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The article reveals a sociological approach to the analysis of the concept of collective trauma understood as the destructive, dysfunctional consequences of social transformations concerning large groups of people. Currently, the professional medical community is particularly vulnerable to social trauma and often takes moral responsibility for it. The healthcare reform, begun in 2010, its economic, social, and psychological consequences became the main trigger for the formation and development of such a trauma. The novelty of this study lies in the substantiation of the application of the concept of social trauma concept application for analyzing the personal professional doctors' activity. The aim of the study is to identify the factors of social traumatization of a social group of doctors. The objectives are: to substantiate special features of the social trauma concept actualization on the example of a professional group of doctors; to rank the identified factors of social traumatization; to determine the reasons for the formation of these factors. The qualitative sociological study using the in-depth interview method, attended by 35 doctors of various specialties, was conducted. The received interview texts were processed by using content analysis. The level of professional burnout of doctors was determined according to K. Maslach's questionnaire. The socially traumatic factors of the professional activity of doctors were determined: high emotional stress from interactions with patients; the requirement to provide highly professional assistance; the serviceization of society; the level of managerial culture; work mode; rest mode; increasing responsibility for meeting professional standards; limiting the openness and publicity of professional activities; salary; the level of medical personnel training; occupational safety regime. It is concluded that a series of reforms in the Russian healthcare system brought doctors to the need to "fit in" with new requirements, when moral norms are deformed, and the performance of their professional duties is reduced. Such adaptation to "innovations" led to the formation of a social trauma in the professional medical community.

This article investigates the prevalence of traumatization and mental distress in a sample of 1055 male European long-term prisoners as part of a wider study of the living conditions of prisoners serving sentences of at least five years in Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Spain and Sweden. Data were collected in a written survey using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) as well as questions on attempted suicide and auto-aggressive behaviour. Participants experienced a mean of three traumatic events, with 14 per cent developing a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subsequently. In each national sample, more than 50 per cent of the participants were in need of treatment because of psychological symptoms and nearly one-third had attempted suicide.

The author examines insights into the psychological impact of separation from family and home, one of the most troubling catastrophes for children. The younger the children, the greater their suffering and the more prolonged the consequences. Through empirical research on the traumatization of children as victims of war and persecution, Hans Keilson in Holland and Anna Freud in Great Britain have transmitted fundamental insights that assist in psychoanalytic reflection on the effect of the Kindertransports. A child's processing of the psychological burdens of persecution, separation, and starting life over is one important aspect; problems of the caregivers, including physical and emotional reactions, must be taken just as seriously. The author argues that the psychoanalytical perspective on historical events is key to understanding the Kindertransports as a complex event whose consequences extend way beyond the time of rescue from persecution under National Socialism.

Traumatische Kindheitserfahrungen können zur Ausbildung von Dissoziation als Reparaturmechanismus und infolgedessen zu fragmentierten Erinnerungen führen. In narrativen Interviews zeigen sich diese Fragmentierungen als Spuren im Ausdrucksfeld der Sprache. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand von Fallbeispielen aufgezeigt, wie sich Dissoziationen als Folge von Traumatisierungen in der Vergangenheit wie auch in der Gegenwart sprachlich ausdrücken können und welche unterstützenden Möglichkeiten Interviewer/innen in Forschungssituationen haben. Denn erst das Erkennen von traumatisch bedingten Inkonsistenzen ermöglicht das Verstehen von Lebensgeschichten traumatisierter Menschen jenseits von kollektiv wirksamen Tabuisierungen. Auf diese Weise vermeiden Forscher/innen die Reproduktion von gesellschaftlich relevanten Schweigegeboten bzw. Verleugnungsprozessen im wissenschaftlichen Kontext.