evaluation and 3) the ideal wet nurse. Historical perspectives from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Rome, 19th and 20th century America and current practices are examined. An appreciation for the evolution of breastmilk sharing provides clinicians and lactation advocates with the historical origins which provided the template for current practice as it relates to donor milk, breastfeeding culture and relevant legislation.

This analysis of wet nurse advertisements from London and Philadelphia newspapers in the period of 1740–1799 is meant to explore the priorities of Anglo-Atlantic families. The ads indicate that the transition to live-in wet nursing relocated contamination fears from the nurse's home to her body. The language in Philadelphia ads suggests that American wet nurses were operating within a discourse peculiar to a society founded on unfree labor, and one that may have had a greater tolerance for illegitimacy. Ad patterns further suggest that elite families impelled the transition to live-in nursing, perhaps in an attempt to achieve an enlightened familial archetype.

ABSTRACTFoundling hospitals spread across Europe in the 18thand 19thcenturies, taking in hundreds of thousands of children each year. In Spain, the hospitals of major cities had staffs of more than 1,000 external wet nurses, who worked mainly in rural localities. Their cash wages were key for the household economies of the poor rural and urban populations. This article presents a methodology to interpret wet-nurse wages and explains their utility with respect to other occupations for men and women. Our results include a series of nominal and real wages for wet nurses and a calculation of their contributions to family income. The level of wages these institutions could offer was a major determinant in the supply of wet-nurse labour.

This article suggests studying princely nurseries as social spaces where important contributions were made to the work of 'dynastic reproduction'. Given that children born to the ruling house were a highly precious asset for dynastic politics, ensuring their survival was a task of great political impact. The article draws on material from the nurseries of three South German princely courts of different sizes – the imperial court of Vienna, the electoral court of Munich, and the ducal court of Stuttgart – to show how wet nurses engaged in the work of dynastic reproduction at princely courts from c. 1650 to 1750. These women were usually of modest social origin and present in the princely nursery only during the first year of the dynastic offspring's lives. However, they were extremely close to the princely infants and, by sharing their milk with them, were physically involved in their upbringing. This makes the women an interesting focus for a study of the care arrangements established for dynastic offspring. By analysing how court physicians chose the wet nurses of princely children, how courts regulated their work in the princely nursery, and how they remunerated the wet nurses for their service, the article shows that wet-nursing was an important, physical contribution to dynastic continuity at early modern princely courts.

In the process of infant feeding throughout history, one of the options has been the support by wet nurses, in both household and institutional level. This social figure has been reflected in press and can be studied in terms of its representation. We set as our goal to acquire a social vision through the analysis of a corpus of documents from the newspaper ABC of Madrid between 1903 and 1920. The method used has been the search of the term wet nurse through the review and content analysis of the ABC, in news, advertisements and other references in the period indicated. 999 documents have been recovered and analyzed, 41% corresponding to wet nurses offers and demands, 24% to advertisements and products related to food and/or food supplements. The remaining records correspond to economic measures, legislative rules, references to wet nurses of royalty or social references. Qualitative content analysis clarifies the social vision of wet nurses in society at that time. The study concludes that wet nurses are presented as a normalized social figure and as such is reflected in the press, which will also reflect the negative view of these women influenced by the hygienist current. ; En el proceso de alimentación infantil a lo largo de la historia una de las opciones ha sido la descarga en las nodrizas tanto a nivel familiar como institucional. Esta figura social se ha reflejado en la prensa y puede ser estudiada en función de su representación. Nos planteamos como objetivo adquirir una visión social a través del análisis de un corpus de documentos del diario ABC de Madrid entre los años 1903 A 1920. Metodológicamente se ha recurrido a la revisión y análisis de contenido del diario ABC en el período indicado de las noticias, anuncios y demás referencias del término nodriza. Se han recuperado y analizado 999 documentos, que se corresponden al 41% corresponden a ofertas y demandas de nodrizas, un 24% a anuncios y productos relacionados con la alimentación y/o suplementos alimenticios. El resto de registros corresponden a ...

En el proceso de alimentación infantil a lo largo de la historia una de las opciones ha sido la descarga en las nodrizas tanto a nivel familiar como institucional. Esta figura social se ha reflejado en la prensa y puede ser estudiada en función de su representación. Nos planteamos como objetivo adquirir una visión social a través del análisis de un corpus de documentos del diario ABC de Madrid entre los años 1903 a 1920. Metodológicamente se ha recurrido a la revisión y análisis de contenido del diario ABC en el período indicado de las noticias, anuncios y demás referencias del término nodriza. Se han recuperado y analizado 999 documentos, que se corresponden al 41% corresponden a ofertas y demandas de nodrizas, un 24% a anuncios y productos relacionados con la alimentación y/o suplementos alimenticios. El resto de registros corresponden a medidas económicas, normas legislativas o referencias sociales o de las nodrizas de la realeza. El análisis de contenido cualitativo permite clarificar la visión social de las nodrizas en la sociedad del momento. Se concluye en el estudio que las nodrizas se presentan como una figura normalizada en la sociedad y como tal se refleja en la prensa, que además va a reflejar la visión negativa sobre estas mujeres influenciadas por la corriente higienista. ; In the process of infant feeding throughout history, one of the options has been the support by wet nurses, in both household and institutional level. This social figure has been reflected in press and can be studied in terms of its representation. We set as our goal to acquire a social vision through the analysis of a corpus of documents from the newspaper ABC of Madrid between 1903 and 1920. The method used has been the search of the term wet nurse through the review and content analysis of the ABC, in news, advertisements and other references in the period indicated. 999 documents have been recovered and analyzed, 41% corresponding to wet nurses offers and demands, 24% to advertisements and products related to food and/or food supplements. The remaining records correspond to economic measures, legislative rules, references to wet nurses of royalty or social references. Qualitative content analysis clarifies the social vision of wet nurses in society at that time. The study concludes that wet nurses are presented as a normalized social figure and as such is reflected in the press, which will also reflect the negative view of these women influenced by the hygienist current. ; No processo de alimentação infantil ao longo da história uma das opções foi baixado enfermeiros, tanto doméstico e institucional. Esta figura social tem-se reflectido na imprensa e pode ser estudada em termos de sua representação. Estabelecemos como meta para adquirir uma visão social através da análise de um corpus de documentos o jornal ABC de Madrid entre 1903 e 1920. Metodologicamente usou a revisão e análise de conteúdo ABC no período indicado na notícia , propagandas e outras referências a enfermeira prazo. Eles foram recuperados e analisados 999 documentos, que correspondem a 41% são enfermeiros ofertas e pedidos, 24% à publicidade e relacionado com alimentos e / ou suplementos alimentares. As linhas restantes correspondem a medidas econômicas, legislação ou referências direitos sociais ou em aleitamento. Análise de conteúdo qualitativa esclarece a visão social do enfermeiro na sociedade da época. Concluiu-se no estudo que os enfermeiros são presentados como uma figura normalizada na sociedade e, como tal, é refletida na imprensa, que também irá refletir a visão negativa dessas mulheres influenciadas pela corrente higienista.

Breastfeeding, as Avner Giladi amply demonstrates, is far more than the simple matter of

providing nutrition to an infant. Who breastfeeds, for how long, and with what kind of

encouragement, respect, and reward can tell us much about social attitudes toward infancy and

the mother–child bond, as well as the value placed on motherhood in general. The extent

to which the father alternately provides general support for mother and child or controls and limits

the breastfeeding relationship, for example, can shape the father–child and

husband–wife relationship in the long term. And a breastfeeding mother, as the primary

nurturer of a child, finds herself in a unique position in relation to her children, her husband, and

society in general: it is a moment pregnant with possibilities for the enhancement of a

woman's power. A close study of breastfeeding, then, draws our attention to a

society's attitudes toward young children, the construction of the family in relation to the

needs of these children, and the ways in which relations between a husband and wife are informed

by the rights and responsibilities surrounding this act of pivotal importance to the survival of the

species, particularly in the days before pasteurization and infant formula, when the absence of a

mother or wet nurse spelled almost certain death for a baby.