Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the wake of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the ensuing Iraqi invasion of the southern province of Khuzestan, one of the most important initiations of Islamic institutions of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the creation of the Sepâh‐e Pâsdârân‐e Enqelâb‐e Eslâmî (The Islamic Revolutionary Guard) or SPEE (Rafiqdust 1382/2004:173‐4). This revolutionary organisation was Khomeini's answer to the regular standing Iranian army, trained and disciplined under the tight control of the deposed monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to thwart any effort to destroy the much fought for Revolution and a possible coup d'état (Menashri 1999:218–219; Katzman 1993). The Ayatollah ordered its creation in the first week of his victory in February 1979 (Rafuqdust 1383/2004:174). 'Whoever is armed,' stated the call, 'can join the Sepâh' (Rafiqdust 1383/2004:184). The call was put out to start recruiting those who had taken up arms against the Pahlavi regime during the Revolution. Basîj‐e Enqelâb‐e Eslamî (Islamic Revolution's Mobilisation Force) or Basîj was the organisation born out of SPEE, which was filled with devout, motivated, and faithful Shi'i militants (Globalsecurity.org 2004)). By default, the Iran‐Iraq War (1980–1988) solidified the Islamic Revolution, and Basîj, as a key military body of the new regime, played a major role in this process. This study discusses how the Islamic government of Iran successfully promoted long‐learned religious traditions, in this case, the Karbala paradigm and the martyrdom of Imam Hussein in 680 AD to rally support and receive unconditional loyalty of the Basîji (a Basîj member) during the Iran‐Iraq War. It examines the following two points: first, the idea of self‐sacrifice as part of a religious belief, powerfully energised by the use of Shi'i ideology and history; second, the discussion of the amalgamation of secular and religious nationalism, which Ernest

The author explores the evolution of the methods of the US influence to the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Gulf War 1980-1988. Algerian agreement in 1981 did not become the basis for the settlement of US-Iranian relations in the early 1980s, because the Iranian government continued to sponsor terroristic radical extremist organizations in the Middle East, thereby causing harm to the US interests. Therefore, the administration of R. Reagan prolongs the effect of emergency economic measures against Iran and introduces additional sanctions. After reviewing its neutrality, the US prefers a more predictable Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war and announces Operation Staunch, aimed to cooperate with other countries to refuse to supply weapons in Iran. Promoting greater weakening of rivals of each other was considered as the greatest interest of the US in the war where no country could become the leader in the region and prevent the spread of the American influence in the Middle East.

20. yüzyıl (y.y.) Dünya siyasi tarihi açısından çok önemli gelişmelerin yaşandığı bir yüzyıldır. Bu yüzyıl içerisinde iki büyük dünya savaşı gerçekleşmiş olup, 1. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında uluslararası dünya sistemi yeniden şekillenmiştir. Ancak yeniden şekillenen dünya sistemi, Ortadoğu bölgesine istikrar getirmemiştir. Nitekim İngiltere'nin 1. Dünya Savaşı sonrası bölgenin demografik yapısını dikkate almadan haritalandırdığı Irak, günümüze değin iç istikrara ulaşabilmiş değildir. Irak'ta askeri darbeler zincirine en son eklenen halka, 1969'da askeri darbeyle başa gelen Baas rejimidir. Öte yandan İran'da ki şahlık rejiminin 1979'da bir halk darbesiyle Şii yorumlu İslam rejimiyle yer değiştirmesi sonucu, başta Irak olmak üzere bölgedeki Arap devletler ve uluslararası güçler, yeni İran rejiminden endişelenmiştir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin (ABD) desteği ve modern silahlarla donanımlı Irak ordusuna güvenen Saddam Hüseyin yönetimi, İran'a saldırmış, böylece savaş sonucunun ortaya çıkardığı gelişmeler, Iraklı Kürtlerin geleceğinin olumlu yönde şekillenmesini sağlamıştır. Bu araştırmanın kapsamı, 1980-88 yılları arasında Ortadoğu bölgesinde İran-Irak Savaşı'nın yaşandığı bölgelerdir. Bu kapsamda İran-Irak Savaşı'nın Iraklı Kürtlere etkileri incelenmiştir. Kaynak eser olarak; kitap, dergi ve gazete gibi materyallerden faydalanılmıştır. İran-Irak Savaşı'nın Iraklı Kürtlere etkilerinin neticesinde 2005'te Irak Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY) kurulmuştur. Böylece Kürtlerin on yıllar boyu hayalini kurdukları gelecek, fiili ve hukuki olarak gerçekleşmiştir. ; 20th century (y.y.) is a century in which there will be important developments in the history of world politics. Two great world wars have taken place in this century, including World War II which reshaped the international system. However this new world system as shaped by the UK and its allies did not bring stability to the Middle East, and regional maps were created without taking into account the demographic structure of the region. The later military coup took place in Iraq in 1969 organized by the Baath Party, and the Baathist regime was established. In parallel, there was a regime change in Iran in 1979. As a result of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Arab States and the international powers were threatened by this new political development. The support of the United States and with the help of military aid to Iraq Saddam Hussein was able to attack Iran. As a result of this war, the Kurds in Iraq benefitted from the political chaos. This research study explores the period 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War and particularly one of its important consequences; the establishment of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq in its 2005 aftermath. Thus, the Kurds decades-long dream was realized as practical and legal.