Suchergebnisse

The article presents the results of a theoretical study dedicated to situation of insult that causes serious consequences for the human psyche. Insult is a negative impact of an emotional nature that degrades a person. In the scholarly literature it is considered to be a premeditated, intentional, purposeful type of emotional abuse. Insult is of latent nature; it does not result in actual physical insult for the victim's body, but often precedes or accompanies other forms of abuse (physical, sexual). This feature of insult complicates the study of this phenomenon significantly. Insult is a stressor of high intensity; it threats the psychological well-being and integrity of a personality. Humiliation, especially systematic, affects a person's self-esteem negatively, contributes to its victimisation and social isolation. The main characteristics of the insult such as anthropogenicity, activity, awareness, contextual dependence are given. This article presents analysis of differences of the insult from the other, passive, and sometimes unconscious by the aggressor type of emotional abuse – from neglect. Features of experiencing of insult by people of different ages and in various relationships (parent-child, partner, professional) are noted. Particular attention is paid to the study of the psychological consequences of insult, including posttraumatic stress, some mental disorders and significant damage to a person's self-esteem, his self-image.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the experience of traumatic events and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in men involved in amateur sports. The participants of the study were men aged 20-30 years (n = 60), who have been engaged in various types of martial arts at the amateur level for 5 years, and do not have sports qualifications. Martial arts as a sport means combat without the use of weapons. This sport is a dangerous injury, characterized by injuries of various localization. The study involved athletes who had no experience of a sports injury (n = 30) and survived the experience of minor injuries (fractures, facial injuries, bruises, dislocations, etc.), without surgical intervention (n = 30). It is shown that, regardless of life experience, the most traumatic events for the respondents are the events of death, illness and injury of a loved one; become an eyewitness or participant in the death, injuring someone. Injuries, diseases associated with the subject himself, as psycho-traumatic events are noted only by men with experience of a sports injury. They are also characterized by a higher level of post-traumatic stress and the corresponding symptoms of obsessive repetition and negative changes in the cognitive-emotional sphere.

The article is devoted to the analysis of differences in the perception of stressful and psycho-traumatic situations and their influence on personality changes of men and women who took part in the hostilities and who were outside the zone of military conflict during the period of resocialization. The author indicates the features of the socio-political state and those realities that cause a negative impact on the psychological state of soldiers. The reasons for the relevance of the topic of re-socialization of military personnel who have survived traumatic situations are given, and the thesis is expressed on the difference in such a process depending on the gender of the military personnel. The authors' previous experiences on the topics of gender, levels of psychological traumatic situations and their experiences are outlined. Little studied moments have been identified, such as the difference in the perception of stressful and psycho-traumatic situations and their effect on personality changes in men and women who took part in the hostilities and who were outside the zone of military conflict. Recommendations are given on the successful resocialization of servicemen who survived traumatic situations and who were in the combat zone for a certain time. Information is added about the neuropsychological differences between men and women that affect their strategies for experiencing a traumatic situation. The research sample and its features are described, the limitations in the selection and use of research tools are explained. The results are given by quantitative and qualitative methods for which there is a gender difference. Information on the results of the study was summarized, during which the characteristics of the course of emotional and mental disorders in women and men were revealed in the sample, and facts of a decrease in reactive and personal anxiety in military personnel of various genders were revealed.

Post-traumatic stress is observed in people who have been directly exposed to traumatic mental and physical stimuli in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder of systemic reactions. Not only soldiers returning from military missions are affected by it, but also victims of all kinds of disasters, rescuers, providing the former with assistance, people pursuing the stress-related professions, including firefighters, paramedics, as well as fans of extreme sports and people, who have experienced unusual situations, such as death of a beloved person, divorce or a traffic accident. The stress symptoms follow the triggering factor. Reaction of the limbic system, associated with the circulation of emotional state, which takes place in the Papez area, causing a variety of vegetative symptoms, especially the circulatory ones, has a vital role to play. The consequences of post-traumatic stress affect both mental and emotional changes, as well as the changes in dynamic stereotype, and they also manifest indirect effects in the family life of an entity and its immediate surrounding. It is important to provide the people affected by post-traumatic stress syndrome with psychological and psychiatric care. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature data on both the post-traumatic stress disorder and its consequences as well as to focus on the key issues related to the prevention and assistance provided for people affected by the syndrome.

Post-traumatic stress is observed in people who have been directly exposed to traumatic mental and physical stimuli in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder of systemic reactions. Not only soldiers returning from military missions are affected by it, but also victims of all kinds of disasters, rescuers, providing the former with assistance, people pursuing the stress-related professions, including firefighters, paramedics, as well as fans of extreme sports and people, who have experienced unusual situations, such as death of a beloved person, divorce or a traffic accident. The stress symptoms follow the triggering factor. Reaction of the limbic system, associated with the circulation of emotional state, which takes place in the Papez area, causing a variety of vegetative symptoms, especially the circulatory ones, has a vital role to play. The consequences of post-traumatic stress affect both mental and emotional changes, as well as the changes in dynamic stereotype, and they also manifest indirect effects in the family life of an entity and its immediate surrounding. It is important to provide the people affected by post-traumatic stress syndrome with psychological and psychiatric care. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature data on both the post-traumatic stress disorder and its consequences as well as to focus on the key issues related to the prevention and assistance provided for people affected by the syndrome.

The Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assesment of Social Services (SBU) is an independent national authority, tasked by the government with assessing methods used in health, medical and dental services and social service interventions from a broad perspective, covering medical, economic, ethical and social aspects. The language in SBU's reports are adjusted to a wide audience. SBU's Board of Directors has approved the conclusions in this report. There is limited scientific evidence that the triad (Three components of a whole. The triad associated with SBS usually comprises subdural haematoma, retinal haemorrhages and encephalopathy.) and therefore, its components can be associated with traumatic shaking (low‐quality evidence). There is insufficient scientific evidence on which to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the triad in identifying traumatic shaking (very low‐quality evidence). Limited scientific evidence (low‐quality evidence) represents a combined assessment of studies of high or moderate quality which disclose factors that markedly weaken the evidence. It is important to note that limited scientific evidence for the reliability of a method or an effect does not imply complete lack of scientific support. Insufficient scientific evidence (very low‐quality evidence) represents either a lack of studies or situations when available studies are of low quality or show contradictory results. Evaluation of the evidence was not based on formal grading of the evidence according to GRADE but on an evaluation of the total scientific basis.

BACKGROUND: The present qualitative study was conducted to explain the experiences of secondary traumatic stress (STS) and its related factors in midwives working in maternity wards. METHODS: Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 11 midwives working in the maternity wards of hospitals in Urmia, Iran, through in-depth interviews with open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach. RESULTS: The results of data analysis led to the extraction of three themes, seven main categories, and 18 subcategories. The first theme was "STS stimuli," with the two categories of "Discriminatory approach to midwifery" and "The nature of the midwifery profession". The second theme was "Traumatic outcomes", which included the subcategories of "Psychological-emotional trauma", "Physical trauma" and "Social trauma". The third theme was "Risk management", which had the two subcategories of "Reactive approach" and "Proactive approach". CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that, in addition to the traumatic nature of events that midwives experience during work as the secondhand victims, factors such as governance-organizational structure, unbalanced distribution of power, and poor supportive laws undermine their professional role and provide conditions conducive to STS. Therefore, avoiding traumatic situations and scientific and skill self-empowerment were the most important strategies adopted by the midwives in this study to prevent risky situations and cope with the consequences of STS. The participation of midwifery stakeholders in policy-making and adopting supportive legislation in redefining the position and role of midwives can play a major role in reducing STS and sustaining their role and position in maternal care.

This article analyses the level of secondary traumatic stress in Portuguese social workers. Social workers practice their profession in conditions that generate stress and trauma on a daily basis; this is triggered by clients' anxiety, threats to the integrity of the professionals, and situations that have a negative impact on professional practice. This study was conducted in organisations registered under the Social Charter, which coordinates institutions of social policies operationalised in Portugal. A Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) index was used to obtain data regarding practitioners' practice for the characterisation and identification of situations of trauma experienced by clients, and their impact on social workers. Questionnaires were sent to the organisations via email, and in return 872 were answered by social workers. The results reveal a score of 2.65 on the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, and this appears more apparent in the Arousal dimension, followed by Avoidance and lastly Intrusion. Furthermore, it is evident that the conditions of professional practice and the sector in which professionals work generate STS because they significantly expose social workers to the traumas of the most vulnerable clients. The professionals recognise these incidences, which feasibly denotes that there is a possibility to avoid and act against STS by stimulating professionals' internal resilience and psychological capital, increasing professionals' access to professional supervision and improving working conditions in the organisations where they practice.

Many children become disabled during their entire lives (Alisic et al., 2014; Cohen, 2009; Draper, 2007). The historic UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by almost all the governments of the world, states that all children have the right to a safe environment and to protection from injury. The traumatic situation has several psychological factors contributing to the injury and to the characteristic consequences (Shi, 2015). These factors relate to the children's living conditions and social situations in which children participate (Bonander, 2017; Gregorovski, 2013; Loeb et al., 2011). The aim of the research is to reveal micro-social factors which lead to re-injuries in children aged 5–10: peculiarities of (pseudo) hyperactivity disorders, interaction between adults who are taking care of the children, daily traditions in families of injured children. Research methods and participants. The research sample (n=350) was drawn from the general population in Russia. The youngest participant was 5 years old and the oldest was 10. Research was conducted in Tyumen, Russia, Regional Clinical Hospitals, schools, and kindergartens in 2016–2019. Conclusions. True hyperactivity disorders were revealed in no more than 5% of children. Thus, here we deal with pseudo-hyperactivity. To reduce the risk of injury in children it is necessary to differentiate between two types of pathogenic factors influencing trauma: minimal brain dysfunction in children (biological) and parental behavior (social).

Beginning from theories of psychological trauma as 'moral injury', this dissertation argues against established models that explain posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among war veterans as the inevitable result of exposure to violence. Instead, I argue the condition we recognize as trauma is the behavioral adaptation, following a crisis of belief, to life in anomic circumstances. Trauma's cause is the inability of pre-existing moral beliefs to provide for the contextualization or justification of personal actions or the actions of others, resulting in the unsuccessful accommodation of morally challenging experiences. The resulting incoherence demands an interpretation of the situation as having been traumatic. Analyzing trauma requires an institutional approach that accounts for the history of the traumatic event within the broader context that gives the event meaning. My analysis begins with veterans' accounts of wartime experience published as war novels. Close readings illustrate the genre's critique of the institutions of war, including the persistent suggestion that trauma results when the moral authority of these institutions proves illusory. The dissertation then considers the US Army's institutional values to locate potential points of moral failure that may be the source of trauma among recent veterans. This analysis of the ideal soldier's moral expectations accounts for: processes by which the Army regulates individual behavior; institutionally sanctioned limits on moral decisionmaking; the influence of historical legacies on present practices; and the relative power and motives of various political interests in pursuing institutional change or continuity. I argue American soldiers sent to war in Iraq could not rely on their available moral beliefs for two primary reasons. First, there is a fundamental conflict between the moral demands of warfighting and the cultural values of democratic society. Second, the Army creates the conditions under which its soldiers are unable to reconcile the actions it demands of them and the ethos it provides. The idealist expectations of too many American soldiers sent to war in Iraq simply collapsed in the cognitive dissonance of confronting a war they were neither ideologically nor institutionally prepared to fight.