Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The urban transport system is halfway between a residency and activity location system and a complex system of social relations and practices. It irrigates the town by responding to its changes. To a large extent, it actually enables change. Towns would not have been able to spread over such a wide area if walking or animal traction had been the only means of transport. However, this transport system also has its own dynamic comprising two types of competition. The first, which is as old as the town itself, is the competition for the use of the highways. The second has to do with technological development and is the competition between means of transport. Both interact in accordance with increasingly well-known mechanisms, to the extent that this dynamic can be represented by a simulation model. Such a model can be used to explore the possible future prospects for the transport system based on economic developments and alternative transport policies. ; Le système de transport urbain se situe à la jonction d'un système de localisation de l'habitat et des activités et d'un système complexe de pratiques et relations sociales. Il permet d'irriguer la ville en répondant à ses transformations. Dans une large mesure, il les autorise : l'étalement urbain n'aurait pas eu une telle ampleur avec la seule marche à pied ou la seule traction animale. Mais ce système de transport a aussi sa dynamique propre, qui rend compte d'une double compétition : l'une, aussi ancienne que la ville, est la compétition pour l'usage de la voirie ; l'autre, liée au développement des techniques, est la compétition entre les modes de transport. L'une et l'autre interagissent selon des mécanismes de mieux en mieux connus, au point que cette dynamique peut être représentée par un modèle de simulation. Celui-ci permet d'explorer les avenirs possibles du système de transport selon les évolutions du contexte économique et les politiques de transport alternatives.

International audience ; The urban transport system is halfway between a residency and activity location system and a complex system of social relations and practices. It irrigates the town by responding to its changes. To a large extent, it actually enables change. Towns would not have been able to spread over such a wide area if walking or animal traction had been the only means of transport. However, this transport system also has its own dynamic comprising two types of competition. The first, which is as old as the town itself, is the competition for the use of the highways. The second has to do with technological development and is the competition between means of transport. Both interact in accordance with increasingly well-known mechanisms, to the extent that this dynamic can be represented by a simulation model. Such a model can be used to explore the possible future prospects for the transport system based on economic developments and alternative transport policies. ; Le système de transport urbain se situe à la jonction d'un système de localisation de l'habitat et des activités et d'un système complexe de pratiques et relations sociales. Il permet d'irriguer la ville en répondant à ses transformations. Dans une large mesure, il les autorise : l'étalement urbain n'aurait pas eu une telle ampleur avec la seule marche à pied ou la seule traction animale. Mais ce système de transport a aussi sa dynamique propre, qui rend compte d'une double compétition : l'une, aussi ancienne que la ville, est la compétition pour l'usage de la voirie ; l'autre, liée au développement des techniques, est la compétition entre les modes de transport. L'une et l'autre interagissent selon des mécanismes de mieux en mieux connus, au point que cette dynamique peut être représentée par un modèle de simulation. Celui-ci permet d'explorer les avenirs possibles du système de transport selon les évolutions du contexte économique et les politiques de transport alternatives.

International audience ; The urban transport system is halfway between a residency and activity location system and a complex system of social relations and practices. It irrigates the town by responding to its changes. To a large extent, it actually enables change. Towns would not have been able to spread over such a wide area if walking or animal traction had been the only means of transport. However, this transport system also has its own dynamic comprising two types of competition. The first, which is as old as the town itself, is the competition for the use of the highways. The second has to do with technological development and is the competition between means of transport. Both interact in accordance with increasingly well-known mechanisms, to the extent that this dynamic can be represented by a simulation model. Such a model can be used to explore the possible future prospects for the transport system based on economic developments and alternative transport policies. ; Le système de transport urbain se situe à la jonction d'un système de localisation de l'habitat et des activités et d'un système complexe de pratiques et relations sociales. Il permet d'irriguer la ville en répondant à ses transformations. Dans une large mesure, il les autorise : l'étalement urbain n'aurait pas eu une telle ampleur avec la seule marche à pied ou la seule traction animale. Mais ce système de transport a aussi sa dynamique propre, qui rend compte d'une double compétition : l'une, aussi ancienne que la ville, est la compétition pour l'usage de la voirie ; l'autre, liée au développement des techniques, est la compétition entre les modes de transport. L'une et l'autre interagissent selon des mécanismes de mieux en mieux connus, au point que cette dynamique peut être représentée par un modèle de simulation. Celui-ci permet d'explorer les avenirs possibles du système de transport selon les évolutions du contexte économique et les politiques de transport alternatives.

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that deeper engagements with people may improve systems of governance at all levels. However, urban local governments inIndia have not generally developed effective structures and mechanisms for engaging with their citizens. This article draws from a study ofAhmedabad,India, where the local municipal corporation actively engaged with the citizens to develop an efficient urban public transport system. The study demonstrates that appropriate partnerships with citizens may effectively address various institutional deficiencies normally faced by urban local governments, and may facilitate improvements in their service delivery.

The future sustainability of the urban transport system is largely determined by the technological composition of and measures introduced in the system. This composition is dependent on many background factors. This paper investigates this relationship by means of a panel analysis of experts' opinions on developments of background factors and scores attached to the importance of transport modes in the year 2030; in addition, the model also includes personal features of the respondents. The main findings are that: a reversal of the individualization has a negative impact on several types of modes, which may be explained by a lower mobility level; the main decision level influences the importance of new and collective transport modes and the urban spatial organization has also a clear impact on the importance of collective modes. It is concluded that when governments wish to reduce the external costs of urban transport, developments in society, the spatial organization and the institutional environment - as well as general policies, other than transport oriented but influencing these developments - have to be taken into account by composing urban transport policy packages.

The future sustainability of the urban transport system is largely determined by the technological composition of and measures introduced in the system. This composition is dependent on many background factors. This paper investigates this relationship by means of a panel analysis of experts' opinions on developments of background factors and scores attached to the importance of transport modes in the year 2030; in addition, the model also includes personal features of the respondents. The main findings are that: a reversal of the individualization has a negative impact on several types of modes, which may be explained by a lower mobility level; the main decision level influences the importance of new and collective transport modes and the urban spatial organization has also a clear impact on the importance of collective modes. It is concluded that when governments wish to reduce the external costs of urban transport, developments in society, the spatial organization and the institutional environment - as well as general policies, other than transport oriented but influencing these developments - have to be taken into account by composing urban transport policy packages.

The formulation of scenarios for developing the urban transport infrastructure requires decisions mainly based on the intuition of experts in transport and highly influenced by public interest groups, business entities and political opinions. However, the reached decisions sometimes fail to be the most efficient. Therefore, to avoid errors and ensure the development of a sustainable transport system, the economical appraisal of infrastructure development scenarios is necessary. The economic evaluation of the developed scenarios can be carried out through macro-simulation and cost-benefit analysis. This paper deals with the Kaunas City Master Plan providing solutions to transport infrastructure development. According to the Master Plan, solutions can be classified considering 3 cathegories (priorities), although the detailed sequence of implementation is not given. With the help of macro-simulation, this study arranged Master Plan solutions into scenarios, checked all 20 scenarious and established an implementation order based on the theory of cost benefit analysis. The identified order substantially differs from the priorities set in the Master Plan.

The formulation of scenarios for developing the urban transport infrastructure requires decisions mainly based on the intuition of experts in transport and highly influenced by public interest groups, business entities and political opinions. However, the reached decisions sometimes fail to be the most efficient. Therefore, to avoid errors and ensure the development of a sustainable transport system, the economical appraisal of infrastructure development scenarios is necessary. The economic evaluation of the developed scenarios can be carried out through macro-simulation and cost-benefit analysis. This paper deals with the Kaunas City Master Plan providing solutions to transport infrastructure development. According to the Master Plan, solutions can be classified considering 3 cathegories (priorities), although the detailed sequence of implementation is not given. With the help of macro-simulation, this study arranged Master Plan solutions into scenarios, checked all 20 scenarious and established an implementation order based on the theory of cost benefit analysis. The identified order substantially differs from the priorities set in the Master Plan.