Suchergebnisse

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

International audience ; We investigated a Q fever outbreak that occurred in an isolated area of the Amazon Rain Forest in French Guiana in 2014. Capybara fecal samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA. Being near brush cutters in use was associated with disease development. Capybaras are a putative reservoir for C. burnetii.

The matter of noise and vibration exposure has an accentuated emphasis in the environmental protection policy of the European Union. In practice, the focus is on the evaluation of noise -strain. The evaluation on human beings' vibration-strain is in focus in recent years. At the Technical Department in Corvinus University of Budapest Faculty of Horticultural Sciences we evaluate in PhD training form the possible ways of alleviation and revealance of noise and vibration-strain in gardening devices and machineries. According to the latest development in gardening culture, small gardening machines are more and more widespread. There is a law in Hungary for the compulsory grass-cutting, especially on 'ragweed' (Ambrosia elatior). Along highways, public territories, parks workmen at least six months are in charge to terminate these weed-crops meanwhile they are endangered by serious harmful effects. The operators of hand-held power tools are exposed comprehensive levels of hand-arm vibration at the tool-hand interface. Many studies indicate that extended exposure to mechanical vibration can induce degeneration of the vascular and sensioneural systems in the hand called hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). The precise mechanism for the initiation and development of HAVS is unclear to date. Measurement and risk assessment of hand-transmitted vibration is mostly based on the guidelines and dose-response relationship provided in the ISO-5349 standard. These guidelines suggest that the magnitude, frequency, direction and duration of vibration exposure are the most important variables for the risk assessment of hand-arm vibration. This current study is focusing on brush cutters owned by one of the biggest caretaker company. These machines have similar brand and age but different in usage time. We inquired seven brush cutters through two years. The manufacturer repaid the vibration level of the new machines, but they doesn't examine, whether extent of the vibration emission is changing for the proper use. We wanted to know that are there any differences between the values of vibration specification after certain time of usage. Is it possible to monitor the alternate movements on graphs according to the vibration sciences? By Ill octave band frequency and FFT analysis we can point at that these brush cutters can show differences in critical frequencies. These biases can influence the hand-arm system and its vibration-strain burdening.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 410 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) in soil depth.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all the soils is 337 kg/ha) in 53 per cent area.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 2 per cent area, 67 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 28 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 5 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 6 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (29) 156 (38) Pomegranate - 189 (46) Maize - 71 (17) Guava - 71 (17) Bajra 71 (17) - Jackfruit - 71 (17) Red gram - 188 (46) Jamun - 189 (46) Bengalgram 117 (29) 157 (38) Musambi 93 (23) 95 (23) Groundnut 46 (11) 25 (6) Lime 93 (23) 95 (23) Sunflower 93 (23) 95 (23) Cashew - 25 (6) Cotton 117 (29) 157 (38) Custard apple 188 (46) 86 (21) Chilli 25 (6) 46 (11) Amla 71 (17) 203 (50) Tomato 25 (6) 46 (11) Tamarind - 164 (40) Drumstick - 189 (46) Marigold - 275 (67) Mulberry 46 (11) 102 (25) Chrysanthemum - 275 (67) Mango - 46 (11) Jasmine - 157 (38) Sapota - 71 (17) Crossandra - 188 (46) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 70 (50.36%) men and 69 (49.64%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 3.79, small farmers' was 4.2, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.25.  The data indicated that, 26 (18.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 58 (41.73%) were in 16-35 years of age, 37 (26.62%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (12.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haligeri-1 had 33.09 per cent illiterates, 33.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.76 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.51 per cent of them had high school education, 9.35 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent did ITI and 3.60 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.74 per cent of the household members, 53.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 20.14 per cent were students, 2.16 per cent were children and 0.72 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 91.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 45.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler and 77.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,012, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,900, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,250, car/four wheeler was Rs.1,50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,912.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,012, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,900, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,250, car/four wheeler was Rs.1,50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,912. 2  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 2,033, tractor was Rs. 466,666, harvester was Rs. 32,000, chaff cutter was Rs. 2320 and the average value of weeder was Rs.30.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1, average own labour (women) available was 1.19, average hired labour (men) available was 5.68 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.86.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-1 micro-watershed possess 30.53 ha (78.47%) of dry land and 8.38 ha (21.53%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.77 ha (95.26%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (4.74%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.49 ha (87.15%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (12.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.56 ha (83.51%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (16.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.71 ha (60.09%) of dry land and 5.79 ha (39.91%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 271,716.37 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 334,106.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 532,062.97 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 218,422.99 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 182,850.09 for dry land and Rs. 463,124.99 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 80,306.55 for dry land and Rs. 207,272.73 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 8 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 7.66 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.49 ha, 0.81 ha, 1.30 ha and 2.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (37.51 ha), sunflower (5.79 ha), Bengal gram (3.01 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha), bajra (0.81 ha) 3 and groundnut (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown all the above crops except sunflower. Small farmers, semi medium farmer and medium farmers have grown maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-1 micro-watershed was found to be 126.03 per cent.  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households borrowed from commercial bank, 16.67 per cent of them borrowed from friends/relatives, 38.89 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena banks, 5.56 per cent of the households borrowed from money lender and 38.89 per cent of the households borrowed from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 109,488.89.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households availed credit for the purpose of agricultural production and 9.09 per cent of them availed credit for the purchase of agricultural implements/farm machinery.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38857.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42316.33. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 3458.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 35645.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48370.83. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12725.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 47010.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57892.21. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 10881.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. 4  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 39164.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56810. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 17645.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 27107.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56337.56. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 29229.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 55222.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42422.25. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -12800.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 58696.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -14236.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households opined that it was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 80,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 83,167.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,990, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 128,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 148,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,285.54. For landless households it was Rs. 8,859.38, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,125.20, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,510, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,562.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 10 teak and 7 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, bengalgram was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.86 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 33.33 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 62.86 per cent of them sold their produce in regulated market.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 5  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 54.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 11.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 20 per cent, eggs were adequate for 11.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, milk was inadequate for 77.14 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 74.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), less rainfall (57.14%) and source of agri-technology information (11.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mukkumpi-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 461 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 29 per cent is covered by soils, 71 per cent is cover by rock-out crops and 150 cm).  An area of about 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils and 28 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 28 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 8 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent soils are moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 7 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 20 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 26 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 23 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is high (>337 kg/ha) in the available potassium content.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in 2 per cent area, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 24 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 26 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in the available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in the available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 4(1) Sapota - 4(1) Maize - 4(1) Pomegranate - 4(1) Bajra 4(1) - Guava - 4(1) Groundnut - 4(1) Jackfruit - 4(1) Sunflower - 4(1) Jamun - - Cotton - 4(1) Musambi - 4(1) Red gram - 4(1) Lime - 4(1) Bengalgram - - Cashew - 4(1) Chilli - 4(1) Custard apple 4(1) - Tomato - 4(1) Amla 4(1) - Brinjal - 4(1) Tamarind - - Onion - 4(1) Marigold - 4(1) Bhendi - 4(1) Chrysanthemum - 4(1) Drumstick - 4(1) Jasmine - 4(1) Mulberry - 4(1) Crossandra - 4(1) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 85 (57.43%) men and 63 (42.57%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 4.14 and semi medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 35 (23.65%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 56 (37.84%) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (30.41%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.11%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Mukkumpi-3 had 37.84 per cent illiterates, 0.68 per cent functional illiterate, 35.14 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.76 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.11 per cent of them had high school education, 2.03 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.03 per cent of them did ITI and 2.03 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 35.29 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 47.97 per cent of the household members, 21.62 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.03 per cent were in private service, 24.32 per cent of them were students and 4.05 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.76 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 82.35 per cent of them possess katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 52.94 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.65 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 26.47 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess auto and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 8,777, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 28,333, auto was Rs. 1,00,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,933.  About 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess tractor, 2.94 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 11.76 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 833, tractor was Rs. 350,000, chaff cutter was Rs.2500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.46.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.48, average own labour (women) available was 1.55, average hired labour (men) available was 6 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.62.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Mukkumpi-3 micro watershed possess 38.12 ha (92.90%) of dry land and 2.91 ha (7.10%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.53 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17 ha (90.91%) of dry land and 1.70 ha (9.09%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 16.59 ha (93.18%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (6.82%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 256,963.91 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 514,583.33. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 507,232.14 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 276,404.76 for dry land and Rs. 646,904.75 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 168,682.93 for dry land and Rs. 329,333.33 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 8.82 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 9.68 meters.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 1.70 hectares and semi medium farmers had 1.21 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.27 ha), bajra (11.82 ha), sorghum (3.64 ha), paddy (2.11) and groundnut (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, bajra and sorghum. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Mukkumpi-3 micro watershed was found to be 92.62 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 85.24 per cent and in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs.23854.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32601.29. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 8747.10, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs.24545.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.20125.41. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. - 4420.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghumwas Rs.31328.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19083.32. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 12245.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61. 3  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 38900.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5559.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.14.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs.52813.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48243.59. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 4569.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 26.47 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 56,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 59,142.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 77,957.14 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 93,650.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,276.89. For landless households it was Rs. 12,840, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,127.55, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,764.03 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,328.13.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut and 4 mango trees in their field and 3 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 16 neem trees and 1 tamarind tree in their field. Also, 2 neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 94.09 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 79.03 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 97.92 per cent, groundnut and maize were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 79.41 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 14.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 94.12 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 67.65 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 73.53 percent used fire wood, and 26.47 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 4  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 29.41 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 14.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.06 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.24 per cent and milk was inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.29 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (82.35%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.35%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (8.82%) and inadequate extension services (8.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haidarnagar microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 668 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 25 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 19 soil series and 32 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 51 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 48 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 25 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 2 per cent area are nearly level sloping (0-1%) and 96 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 62 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 16 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 31 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 14 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 17 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 18 per cent area and and 81 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in soils.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 11 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (11) 314 (47) Sapota 11 (2) 379 (57) Maize 52 (8) 336 (50) Pomegranate 11 (2) 401 (60) Bajra 209 (31) 223 (33) Musambi 32 (5) 379 (57) Groundnut 132 (20) 345 (51) Lime 32 (5) 379 (57) Sunflower 32 (5) 346 (52) Amla 310 (46) 230 (34) Red gram 11 (2) 368 (55) Cashew 41 (6) 301 (45) Bengalgram 22 (3) 376(56) Jackfruit 11 (2) 379 (57) Cotton 22 (3) 376(55) Jamun - 301 (45) Chilli 88 (13) 301 (45) Custard apple 310 (46) 230 (34) Tomato 88 (13) 301 (45) Tamarind - 33 (5) Brinjal 278 (42) 208 (31) Mulberry 11 (2) 488 (73) Onion 121 (18) 343 (51) Marigold 52 (8) 336 (50) Bhendi 121 (18) 364 (55) Chrysanthemum 52 (8) 336 (50) Drumstick 11 (2) 445(66) Jasmine 52 (8) 314 (47) Mango - 11 (2) Crossandra 52 (8) 314 (47) Guava 11 (2) 379 (57)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 97 (57.74%) men and 71 (42.26%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 11, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7, and medium farmers' was 5.2.  The data indicated that, 30 (17.86%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 87 (51.79%) were in 16-35 years of age, 39 (23.21%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haidarnagar had 27.38 per cent illiterates, 0.60 per cent functional literates, 26.19 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 22.62 per cent of them had high school education, 3.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.79 per cent of them did diploma, and 3.57 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 86.67 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 3.33 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 3.33 per cent were general laborers, 3.33 per cent were housewives and 3.33 per cent of the household heads were in government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.51 per cent of the household members, 18.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.85 per cent were general laborers, 22.53 per cent of them were student, 4.40 per cent of them were housewife, 1.10 per cent of them were in private services, 1.10 per cent government service and 1.10 per cent were involved in trade and business.  The results show that 1.19 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 98.81 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 3.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 53.33 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.33 per cent of them possess pucca house and 43.33 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 3.33 per cent of the households possess radio, 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 70 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 3.33 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 40 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 66.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess auto, and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.5980, radio was Rs.450, mixer grinder was Rs.2471, motor cycle was Rs.27000, mobile phone was Rs.1796, Auto was Rs.95000, refrigerator was Rs.20000, DVD/VCD player was Rs.5000 and bicycle was Rs.6891. 2  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 23.33 per cent of them possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them posses sprayer, 16.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 3.33 per cent of them possess harvester, 6.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 46.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 291428 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2200, the average value of harvester was Rs.100000, chaff cutter was Rs.700, the average value of bullock cart Rs.18000, and the average value of weeder Rs.54.  The results indicate that, 26.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.3 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 10 per cent of them possess buffalo and 3.33 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.07, average own labour (women) available was 1.57, average hired labour (men) available was 6.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.11.  The results indicate that, 86.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of small, 83.33 per cent of semi medium, and 100 per cent of medium have opined that hired labour was adequate. Around 6.67 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, two persons have migrated from the micro watershed, among them one belongs to semi medium household and another one belongs to medium farm household.  The results indicate that, average distance migrated was 528.50 kms and the average duration of migration was 3.50 months.  The results indicate that, job/work was the main reason for migration of households from the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, households of the Haidarnagar micro watershed possess 39.98 ha (70.68%) of dry land and 12.94 ha (22.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.82 ha (92.97%) of dry land and 0.36 ha (7.03%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.89 ha (61.46%) of dry land and 3.07 ha (38.54%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 9.58 ha (75.94%) of dry land and 3.04 ha (24.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 20.70 ha (67.17%) of dry land and 6.48 ha (21.01%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.215,000 and average value of irrigated was Rs.347,560. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 539,663 for dry land and Rs. 548,888 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 245,161 for dry land 3 and Rs. 749,472 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 219,138 for dry land and Rs. 362,266 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,406 for dry land and Rs. 138,937 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 26.67 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 30.99 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.73 hectares, small farmers had 4 hectares, semi medium farmers had 3.04 hectares and medium farmers had 5.26 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (12.15 ha), Bengalgram (3.44 ha), Brinjal (0.4 ha), Cotton (2.06 ha), Greengram (0.81 ha), Groundnut (1.75 ha), Maize (23.98 ha), Sugarcane (2.23 ha), Sunflower (3.65 ha), Cowpea (0.36 ha), Jowar (0.2 ha).  Marginal farmers had grown bajra, maize, sunflower, sugarcane, groundnut and jowar. Small farmers had grown bajra, cotton, maize, sugarcane, sunflower, groundnut, and jowar. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, bengalgram, greengram, groundnut, maize, and sugarcane. Medium farmers had grown bajra, bengalgram, brinjal, maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haidarnagar micro watershed was found to be 78.48 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 95.53 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 88.35 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.91 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27917.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. -4661.65. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 1679.36, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21285.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11657.89. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -9627.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 131216.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 253723.89. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 122506.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.93.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 35223.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20377.50. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -14845.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66008.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55243.19. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -10765.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.84. 4  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 25760.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56686.50. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 30926.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 47098.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51136.22. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 4037.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 30629.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27787.50. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -2842.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 36556.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27444.45. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -9111.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.75.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 76432.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. -51732.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.32.  The results indicate that, 26.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 30 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 32,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 61,512, for small farmers it was Rs. 146,037, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 196,573 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 61,083.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11425.24. For landless households it was Rs. 6,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs 8,291.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 29,312.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 34,433.33, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 11,583.33.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 101 coconut, 3 guava trees, 1 mango tree and 2 sapota trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 8 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 96 neem trees and 12 banyan trees in the field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, Bengalgram 86.67 per cent, brinjal 80 per cent, cotton 100 per cent, cowpea 50 per cent, Greengram 80 per cent, groundnut 86.36 per cent, maize 90.67 per cent, sugarcane 96.55 per cent and sunflower 85 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 13.33 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village merchants, 3.33 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 3.33 per cent have sold through contract marketing arrangement and another 3.33 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 5  The results indicated that 53.33 per cent have used cart, 43.33 per cent have used tractor, 26.67 per cent have carried headloads, 3.33 per cent of the farmers have used truck and 3.33 per cent have used bus as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 30 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 10 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 6.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 80 percent used fire wood, 3.33 per cent used dung cake and another 16.67 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 96.67 per cent of the households in micro watershed and 3.33 per cent used kerosene lamp as a source of light.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 12.50 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium, and 50 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 73.33 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.33 per cent possessed APL card and 23.33 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96.67 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 16.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 86.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 33.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 86.67 per cent, eggs were adequate for 83.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 73.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (20%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (56.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (66.67%), high rate of interest on credit (60%), low price for the agricultural commodities (16.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (66.67%), less rainfall (93.33%), inadequate extension services (16.67%) and source of agri technology information (46.67%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 408 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, about one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area is having clayey soils at the surface.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) .  An area of about 31 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 68 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 31 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 68 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 71 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 337 kg/ha) in 56 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 201(49) 97 (24) Pomegranate - 246(60) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 246(60) Jamun - 246 (61) Bengal gram 218(53) 80 (20) Musambi 201 (49) 49(12) Groundnut - - Lime 201 (49) 49 (12) Sunflower 201(49) 49(12) Cashew - - Cotton 218(53) 80(20) Custard apple 218 (53) 80(20) Chilli - - Amla - 298 (73) Tomato - - Tamarind 246 (60) Drumstick - 250(61) Marigold - 298(73) Mulberry - 184(45) Chrysanthemum - 298 (73) Mango - - Jasmine - 48 (12) Sapota - - Crossandra - 222(54) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 88 (53.33%) men and 77 (46.67%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.2, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 3.5 and medium farmers were 4.5.  The data indicated that, 21 (12.73%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (41.21%) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (36.36%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (9.70%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kavalur East-5 had 25.45 per cent illiterates, 0.61 per cent functional literates, 26.06 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.48 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.58 per cent of them had high school education, 11.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.21 per cent did ITI and 7.88 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour and 2.78 per cent of household heads were practicing government service and student.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.00 per cent of the household members, 53.94 per cent were agricultural labourers,3.64 per cent were household industry, 0.61 per cent were in government service, private service, trade and business and housewives, 17.58 per cent were students and 1.21 per cent were children's.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 86.11 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 16.67 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 55.56 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 47.22 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 19.44 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 2,875, DVD/VCD player was 3,000, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,347, bicycle was Rs. 4,957, motor cycle was Rs. 28.038 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,411.  About, 8.33 per cent possess bullock cart, 11.11 per cent possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 5.56 per cent possess sprayer, 55.56 per cent of them possess weeder and 8.33 per cent possess chaff cutter. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart Rs. 19,000, plough was Rs. 1,640, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs.18 and average value of chaff cutter was Rs.383.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.78 per cent of the household possess local cow, buffalo, sheep and goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.49, average hired labour (men) available was 10.74 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.38. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kavalur East-5 micro-watershed possess 57.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 8.79 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.48 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 20.25 ha (100%) of dry land and medium farmers possess 13.84 ha (100 %) of dry land .  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 200,444.57. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 489,221.56 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 248,588.20 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 138,237.06 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 57,777.78 for dry land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.32 ha), Bengal gram (7.87 ha), cotton (1.34 ha), groundnut (1.68 ha), maize (11.30 ha), sorghum (9.18 ha) and sunflower (3.79 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, jowar, maize, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, maize, sorghum, sunflower and jowar. Medium farmers have grown bajra, maize and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kavalur East-5 microwatershed was found to be 80.26 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs.24059.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21166.38. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -2893.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.88.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 31085.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37668.39. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 6582.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 20577.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28741.82. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8164.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4. 3  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 35264.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42238.30. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 6974.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2.  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs 11689.00. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22920.54. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 11231.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.96.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs 22318.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33174.30. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 10855.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25660.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23632.22. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -2028.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 18326.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52611.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 34284.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.87.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was in adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 82,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,963.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 126,379.40, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 159,450 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 335,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,437.67. For landless households it was Rs. 12,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,570.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,240, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,916.67 and medium farmers it was Rs. 85,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 3coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 eucalyptus, 2 teak, 28 neem, 4 tamarind and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, jowar, maize and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 98.67 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 93.33 and sorghum was sold to the extent of 99.62 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 27.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village, 61.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market, 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing Society and contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used tractor.  The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 4  The results indicated that, 75 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for41.67 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 55.56 per cent of the households and 2.78 per cent of the households used lake/ tank.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 52.78 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.44 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 13.89 per cent vegetables were adequate for 11.11 per cent, fruits were adequate for 41.67 per cent, milk were adequate for 27.78 per cent, egg and meat was adequate for 22.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.56 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 83.33 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 980.56 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 47.22 per cent, milk were inadequate for 58.33 per cent, egg were inadequate for 77.78 per cent and meat were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (58.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (38.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (36.11%), high rate of interest on credit (19.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (13.89%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.11%), inadequate extension services (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (47.22%), less rain fall (66.67 %) and source of Agri-technology information (19.44%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 microwatersheds was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 509 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, 7 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in about 45 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 48 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 20 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 16 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatersheds were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatersheds Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 105 (21) 139 (27) Pomegranate - 142 (28) Maize - 147 (29) Guava - 78 (15) Bajra 43 (8) 103 (20) Jackfruit - 78 (15) Red gram - 142 (28) Jamun - 78 (15) Bengalgram 98 (19) 146 (29) Musambi - 141 (28) Groundnut 1 (<1) 180 (35) Lime - 176 (35) Sunflower - 177 (35) Cashew - 77 (15) Cotton 98 (19) 146 (29) Custard apple 141 (28) 138 (27) Chilli 42 (8) 104 (20) Amla 43 (8) 237 (46) Tomato 42 (8) 104 (20) Tamarind - 1 (<1) Drumstick - 141 (28) Marigold - 245 (48) Mulbery 1 (<1) 176 (34) Chrysanthemum - 245 (48) Mango - 1 (<1) Jasmine - 146 (29) Sapota - 43 (8) Crossandra - 146 (29) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatersheds.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (56.55%) men and 73 (43.45%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.92, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 5.2 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.67%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.45%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (27.38%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (12.50%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 had 26.79 per cent illiterates, 1.19 per cent of them had functional illiterates, 24.40 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.76 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.43 per cent of them had high school education, 10.12 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.79 per cent of them had ITI, 5.95 per cent of them had degree education and 0.60 per cent did master's and Ph.D.  The results indicate that, 48.65 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 45.95 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 8.11 per cent of the households were general labourers and 2.70 per cent of them were student.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.14 per cent of the household members, 29.76 per cent were agricultural laborers, 5.36 per cent were general labourers, 0.60 per cent were in government service, 3.57 per cent were in private service, 25.60 per cent were students, 1.19 per cent were housewives and 1.79 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.70 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 86.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 10.81 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 62.16 per cent of the households possess TV, 54.05 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 8.11 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 18.92 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,782, mixer/grinder was Rs.2,075, bivycle was Rs. 11,166, motor cycle was Rs. 34,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,807.  About 2.70 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.92 per cent of the households possess plough, 56.76 per cent of them weeder and 8.11 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 21,000, plough was Rs.1,000, average value of weeder was Rs.48 and chaff cutter was Rs. 266. 2  The results indicate that, 24.32 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16.22 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.70 per cent of them possess crossbreed cow and sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.24, average hired labour (men) available was 6.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.73.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 microwatershed possess 28.39 ha (83.86%) of dry land and 5.46 ha (16.14%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.341 ha (87.81%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (12.19%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 1.34 ha (11.15%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (100.00%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (68.17%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 417,241.63 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 402,518.52. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 771,388.01 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.97 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,707.23 for dry land and Rs. 523,939.40 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 299,928.57 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 123,500.00 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 13.51 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 14.42 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.91 ha, 1.34 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (2.64 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), cotton (2.43 ha), green gram (1.26 ha), groundnut (4.53 ha), maize (15.96 ha) and sorghum (5.83 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, groundnut, maize and sunflower. Small farmers had grown bajra, cotton, greengram, groundnut, maize and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown groundnut, maize and sunflower. Medium farmers had grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-2 & Haligeri-3 microwatershed was found to be 99.93 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.70 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 2.70 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 79762.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59035.76. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -20726.64, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 60725.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93860.00. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 33134.13, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 22926.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39838.71. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 16912.30, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 40061.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28619.46. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -11442.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 50934.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58580.03. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.7645.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 37226.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58951.17. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21724.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The results indicate that, 37.84 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 43.24 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 52,857.14 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 79,121.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 88,395, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 118,570 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 75,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,554.34. For landless households it was Rs. 6,020.41, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,974.49, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,572.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 46,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 80 coconut tree and 1 mango trees in the field. Also, 1 coconut tree in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 16 teak and 65 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent and cotton, green gram, groundnut, maize, and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 78.38 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.70 per cent of their produce to regulated markets. 4  The results indicated that, 81.08 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 62.16 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 78.38 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 83.72 per cent of the households used firewood and 16.22 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.19 per cent and bore well and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 5.41 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 54.05 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 24.32 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.89 per cent, vegetables and fruits were adequate for 5.41 per cent, milk and meat was adequate for 97.30 per cent and eggs were adequate for 94.59 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 8.11 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 97.30 per cent, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 94.59 per cent, milk and eggs were inadequate for 2.70 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 81.08 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 78.38 per cent of the households, high rate of interest on credit (62.16%), low price for the agricultural commodities (56.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.73%), inadequate extension services (18.92%), lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (10.81 %) and source of agri technology information (2.70 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 21 per cent loamy soils and 75 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 24 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 19 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 77 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 53 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 43 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 0.75%) in 82 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 15 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 55 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 41 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 68 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in 71 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 61 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 98 (22) 84(20) Pomegranate - 120(27) Maize - 67(16) Guava - 14(3) Bajra - 111(25) Jackfruit - 14(3) Redgram - 106(24) Jamun - 100(23) Bengal gram 98(22) 113 (26) Musambi 98(22) 10(2) Groundnut - 95(22) Lime 98(22) 10(2) Sunflower 98(22) 20(5) Cashew - 37(8) Cotton 98(22) 72(17) Custard apple 98(22) 176(40) Chilli - 67(16) Amla - 274(62) Tomato - 67(16) Tamarind - 98(22) Drumstick - 142(32) Marigold - 182(42) Mulbery - 169(38) Chrysanthemum - 182(42) Mango - - Jasmine - 76(18) Sapota - 14(3) Crossandra - 153(35) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 79 (50%) men and 79 (50.65%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of large farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 4.09, small farmers' was 4.60, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 22 (13.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (42.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (34.18%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Adavalli-4 had 28.48 per cent illiterates, 0.63 per cent were functional literate, 29.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.80 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.92 per cent of them had high school education, 11.39 per cent of them had PUC education, 7.59 per cent of them had degree education and 0.63 per cent of them did Masters.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 25.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 47.47 per cent of the household members, 23.42 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.53 per cent had household industry, 0.63 per cent were in government service, 1.90 per cent were in private service, 0.63 per cent were in trade and business, 20.25 per cent were students, 1.27 per cent were housewives and 1.90 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.86 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 62.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 25.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of them possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 7,354, mixer grinder was Rs 1,255, bicycle was Rs 928, motor cycle was Rs. 29,556 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,539.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 37.14 per cent of them possess weeder, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2.86 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 9,916, plough was Rs. 1,800, tractor was Rs 200,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,900, average value of weeder was Rs.36, average value of chaff cutter was 1880 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs.11,000. 2  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.66, average hired labour (men) available was 8.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.66.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Adavalli-4 micro-watershed possess 32.97 ha (80.30%) of dry land and 8.09 ha (19.70%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.26 ha (94.72%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (5.28%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 19.09 ha (91.52%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (8.48%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.61 ha (80.02%) of dry land and 1.65 ha (19.98%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 336,570.10 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 420,320.33. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 592,028.99 for dry land and Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 282,704.54 for dry land and Rs. 339,130.44 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 211,627.91 for dry land and Rs. 302,696.08 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 351,851.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 17.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.39 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.77 ha, 1.65 and 4.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown sunflower (3.36 ha), sorghum (13.47 ha), maize (9.22 ha), cotton (2.15 ha), Bengalgram (2.07 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), bajra (2.14 ha) and onion (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Adavalli-4 micro-watershed was found to be 101.58 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 25277.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26408.02. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 1130.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 29007.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47510.22. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 18502.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. 3  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 15886.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69774.01. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 53887.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.39.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42207.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36720.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -5486.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 49938.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61750. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 11811.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 49188.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36406.81. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 12781.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 23869.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34526.55. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10656.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33227.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50544.20. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 17316.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 20 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and dry fodder was inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 18,000 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 33,900, for small farmers it was Rs. 93,948, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,550 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 342,840.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,075.41. For landless households it was Rs. 3,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,842.98, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,535.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,041.67 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 129,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconut trees in their field and 3 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 48 neem, 6 tamarind and 2 banyan trees in their field. Also, 2 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, cotton, onion and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent, bajra was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 52.63 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.87 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 46.19 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 45.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 54.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 28.57 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 91.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 91.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (77.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%), less rainfall (8.57%) and source of agri-technology information (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project