Suchergebnisse

SUMMARYTHE CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE FOR CHANGING FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNTRYSIDE AND COMMUNITY PATTERNSAn introductory section includes considerations on: the definition of rural communities; the different ways in which change is envisaged by social scientists (the historical approach and the approach, called comparative statics); the nature of underdevelopment (considered it to be a total process, intimately linked with its opposite: the process of development); and the continuity of change in the so‐called underdeveloped areas ever since the age of Discovery.It is then argued that completely self‐sufficient, closed, subsistence communities are a rarity anywhere, and that subsistence agriculture is closely related to regional market economies, through monetary exchanges and wagelabor. In the underdeveloped world there is a marked tendency towards increased monetarization of the village economy, but several economic forces also tend to maintain a subsistence base in agriculture as a complement to regionally localized capitalist agricultural enterprise.The implications of this situation for family and community life are then briefly discussed. The money economy, it is suggested, while no doubt contributing to certain developments which are advantageous to the community (or some sectors of it), has also produced a number of negative results (e.g. the decrease of foodstuffs, increased expenditures on inessential consumer goods, the rise of increasingly powerful categories of intermediaries, moneylenders and so forth). In general, it has not been the boon to economic and social development for which it is usually hailed. The author then discusses the changes in land tenure which have taken place in the underdeveloped countries, and their varying consequences and implications.Finally, a few remarks are devoted to the world‐wide efforts towards community development. By many standards, the results of these programs have been meager, and the author finishes by suggesting that many of the problems that beset the rural comunities in the underdeveloped countries today can be solved only by adopting regional or nation‐wide perspectives.RésuméTRANSFORMATIONS DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ RURALE DANS LES PAYS EN VOIE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTUn paragraphe introductif est consacréà des considérations générates portant sur la définition des communautés rurales, les diverses manières dont les sociologues envisagent le changement (l'approche historique et l'approche dire »comparative statics«) la nature du sous‐développement (considéré comme un processus global, intimement liéà son antagoniste: le processus de développement) et la continuité historique (depuis la période de la découverte de l'Amérique) du changement dans les zones dites sous‐développées.L'auteur démontre ensuite que les communautés de subsistance, fermées, se suffisant entièrement à elles‐mêmes sont très rares et que l'agriculture de subsistance est étroitement liée à des économies de marché régionales, par les échanges monétaires et les salaires. Dans le monde sous‐développé, il existe une tendance marquée à l'accroissement de l'emprise de la monnaie sur l'économie villageoise; cependant, de nombreuses forces économiques tendent à maintenir à la base une agriculture de subsistance en tant que complément d'entreprises agricoles capitalistes régionales.Les implications de cette situation pour la vie de la familie et de la communauté sont ensuite, brièvement discutées. L'auteur suggère que, l'économie monétaire, bien que contribuant indubitablement à certains développements avantageux pour les communautés (ou certains de ses secteurs) a engenderé un certain nombre de résultats négatifs (par exemple, la diminution des produits alimentaires, dépense accrue pour des biens de consommation superflus, l'apparition de catégories d'intermédiaires au pouvoir croissant, de prêteurs à gages et autres). En général, l'économie monétaire n'a pas été pour le développement économique et social le bienfait que Ton en attendait ordinairement. Puis, l'auteur discute des transformations dans la tenure de la terre qui se sont déroulées dans les pays sous‐développés, et de Ieurs conséquences et implications variées.Enfin, quelques remarques sont consacrées aux efforts entrepris, à l'échelle mondiale, pour le développement communautaire. A de nombreux égards, les résultats de ces programmes ont été restreints et l'auteur termine en suggérant que de nombreux problèmes, parmi ceux qui font entrave aux communautés rurales, dans les pays sous‐développés, ne peuvent trouver de solutions que dans l'adoption de perspectives régionales ou nationales.ZusammenfassungDER EINFLUSS VON VERÄNDERUNGEN IN DERLANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF DIE FUNKTIONEN DES LANDES UND DER LÄNDLICHEN GEMEINDEIn einem einleitenden Kapitel werden allgemeine Betrachtungen über die ländlichen Gemeinden angestellt, über die verschiedenen Methoden, mit denen die Sozialwissenschaftler den Wandel zu erklären suchen (die historische Methode und die sogen. vergleichende statische Methoden), über das Wesen der Unterentwicklung (als einem umfassenden Prozess, der eng mit ihrer Kehrseite, dem Prozess der Entwicklung, verbunden ist) und über den geschichtlich fortwährenden Wandel in den sogen. unterentwicklten Gebieten jeweils seit ihrer Entdeckung.Dan wird ausgeführt, dass vollständig sich selbst versorgende, abgeschlossene Gemeinden eine Seltenheit sind und dass bedingt durch Geldverkehr und Lohnarbeit der Lebensunterhalt in der Landwirt‐schaft eng an regionale Markteinrichtungen gebunden ist. In der unterentwickelten Welt gibt es eine deutliche Tendenz zunehmender Geldwirtschaft in den Dörfern. Aber verschiedene ökonomische Kräfte tendieren auch dazu, die Existenzgrundlage in der Landwirtschaft zu erhalten als Ergänzung zu regional verbreiteten kapitalistisch‐landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen.Weiter werden die Folgerungen aus dieser Situation für Familie und Gemeinde kurz dargestellt. Während die Geldwirtschaft ohne Zweifel zu gewissen Entwicklungen beiträgt, die für die Gemeinde (oder für Teilgebiete dieser) vorteilhaft sind, führt sie auch zu negativen Ergebnissen (z.B. Verminderung der Nahrungsmittel, zunehmender Aufwand für unwesentliche Verbrauchsgüter, Zunahme von immer mächtiger werdenden Gruppen von Zwischenhändlern, Geldver‐leihern usw.). Im allgemeinen ist sie für die wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung nicht die Wohltat gewesen, als die sie gewöhnlich be‐grüsst wird. Der Autor erläutert dann die Landbesitzverhältnisse in den unterentwickelten Ländern und ihre verschiedenen Folgerungen und Verwicklungen.Abschliessend werden einige Bermerkungen zu den welrweiten Be‐mühungen um die Entwicklung der Gemeinde gemacht. In der Regel sind die Ergebnisse dieser Programme dürftig gewesen. Der Autor schließt mit dem Vorschlag, das heute viele der Probleme, die die ländliche Gemeinde in den unterentwicklten Ländern bedrängen, nur im Rahmen regionaler oder nationaler Zielsetzungen gelöst werden können.

Abstract
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) is the process of removing weapons from members of armed groups, detaching those ex-combatants from their groups and helping them to safely return to normal society. DDR has great potential to deliver significant peace benefits to communities undergoing conflict. As it has evolved, UN DDR has broadened in scope and now has the committed aim of ensuring linkages with political processes as one of its strategic priorities. With regard to the situation in Yemen, however, the earliest UN Yemen DDR advisory forums singularly misunderstood the breadth of UN DDR and indeed advocated for a halt to any DDR initiatives taking place in Yemen prior to the signing of a peace accord. In addition, there was a lack of sensitization of other UN agencies or key stakeholders to the possibilities of Pre-DDR, PDR or CVR. This has therefore led to the near absent or inadequate planning by the UN for both DDR and related stabilization efforts in Yemen. This is seemingly a missed opportunity and at odds with bringing the benefits of DDR to the people of Yemen as the UN has in other countries experiencing protracted conflict.

Meeting from September 22 to 25, 1959, the European Parliamentary Assembly discussed the principles and problems involved in the establishment of a multilateral European trading association. Opening the debate, Mr. M. P. A. Blaisse (Dutch Popular Catholic) stated that experience had shown that the common market could be considered the driving force of European economic integration. Although at present involving only a part of Europe, it could expand and develop in several ways—by the accession of new members, by the creation of a multilateral association, or by the conclusion of bilateral agreements. Whatever the form of its evolution, the obligations undertaken by member states within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) could not be ignored; similarly, it was imperative to take into account the interests of the United States and Canada. Thus he suggested that special agreements could be concluded with these two countries, to minimize the effects of trade discrimination, along with continued negotiations with members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). He warned against compromise on the final aim, namely, the establishment of a multilateral association. The President of the European Economic Commission, Mr. W. Hallstein, thereupon presented the Commission's recommendations for a trade program on which the six nations could agree. He stated that such a program had to be pragmatic and realistic, and fulfill several conditions: improvement of economic conditions of the nations both inside and outside the European Economic Community (EEC), taking into account Europe's relations with the rest of the world, in particular with the United States; strengthening of the feelings of solidarity between the Community and all those affected by its external commercial policy; and general improvement of trade relations. He urged that care be taken to avoid giving the impression that EEC practiced a policy of discrimination and asked therefore that every effort be made to prove that its aim was the liberalization of trade throughout the world. Specifically, after the next GATT conference, EEC should, in his opinion, forthwith give its agreement to further tariff reductions and, in addition, promote the granting of aid to underdeveloped countries. At the European level, he proposed the creation of a "contact committee, comprised of representatives of the Community and other countries or groups to study the question of the development of external commercial relations. Mr. Hallstein concluded by pointing out that the proposals of his Commission were neither complete nor final. The speakers that followed agreed, on the whole, with the above-mentioned suggestions, but no resolution was adopted and it was decided to re-examine the whole matter at future sessions.

Poverty is known to be a rural phenomenon regardless of developments taking place. Rural communities of underdeveloped countries are regarded to be living in those parts of the country that lack almost all kinds of services and basic needs even worse. Information society should be maintained because information has a significant impact in ensuring development in communities but this is not the case in rural areas because of information poverty caused by lack of means to access it. The study addresses the problems to access information in rural communities. This research explores the problems to access information through ICTs such as computer and Internet in rural communities and proposes guidelines on how to ensure proper access to information for rural residents. Rural communities and the government will benefit a lot from the success of this research. Government is the one that ensures that every citizen has the means to access information in order to bridge the gap of information poverty and digital divide.

AbstractThis review essay examines three important new contributions to the water governance literature, which provide important overviews of the changing water governance structures over time, and advance the call for a new water ethic. Furthering this work, I suggest that the need for a water ethic is globally important, but it is particularly urgent for indigenous communities. Settler expansion, fixed political boundaries, and subsequent colonial framings of land and water ownership have affected indigenous communities throughout the world and have led to severe environmental and social justice disparities. Although the books under consideration provide examples of indigenous rights associated with water protection, the theme is largely underdeveloped. Thus, I suggest that insights from indigenous communities' more holistic and long-term relationship with water could help define and move forward the adoption of a new global water ethic. These insights are gleaned from work with indigenous communities throughout North America, particularly those in the Salish Sea and the Great Lakes regions. A new water ethic could incorporate three precepts: (1) treat water as sacred; (2) consider rights and responsibilities together; and (3) practice hydrophilia (love and know your waterways).

War and war-related events can cause disintegration of vital community dimensions at the micro-level (related to everyday life of habitants), meso-level (regarding social relations) and macro-level (factors that make community autonomous entity). This article presents an example of a community that manifests characteristics of a disintegrated community in Croatia: at the micro-level with reduced living standards; at the meso-level with divided ethnic groups and non-functional social ties; at the macro-level with incomplete institutional development and underdeveloped economy. Approaches in community rebuilding tackling all three dimensions are proposed. On those grounds, the role of social work in rebuilding post-war communities is suggested.

Tribes are found in almost all states of the country except Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and Pondicherry. The tribe is a social division in a society consisting and tied with close social, political, economic and blood ties or relationship forming a small homogenous group with a common culture and dialect. The tribal community is the most economically backward and vulnerable population in the country. Their backwardness is furthermore complicated by their poor health indicators and status. Health is an important factor in social development. It seems that the fruits and benefits of development have not reached to this section of the society properly. The health condition of tribal community is in a state of a great grave and pathetic situation despite the govt's great efforts and concern for this underdeveloped section of the society. The present paper is a review of available literature on the condition and status of tribal health in India. A systematic review is done to understand the status of the health of tribal communities at large. It is revealed from the review of literature that tribe and their health status is very miserable and need a systematic policy intervention to revive and cure the health condition of the most vulnerable population.

The popular expectation that the oil-rich but underdeveloped Niger Delta of Nigeria would become more stable & less volatile with the inauguration of civilian democratic rule has proved erroneous. This development calls for a fundamental rethinking of existing assumptions about community-based anomie & the political violence embarked upon by nascent community-based movements in the region. This is particularly true regarding the struggle by Ijaw ethnic oil communities against environmental degradation, socioeconomic & cultural strangulation, & political marginalization by the Nigerian state & multinational oil companies. Much of the existing literature has focused on the high-profile Ogoni struggles to the neglect of those embarked upon by the Ijaws, reputed to be the fourth largest ethnic group in Nigeria & spread over six states along the country's Atlantic seaboard. Adapted from the source document.

PurposeIt has been observed in a number of recent disasters, and most evidently after the South Asian tsunami, that remote, underdeveloped, and most vulnerable communities take the longest to recover, in‐spite of an abundance of resources available for supporting them. The loss compounding approach of analysing the tsunami impact is a useful way of identifying those factors within the recovery process that need attention for helping affected communities get rehabilitated in a better and faster manner. The paper seeks to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at how and why the recovery process has been slower and less efficient in the tsunami affected small island communities of India as compared to the mainland communities. This is further analysed in terms of the physical, social and environmental impacts and their recovery aspects.FindingsThe paper identifies good governance and social capital as important elements for ensuring equitable recovery processes, and for ensuring appropriate capacity building in marginalised and highly vulnerable communities.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of the discussed approach and findings are two pronged: governance needs to be responsive to community systems; and communities need to tap into their social capital to enhance their local coping capacities. Participation is a primary element in achieving these goals. Participation is a crucial element of governance to ensure that it is responsive, locally relevant, and accountable to specific needs of less represented communities. At the same time, it is also a critical process that enables local realilsation of needs and contexts, and creates an environment of capacity building at the grassroot level.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the continuing lack of recognition of the importance of local coping capacities, with no appreciation of the fact that rehabilitation needs to be based on local resources, determined by local capacities, and decided by local communities.

Abstract:The aim of this article is to examine how the requirement in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICHC) to ensure the effective involvement of local communities, groups, and individuals (as well as experts, centers of expertise, and research institutions) in the implementation of the Convention can be put into better effect in its international operation. Although examples exist of international treaties that involve non-governmental and other civil society bodies in their implementation at the international level, mostly with regard to Indigenous peoples, the mechanisms for such involvement are still underdeveloped and not wholly satisfactory. Since it has proved difficult to put community participation at the intergovernmental level into practice within the framework of the ICHC, the author seeks to identify approaches that can be usefully employed in the treaty—in particular, by considering participatory models found in other international treaty frameworks in the heritage and environmental protection law fields.

Defence date: 18 November 2014 ; Examining Board: Professor Donatella della Porta, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Olivier Roy, European University Institute; Professor Joost Jongerden, Wageningen University; Professor Jocelyn Viterna, Harvard University. ; The supportive environments which sustain armed groups are arguably an understudied aspect of political violence; it is widely acknowledged that all armed groups necessitate a degree of popular support if they are to be successful but the relationship between armed movements and their supporters is often underdeveloped or considered self-explanatory. This project puts forth the argument that the relationship between armed groups and their supporters is of fundamental importance to how and where armed groups mobilise and the repertoire of contention they adopt. Making use of Malthaner's concept of "constituency" (2011a), the PKK's armed struggle from its foundation in the 1970s until 1999 will be analysed. The particular manner in which the PKK actively constructed and maintained extensive support networks across contrasting socio-spatial contexts ensured its ongoing legitimacy and the material resources necessary for its survival. Although a noted power disparity exists between armed and unarmed actors, the relationship between them is always characterised by degrees of reciprocal influence; influence that is often expressed in a variety of subtle and contextually specific fashions. The project will therefore examine the dialectic between the PKK and its communities of support and how this has evolved over time and space from rural Kurdistan to the urban centres of western Turkey, and consider how it has impacted on the nature of violence deployed by the PKK in the course of its insurgency.

Die demographischen Prozesse von Alterung, Schrumpfung und Migration haben bedeutende Auswirkungen auf Siedlungen in peripheren
ländlichen Räumen. Insbesondere in Ostdeutschland sind in zahlreichen Dörfern Verfallserscheinungen festzustellen. Wechselwirkungen zwischen wirtschaftlichen Strukturproblemen und negativer Bevölkerungsentwicklung verstärken sich zu einer Schrumpfungsspirale, die letztlich die Eignung peripherer ländlicher Regionen als Alltagsraum in Frage stellt. Der Aufsatz erläutert anhand von Fallbeispielen die Auswirkungen von Alterungs- und Wanderungsprozessen auf Dorfstrukturen und analysiert die steuernden Faktoren regressiver Siedlungsentwicklung. Mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden werden Fragen zur Bevölkerungsentwicklung, Zufriedenheit der Einwohner mit der Wohnsituation, zur Dorfgemeinschaft, zur Erhaltung und Gestaltung der ländlichen Bausubstanz, zu privater Investitionstätigkeit und zur Abwanderungsabsicht der Bevölkerung untersucht. Abschließend wird anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse eine Antwort auf die Frage, ob wir auf eine neue Wüstungsperiode zusteuern, gewagt.