Suchergebnisse

Aging populations have led many European countries to make an effort to increase the effective retirement age and keep workers longer in the labor force. An increase in the retirement age does not necessarily lead to a rise in the employment rate of older workers, as many could remain unemployed. In fact, the declining productivity of some older workers would require a wage cut for them to remain competitive. However, workers typically receive stable wages over their whole career, despite fluctuations in worker productivity: this 'wage smoothing' is an optimal feature of private employment contracts. The employment relation breaks up if the highest wage affordable by the firm is below the minimum wage acceptable for the worker. Conversely, wage rigidities - restrictions on individual wage setting such as a minimum wage, or market failures - can make separations bilaterally inefficient. This happens whenever the wage adjustment necessary to ensure continued employment either violates legal constraints or does not comply with individual incentives. How much of the empirically observed wage stability is explained by wage smoothing and how much by wage rigidities? Government intervention should focus on segments of the labor market where bilaterally inefficient separations due to wage rigidity are most likely, one of which is the labor market of older workers.

We study simple fiscal rules for stabilizing the government debt level in response to asymmetric demand shocks in a country that belongs to a currency union. We compare debt stabilization through tax rate adjustments with debt stabilization through expenditure changes. While rapid and flexible adjustment of public expenditure might seem institutionally or informationally infeasible, we discuss one concrete way in which this might be implemented: setting salaries of public employees, and social transfers, in an alternative unit of account, and delegating the valuation of this numeraire to an independent fiscal authority. Using a sticky-price DSGE matching model of a small open economy in a currency union, we compare the business cycle implications of several different fiscal rules that all achieve the same reduction in the standard deviation of the public debt. In our simulations, compared with rules that adjust tax rates, a rule that stabilizes the budget by adjusting public salaries and transfers reduces fluctuations in consumption, employment, and private and public after-tax real wages, thus bringing the market economy closer to the social planner's solution ; Este artículo estudia reglas fiscales sencillas para estabilizar la deuda pública frente a perturbaciones de demanda asimétricas para un país perteneciente a una unión monetaria. Comparamos reglas que ajustan los impuestos con otras que ajustan el gasto público. Aunque podría parecer imposible ajustar rápida y flexiblemente el gasto público, por razones institucionales o de información, describimos una manera concreta de hacerlo: determinar los salarios públicos y las transferencias sociales en una unidad de cuenta alternativa, y delegar la valoración de este numerario a una autoridad fiscal independiente. Para estudiar estas reglas fiscales, construimos un modelo dinámico y estocástico de equilibrio general de una economía pequeña y abierta en una unión monetaria, con rigideces nominales y emparejamiento aleatorio en el mercado laboral. Utilizando el modelo, comparamos las fluctuaciones de la economía bajo varias reglas fiscales que conllevan la misma reducción en la desviación estándar de la deuda pública. Según nuestras simulaciones, en comparación con reglas basadas en ajustes impositivos, una regla que estabiliza el presupuesto a base de ajustar los salarios públicos y las transferencias reduce las fluctuaciones del consumo, del empleo, y de los salarios reales después de impuestos en los sectores privado y público. De esta manera, acerca la economía de mercado a la solución que escogería un planificador social

Job displacement represents a serious earnings risk to long-tenured workers through lower re-employment wages, and these losses may persist for many years. Moreover, this risk is often poorly insured, although not for a lack of policy interest. To reduce this risk, most countries mandate scheduled wage insurance (severance pay), although it is provided only voluntarily in others, including the US. Actual-loss wage insurance is uncommon, although perceived difficulties may be overplayed. Both approaches offer the hope of greater consumption smoothing, with actual-loss plans carrying greater promise, but more uncertainty, of success.

ABSTRACTThere is evidence that worker cooperatives provide a greater stabilization of employment compared to capital‐managed firms. While the reasons of this behaviour can be ascribed to their property and governance structure, less is known of the tools to put it into practice. I discuss two possible ways to guarantee employment insurance: by letting wages fluctuate, or by accumulating reinvested profits into an income stabilizing fund that copes with downturns without firing and without reducing wages. In this second case, I find out that asset locks play a wage smoothing role. This may explain the large share of profits that are reinvested in this indivisible and not appropriable fund. I provide evidence for this mechanism by means of original data at the firm level and of first‐hand collected survey data at the individual level on risk perception in a sample of Italian cooperatives.