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Centralization & subsequent decentralization of population & employment is a phenomenon that characterizes Ur systems as they evolve over time. To observers of Ur change in individual European nation-states, a significant gap exists between monitoring changes in spatial distributions & understanding the processes that steer patterns of Ur growth, stagnation, & decline. This gap needs to be narrowed, especially since locational preferences of companies, households, governments, & other major sectors are changing rapidly. Such complex issues suggest a need to relate present knowledge to what is happening in city systems in other advanced economies. This is difficult because a cross-national comparison of Ur systems within Europe itself does not exist. Such a ready-made perspective poses a practical & conceptual problem. However, attempts have been made to articulate the contemporary organization of Ur systems through inductive rules, theories, & theoretical frameworks. These attempts are the subject of discussion. 11 Tables, 6 Figures. HA.

Centralization and subsequent decentralization of population and employment is a phenomenon that characterizes urban systems as they evolve over time. To observers of urban change in individual European nation-states, a significant gap exists between monitoring changes in spatial distributions and understanding the processes that steer patterns of urban growth, stagnation, and decline. This gap needs to be narrowed, especially since locational preferences of companies, households, governments, and other major sectors are changing rapidly. Such complex issues suggest a need to relate present knowledge to what is happening in city systems in other advanced economies. This is difficult because a cross-national comparison of urban systems within Europe itself does not exist. Such a ready-made perspective poses a practical and conceptual problem. However, attempts have been made to articulate the comtemporary organization of urban systems through inductive rules, theories, and theoretical frameworks. This article largely concerns such attempts.

Despite extensive efforts to understand the overall effect of urban structure on the current patterns of urban mobility, we are still quite far away from a consensual perspective on this complex matter.

Ottoman urban planning system in Palestine ; The Ottomans stayed in Palestine around 400 years characterized by great changes and developments. They significantly impinged the life of the Palestinians with numerous effects from language to the urban style and architecture. The Ottoman government controls depended upon the Islamic law and included several regulations for the built environment and the urban structure. The main government systems that included such laws and regulations are the administrative, judicial and land systems. This article depends on historical research to dig through these systems in order to explore the different controls they used over the Palestinian urban structures and to what extent did they established a comprehensive framework for the control and management of urban structures in Palestine. It was discovered that these systems did not establish such a framework which also did not exist outside the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, the dependence of these systems on Islamic laws provided them unique and distinguished mechanisms that did not exist in other non-Ottoman systems. They also are considered significant developments in Islamic government systems and contributed positively to the development of Palestinian urban structures. ; No sponsor