Suchergebnisse

This paper discusses the economic, social and environmental benefits from using solar water heating (SWH) in Zimbabwe. By comparing different water heating technology usage in three sectors over a 25-year period, the potential of SWH is demonstrated in alleviating energy and economic problems that energy-importing countries like Zimbabwe are facing. SWH would reduce coincident electricity winter peak demand by 13% and reduce final energy demand by 27%, assuming a 50% penetration rate of SWH potential demand. Up to $250 million can be saved and CO2 emissions can be reduced by 29% over the 25-year period. Benefits are also present at individual consumer level, for the electricity utility, as well as for society at large. In the case of Zimbabwe, policy strategies that can support renewable energy technologies are already in current government policy, but this political will need to be translated into enhanced practical activities. A multi-stakeholder approach appears to be the best approach to promoting widespread dissemination of SWH technologies.

This dissertation investigates options that exist to reduce emissions from residential space and water heating over the next few decades. There are four main research questions that I aim to answer: 1. What is the most promising route to decarbonizing residential space and water heating?2. If heating becomes electrified, what new electric loads should we expect?3. How might the building stock transition to electrified heating, and how can this transition occur at minimum cost?4. What policy changes are necessary in California to encourage electrification?These research questions are tackled one at a time, in each of the main chapters of the dissertation. In Chapter One I look specifically at California and build the case for why energy efficiency with electrification of heating is the most likely path to achieve the large carbon emission reduction needed from this sector. I examine alternative decarbonization strategies, such as solar thermal, biogas, synthetic natural gas, and electrification and show why electrification is likely to be the most promising path. I evaluated these options across the dimensions of scale, cost, and suitability. I find that electrification has the potential to serve all heating loads, while the other options may serve only 2-70% of loads. I also expect that electrification could reduce emissions from this sector at less than 1/2 the cost of other options. While electrification may be the most promising path in California, it is not necessarily the most promising path in all regions. The benefits of electrification and its limitations are discussed. In Chapter Two, I estimate what new electric loads might look like if existing natural gas space and water heating transition to electric heat pumps. In order for electrification to gain support from policymakers, system operators, and utilities we need to better understand what impacts electrification of space and water heating would have on the grid. The electricity grid needs to be prepared for the additional load, and in order to do that we need to better understand the characteristics of new heating loads. I present a new method for estimating hourly residential space heating and water heating demand using hourly electricity consumption data (smart meter data) and daily natural gas data. This estimate was done using a dataset of 30,000 customer accounts in Northern California. I applied linear regression at both the individual house level and to hourly, climate-band-averaged whole-home electricity consumption, climate-band-averaged whole-home gas consumption, and outdoor air temperature data to determine both the hours when heating is more active and the outdoor temperature dependence of that consumption. This varying temperature responsiveness allowed me to assign varying amounts of space heating load to different hours. I then scaled up the results to the entire utility service area to show when and where electric heating will impact peak demand. About 1/2 of the residential space and water heating gas use could be electrified without any impact on peak demand. I also find that electrification of space and water heating would increase the load factor by at least 5%--and even more if heating loads are controllable. While electrification of heating would have little impact on peak demand on a systemwide basis (until very high penetration), at the distribution level electrifying heating loads may have an impact on peak demand for feeders that are mostly residential.In Chapter Three I show how California could deploy hot water heaters to meet different emissions targets at lowest cost. I describe several scenarios and show what the lowest cost pathway would be as emissions are constrained. Different water heating technologies are considered, such as gas tank, gas tankless, electric resistance, and electric heat pump, and high efficiency electric heat pump with CO2 refrigerant. Emissions from natural gas leakage and refrigerant leakage are both considered. I have developed a linear program that minimizes total present operating and capital cost of statewide residential water heating. Relative to the lowest cost case, adding cumulative emissions targets can lower emissions from 71% to 77% without early retirement of water heating appliances. In order to meet a 90% reduction goal from the sector in 2050 (while minimizing cumulative emissions), heat pump water heaters need to have full market share in new construction immediately unless efficiency standards are increased, and most scenarios suggest that the lowest cost pathway include a transition to electric water heating that should have already occurred. Heat pumps need to begin replacing existing gas water heaters by the early 2030s at the latest, while most scenarios suggest that this transition should have already happened to minimize cost. Given projections for gas and electricity prices and costs of water heating equipment, an emissions target of a 90% reduction in 2050 relative to 2010 emissions could be met at a cost of $97-153/ton CO2 relative to the unconstrained, lowest cost case. Delaying action beyond 2017 makes the cumulative emissions target unreachable in two scenarios, while a third scenario allows delay until 2029, at a carbon cost of over $200/ton CO2.Finally, in Chapter Four I examine potential policy changes that could be made to encourage a transition to electric space and water heating. Current energy policies and economics give an advantage to natural gas appliances over electric appliances. Simultaneously, California's climate policy is aiming for very large reductions in emissions, which will either be impossible or costly without a phase out of many natural gas end uses. Aligning energy and climate policy is possible, but will require several changes. Some potential suggestions are offered in this chapter mostly related to changes to the building energy code. In addition to changes to building codes, other options are also possible such as redesigning electricity rates that properly reward flexible loads. Specific legislation may also be required to jump start a transition to electric heating. Such policies have been put in place in the past to support other technologies that may have even less climate benefit per dollar.

Turkey is a free market economy that is oriented towards Western markets. It also has strong ambitions to join the European Union and this factor has been beneficial as well taxing with respect to its changing economic situation. In terms of world textile strand production, on a production per capita basis, Turkey occupies the third place in the world. Thus, the economic importance of textile industry for Turkey and its need for consolidation within the world markets is essential. Turkey imports nearly 50% of its energy requirements. The country spends 40-50% of its total export income to import fuel, mainly crude oil and natural gas. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of exploitation of solar energy within the Turkish textile industry with particular reference to thermal application and critically examine the present opportunities and barriers. A discussion on the possible adoption of instruments that will help alleviate the barriers is also presented. Results of a detailed life cycle assessment and relevant economics of solar water heater have also been presented. As an addendum the potential for solar water heating within the domestic sector is also briefly discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caption title: Manual of design criteria for high temperature water heating systems with forced circulation boiler. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

This dissertation reports on a cost-effectiveness and an economic analysis of four types of water heating system operating in North Cyprus where there is an unreliable water supply. These systems are electric water heating, a solar water heating system (SWHS) with electricity back-up, the SWHS with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) water heater, and an LPG water heater alone. This study finds that in situations where there is a winter or a rainy season, the choice of the source of energy for SWHS's back-up during this period is critical for its overall cost-effectiveness. Although an SWHS with electricity back-up is far superior to using electricity alone, it is inferior to heating water with either an LPG water heater alone or an SWHS with an LPG back-up. It is found that in the conditions of North Cyprus, an SWHS with an LPG heater back-up is both financially and economically the most cost-effective, most convenient and most environmentally friendly system for households with more than two members, while LPG water heater alone are the most cost-effective for smaller households. Furthermore, if a reliable supply of water is available, the cost of heating water is reduced by 15% for the SWHS with LPG back-up and for the heating of water by the LPG heater alone. A major finding that emerges from this study is that in climates where SWHSs are not able to deliver adequate energy throughout the year, it is very important to take into consideration what is to be used as the source of back-up energy. Many countries have been providing financial incentives to promote SWHSs and it is usually assumed that electricity will be the back-up source of energy when solar energy is insufficient. This study points to the critical importance of having a policy for SWHSs that does not simply promote the installation of SWHSs, but that also promotes the appropriate auxiliary source of energy for supplementing the SWHS. Keywords: Cost-effectiveness analysis; water heater systems; households; North Cyprus. ; ÖZ: Bu tezin amacı su kalitesinin içilebilir bir seviyede olmadığı ve kesintisiz su arzının sağlanamadığı Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta su ısıtma sistemlerinin maliyet-etkililik ve ekonomik analizini yapmaktır. Günümüzde kullanımda olan su ısıtma sistemleri, elektrikli su ısıtma sistemleri, gazlı su ısıtma sistemleri ve elektrik veya gaz yedekli güneş enerjisi sistemleridir. Bu çalışma kış mevsiminin veya yağışlı sezonun hüküm sürdüğü yerlerde, bu periyotta güneş enerjisi sistemlerinde kullanılan yedek enerji kaynağının bu sistemlerin maliyet açısından etkinliğinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Elektrik yedekli güneş su ısıtma sistemleri elektrikli ısıtıcılara kıyasla çok daha az maliyetli olmasına rağmen bu sistemlerin gaz yedekli sistemlerden veya gazlı su ısıtıcılarından daha masraflı olduğu hesap edilmiştir. Kuzey Kıbrıs'taki mevcut koşullarda, tek veya iki kişilik hanelerde gazlı su ısıtıcılarının, daha çok bireyin ikame ettiği hanelerde ise gaz yedekli güneş enerji sistemlerinin hem finansal, hem ekonomik yönden maliyet açısından en etkin; ayrıca çevresel etki bakımından da en çevreci sistemler olduğu bulunmuştur. Bunun yanısıra, kesintisiz içilebilir su arzının sağlanabildiği durumlarda bu sistemlerden yararlanarak sıcak su temin etmenin maliyetinin 15% azalacağı hesap edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki en önemli bulgu, güneş enerjisinin yeterli olmadığı zamanlarda güneş enerji sistemlerinde yedek olarak kullanılacak enerji kaynağını hesaba katmaktır. Birçok ülke çevresel kaygılardan dolayı su ısıtma amaçlı güneş enerji sistemlerinin yaygınlaşması için mali teşvikler temin etmektedirler ve genellikle elektrik enerjisinin sisteme yedek olarak kullanılacağı varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışma sadece güneş enerji sistemlerinin teşvikini düzenleyen politikaların değil sisteme uygun yedek enerji kaynağını dikkate alarak teşvik edici politikalar yapmanın önemine işaret etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Maliyet-etkililik analizi; su ısıtma sistemleri; hanehalkı analizi; Kuzey Kıbrıs. ; Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Economics, 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Glenn P. Jenkins.

Solar thermal water heaters are an old technology used a century ago in California. They are now used extensively, in updated form, in many countries. According to government and industry estimates, well-functioning solar water heaters can theoretically displace 50 to 80 percent of the output of a natural gas-fueled household water heater, depending how hot water usage aligns with production and storage capacities. In so doing, they offer tremendous potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, fuel consumption, and energy bills. Such performance holds promise for California given its climate change and energy efficiency policy goals, since 40 percent of the natural gas used in California households is used to produce hot water. However, absent programs, only a specialty market for solar water heaters has developed. To encourage wider deployment, the California Solar Initiative—Thermal program offers financial incentives for systems qualifying under a carefully crafted set of specifications. The program has had some limited success since its inception in 2010. Within that context, this research assessed the performance and potential future use of natural gas-displacing solar water heaters in single-family homes in California, attending to a wide range of sociotechnical considerations. This project documented high diversity in user satisfaction and perceived system performance, and a qualified decrease in project costs to below $5,000 per installation. Solar water heating is a technology in progress, not universally suitable but instead appealing to varied niches shaped by household sensibilities, abilities, and hot water use levels. Thus, recent evolution provides a counterpoint to the pessimism, even as serious difficulties remain. The suitability of solar water heating for California households is not purely a matter of costeffectiveness within a typical energy efficiency framework, but also of evolving performance, perceptions, and values in light of ongoing and aspirational energy and social transitions ahead.

Given the limited and low cost of conventional energy and the resulting pollution and damage to the environment and the future of future generations, current research has tended to be increasingly interested in the search for other types of clean, renewable, and sundrenched energy, in which case the Sun is the main source of many energy sources in nature, and some people even launch the slogan "Sun or energies", and it is considered a clean and renewable energy as long as the Sun exists and has been used for thousands of years in hot areas, as itwasused in Heating water and drying some agricultural crops to protect them from damage, whileresearch and experiments are being made to try to exploit the Sun'senergy in producing electricity and Heating . Etc The Tunisian Government's interest in exploiting renewable energy potential for manyyears has increased considerably, and initiatives have been launched to support the solar water Heating policy, which is suitable for the hot and sunny climate of Tunisia, with the adoption of important promotional and financing policies, as well as the role of the private sector, which has played an important role. The study aims to learn about Tunisia's solar experience as an alternative to coal, gas, and oil in Heating water to the needs of both the residential, service and industrial sector, which we are a successful and well-studied experiment

Financial incentives designed to accelerate the use of solar energy for heating, cooling, and water heating of buildings have been proposed by both state and federal legislative bodies in the U.S.A. Among the most frequently mentioned incentives are sales and property tax exemptions, tax deductions and credits, rapid amortization provisions, and interest rate subsidies. At the present time there is little available information regarding the ability of such incentives to advance the rate of solar energy utilization. This paper describes the derivation and use of a computer simulation model designed to estimate solar energy use for space conditioning and water heating for given economic, climatic, and technological conditions. When applied to data from the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, the simulation model predicts that sales tax exemptions would have little impact over the next decade, interest rate subsidies could more than double solar energy use, and the other proposed incentives would have an intermediate impact.

As the population grows consumer habits and the pace of life makes people use as much as possible. Various electrical and electronic equipments require a lot of raw materials, energy. They are made of rare metals and critical raw materials. The shorter lifetime of products increases the number of electronics waste. Complex recycling is a loss of raw materials. European Union directives not only encourage Union Members to manage waste responsibly and move to a circular economy but also to move towards the use of renewable energy sources. The objective of this master's thesis is to analyze the life cycle of photovoltaic water heating system controller, to assess the environmental impact and to propose solutions to reduce that impact. This work aims to contribute to the goals of sustainable development, reducing energy consumption, changing hazardous materials to non-hazardous, using renewable energy and managing waste properly. The statistical researches were collected, scientific and practical literature, current legal requirements were analyzed, environmental impact assessment of the controller was carried out, according to the life cycle assessment methodology, according to the ecodesign methodology and solutions for controller improvement were proposed in this work. The work involved the production, use phase, disassembly and arrangement of the controller and its components. Assessing the controller life cycle the results are as follows: the greatest environmental impact is at the stage of use of the controller. After ecological design the environmental impact is reduced by 13,4 %, in use - by 30.5%.