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Drawing on over a decade of ethnographic fieldwork in northwest China, Casey James Miller offers a novel, compelling, and intimately personal perspective on Chinese queer culture and activism. In Inside the Circle: Queer Culture and Activism in Northwest China, Miller tells the stories of two courageous and dedicated groups of queer activists in the city of Xi'an: a grassroots gay men's HIV/AIDS organization called Tong'ai and a lesbian women's group named UNITE. Taking inspiration from "the circle," a term used to imagine local, national, and global queer communities, Miller shows how everyday people in northwest China are taking part in queer culture and activism while also striving to lead traditionally moral lives in a rapidly changing society. The queer stories in this book broaden our understandings of gender and sexuality in contemporary China and show how taking global queer diversity seriously requires us to de-center Western cultural values, historical experiences, and theoretical perspectives

This article examines the borderlands between transgender MTF (male‐to‐female) and gay male communities in Latina/o Miami through an analysis of the participation of Latinas in the Transsexual Action Organization (TAO). Previous research suggests that Cuban and Cuban American gay male culture have historically been associated with gender transgressive behaviour and identity. Because of this, it is often unclear how to distinguish between what is gay male/homosexual expression and transgender expression. If outward gender manifestations that we now call 'transgender' were understood in other historical and cultural contexts as 'homosexual', how do we label those manifestations today? By labelling them as homosexual are we simply reinscribing the marginalisation of transgender individuals? On the other hand, by labelling them as transgender are we imposing a contemporary category and therefore performing another kind of intellectual violence? In order to address these questions, I analyse a Latino/a organisation that explicitly labelled itself 'transsexual'. TAO was an early transsexual rights organisation founded in 1970 by Angela Douglas in Los Angeles which moved to Miami Beach, Florida in 1972. Drawing on the organisation's publications, Moonshadow and Mirage Magazine (1972–75), and Douglas's self‐published autobiographical texts, Triple Jeopardy: The Autobiography of Angela Lynn Douglas (1983) and Hollywood's Obsession (1992), I analyse the rarely discussed participation of Latinas in the organisation.

Museums, Sexuality, and Gender Activism examines the role of exhibitionary institutions in representing LGBTQ+ people, cisgender women, and nonbinary individuals. Considering recent gender and sexuality-related developments through a critical lens, the volume contributes significantly to the growing body of activist writing on this topic. Building on Gender, Sexuality and Museums and featuring work from established voices, as well as newcomers, this volume offers risky and exciting articles from around the world. Chapters cover diverse topics, including transgender representation, erasure, and activism; two-spirit people, indigeneity, and museums; third genders; gender and sexuality in heritage sites and historic homes; temporary exhibitions on gender and sexuality; museum representations of HIV/AIDS; interventions to increase queer visibility and inclusion in galleries; LGBTQ+ staff alliances; and museums, gender ambiguity, and the disruption of binaries. Several chapters focus on areas outside the US and Europe, while others explore central topics through the perspectives of racial and ethnic minorities. Containing contributions that engage in sustained critique of current policies, theory, and practice, Museums, Sexuality, and Gender Activism is essential reading for those studying museums, women and gender, sexuality, culture, history, heritage, art, media, and anthropology. The book will also spark interest among museum practitioners, public archivists, and scholars researching related topics.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Imagining Transgender -- Introduction -- 1. Imagining Transgender -- Part II: Making Community, Conceiving Identity -- Introduction to Part II: Reframing Community and Identity -- 2. Making Community -- 3. ''I Know What I Am'': Gender, Sexuality, and Identity -- Part III: Emerging Fields -- Introduction to Part III: The Transexual, the Anthropologist, and the Rabbi -- 4. The Making of a Field: Anthropology and Transgender Studies -- 5. The Logic of Inclusion: Transgender Activism -- 6. The Calculus of Pain: Violence, Narrative, and the Self -- Conclusion: Making Ethnography -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- What Do We Mean by Queer Theory? -- Benefits and Epistemological Challenges of Our Approach -- Plan of the Book -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Historical Influences -- Gay and Lesbian Liberation -- Women of Color Feminism -- Poststructural Theory -- Queer Activism -- Queer Theory -- Sexuality: Non-Static, In Flux, and Socially Constructed -- Gender: Dismantling the Binary Through Proliferation -- Trans*: Against the Medical Model, Towards Gender Self-Determination -- Activism -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The Historically Contingent, Culturally Specific, and Contested Nature of Sexual Identities -- The Historically Constructed Nature of Sexuality -- Evidence from Critical Psychology -- Queer Rejection of the Minoritizing View of Sexuality -- The Turn Towards Fluidity in Psychology -- Intersectionality -- Psychological Research on Intersectionality and Sexuality -- Critiquing Hierarchies of Sexualities -- BDSM -- Polyamory -- Asexuality -- An Integrative Psychological Theory -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Instability of Gender Identity -- Gender Performativity: Rejection of the Traditional Sex/Gender Construction -- Sex/Gender Distinction in Psychology -- Gender Performativity -- Psychology Studies -- Instability of Gender/Sex Binaries -- Psychology/Sociology Studies -- Proliferation of Gender Categories: Resisting the Heterosexual Matrix -- Psychology Responds: Bem -- Empirical Studies in Psychology -- Non-Binary Gender Identities -- Agender Identities -- Gender Fluidity -- Intersectionality -- Practicalities -- An Integrative Psychological Model -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: The Transgender Spectrum -- The Medicalization of Transgender Identity -- Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist Approaches to Transgender Identity.

This book is a major contribution to contemporary gender and sexuality studies. At a time when transgender practices are the subject of increasing social and cultural visibility, it marks the first UK study of transgender identity formation. It is also the first examination - anywhere in the world - of transgender practices of intimacy and care. The author addresses changing government legislation concerning the citizenship rights of transgender people. She examines the impact of legislative shifts upon transgender people's identities, intimate relationships and practices of care and considers the implications for future social policy. The book encompasses key approaches from the fields of psychoanalysis, anthropology, lesbian and gay studies, sociology and gender theory. Drawing on extensive interviews with transgender people, TransForming gender offers engaging, moving, and, at times, humorous accounts of the experiences of gender transition. Written in an accessible style, it provides a vivid insight into the diversity of living gender in today's world. The book will be essential reading for students and professionals in cultural studies, gender studies and sexuality studies as well as those in sociology, social policy, law, politics and philosophy. It will also be of interest to health and educational students, trainers and practitioners. Sally Hines is a lecturer in sociology and social policy at the University of Leeds. Her teaching and research interests fall within the areas of identity, gender, sexuality, the body and citizenship

Selections from Psychopathia Sexualis with special reference to contrary sexual instinct: a medico-legal study / Richard von Krafft-Ebing -- Selections from The Transvestites: the erotic drive to cross-dress / Magnus Hirschfeld -- Psychopathia Transexualis / David O Cauldwell -- Transsexualism and transvestism as psycho-somatic and somato-psychic syndromes / Harry Benjamin -- Selection from Biological Substrates of Sexual Behavior / Robert Stoller -- Passing and the managed achievement of sex status in an "intersexed" person / Harold Garfinkel -- Selection from The Role of Gender and the Imperative of Sex / Charles Shepherdson -- A cyborg manifesto: science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century / Donna Haraway -- Selection from Mother Camp / Esther Newton -- Sappho by surgery: the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist / Janice G Raymond -- Divided sisterhood: a critical review of Janice Raymond's The Transsexual Empire / Carol Riddell -- A transvestite answers a feminist / Lou Sullivan -- Toward a theory of gender / Suzanne J. Kessler and Wendy McKenna -- Doing justice to someone: sex reassignment and allegories of transsexuality / Judith Butler -- Where did we go wrong?: feminism and trans theory-two teams on the same side? / Stephen Whittle -- Transgender liberation: a movement whose time has come / Leslie Feinberg -- The empire strikes back: a posttranssexual manifesto / Sandy Stone -- Gender terror, gender rage / Kate Bornstein -- My words to Victor Frankenstein above the village of Chamounix: performing transgender rage / Susan Stryker -- Judith Butler: queer feminism, transgender, and the transubstantiation of sex / Jay Prosser -- Are lesbians women? / Jacob Hale -- Hermaphrodites with attitude: mapping the emergence of intersex political activism / Cheryl Chase -- Mutilating gender / Dean Spade -- Body, technology, and gender in transsexual autobiographies / Bernice L. Hausman -- A "fierce and demanding" drive / Joanne Meyerowitz -- ONE Inc. and Reed Erickson: the uneasy collaboration of gay and trans activism, 1964-2003 / Aaron H. Devor and Nicholas Matte -- "I went to bed with my own kind once": the erasure of desire in the name of identity / David Valentine -- Bodies in motion: lesbian and transsexual histories / Nan Alamilla Boyd -- Manliness / Patrick Califia -- Selection from Lesbians Talk Transgender / Zachary I. Nataf -- Gender without genitals: Hedwig's six inches / Jordy Jones -- Of catamites and kings: reflections on butch, gender, and boundaries / Gayle Rubin -- The logic of treatment / Henry Rubin -- Look! No, don't!: the visibility dilemma for transsexual men / Jamison Green -- Queering the binaries: transsituated identities, bodies, and sexualities / Jason Cromwell -- Selections from "Spoiled Identity": Stephen Gordon's loneliness and the difficulties of queer history / Heather K. Love -- Transsexuals in the military: flight into hypermasculinity / George R. Brown -- What does it cost to tell the truth? / Riki Anne Wilchins -- Transmogrification: (un)becoming other(s) / Nikki Sullivan -- Fin de siècle, fin du sexe: transsexuality, postmodernism, and the death of history / Rita Felski -- Skinflick: posthuman gender in Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs / Judith Halberstam -- Genderbashing: sexuality, gender, and the regulation of public space / Viviane K. Namaste -- From the medical gaze to Sublime Mutations: the ethics of (re)viewing non-normative body images / T. Benjamin Singer -- From functionality to aesthetics: the architecture of transgender jurisprudence / Andrew Sharpe -- Selections from The Chic of Araby: transvestism and the erotics of cultural appropriation / Marjorie Garber -- Transgender theory and embodiment: the risk of racial marginalization / Katrina Roen -- Romancing the transgender native: rethinking the use of the "third gender" concept / Evan B. Towle and Lynn M. Morgan -- Unsung heroes: reading transgender subjectivities in Hong Kong action cinema / Helen Hok-Sze Leung -- Whose feminism is it anyway? The unspoken racism of the trans inclusion debate / Emi Koyama -- Transgendering the politics of recognition / Richard Juang.

The emergence of new transgendering identities in the age of the Internet / Richard Ekins and Dave King -- Becoming knowably gendered: the production of transgender possibilities and constraints in the mass and alternative press from 1990-2005 / Laurel Westbrook -- Telling trans stories: (un)doing the science of sex / Alison Rooke -- Recognising diversity? The Gender Recognition Act and transgender citizenship / Sally Hines -- Transsexual agents: negotiating authenticity and embodiment within the UK's medicolegal system / Zowie Davy -- (In)visibility in the workplace: the experiences of trans-employees in the UK / Em Rundall and Vincent Vecchietti -- The impact of race on gender transformation in a drag troupe / Eve Shapiro -- Transgendering in an urban Dutch streetwalking zone / Katherine Gregory -- Beyond borders: lived experiences of atypically gendered transsexual people / Sara Davidmann -- Who put the 'hetero' in sexuality? / Angie Fee -- Corporeal silences and bodies that speak: the promises and limitations of queer in lesbian/queer sexual spaces / Corie J. Hammers -- Towards a sociology of gender diversity: the Indian and UK cases / Surya Monro -- Beyond Gender and sexuality binaries in sociological theory: the case for transgender inclusion / Tam Sanger.

The field of 'trans' studies, which incorporates transsexual, transgender, and cross‐dressing among its experiences and theorizing, has undergone tremendous changes within the century or so in which it has been developing. Initially, the scope of transsexual studies spans for almost a century, across social institutions and within a rigid model of proving a person's 'true transsexuality'. On the other hand, the reach and depth of transgender studies, emergent only less than 20 years ago, moves across disciplines, incorporates first and third person accounts, and it is less invested in reifying 'true' transgender identity and expression (although there are emergent movements attempting to solidify transgender as a multiple gender response to the gender binary, often by elite or privileged citizens). In summary, the field of transgender and transsexual studies is in constant development and change, and there are significantly some tensions that could offer much newer theorizing (e.g. between the categories of transsexuality and transgender as an umbrella term).Sociology's continued influence within the transsexual and transgender studies/fields require our attention to interdisciplinarity, while at the same time a serious grounding on the sociological literatures concerning the topic. Sex, gender, and sexuality are analytical concepts of much importance in order to study 'trans' populations and issues, as are questions of social location based on ethno‐racial, class, and other positionalities. These recommended readings, films and exercises form a foundation to implement critical views on the topic of 'trans' studies, and its intersections with other topics such as gender identity, homosexuality, gender presentation, and some historical accounts of the formation and solidification of the transgender category.Author recommendsStryker, Susan, and Stephen Whittle (eds) 2006. The Transgender Studies Reader. New York, NY: Routledge.A compilation of a number of old articles, and recent contributions by emergent scholars from many areas (including sexology, psychiatry, queer theory, feminist scholars, and transgender men and women), this reader is a critical reference to those interested in trans studies. Susan Stryker, herself one of the originators of transgender studies, poses a critical look at the resistance to acknowledge transgender (and transsexual) embodiment and identity. Stephen Whittle, a European scholar, also bridges the field in his beginning remarks. The chapters are a varied contribution to the scholarship of transgender studies, broadly defined. Its first part is a compilation of previously published work on transsexuality, but the majority of the text uncovers a series of issues newly developed (such as intersectionality, embodiment, and identities and communities).Valentine, David 2007. Imagining Transgender: An ethnography of a Category. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.This book is empirically based on fieldwork among three groups of transgender populations in New York City. Ranging from the staff and volunteers of the Gender Identity Project at the Gay and Lesbian Community Center, sex workers in the area of the 'meat packing district' (a district in the lower part of Manhattan) and at 'House Balls' (events of dance and competitions among queer youth of color), Valentine draws from all of these experiences to formulate the solidification of the 'transgender' category. A compilation of previously published articles and new material, this book is award winning within its field – anthropology. One of its main contributions is the use of 'transgender' as a term that evokes current debates and political struggles to solidify distinctions between gender and sexuality, and in many instances, the transgender category as relational to homosexuality.Bryant, Karl 2006. 'Making Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood: Historical Lessons for Contemporary Debates.'Sexuality Research and Social Policy 3 (3): 23–39.This article is a social history of the diagnostic category of 'gender identity disorder' and, in particular, how it was applied to children (mostly boys) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders from the American Psychiatric Association. The discourses surrounding the psychiatric diagnosis are traced from the beginning of related studies and the inception of the term (from the 1960s on) and into the present. Bryant gives a significant review of past debates in order to inform the contemporary ones taking place through his analysis of archival data, interviews with key mental health and psychiatry providers, and published reports on the development of this diagnosis. Among the aspects he looks at are the controversies as to whether atypical gender behaved boys will grow up to be homosexual, transsexual, or transvestite, and how current advocates for or against this diagnosis may be reproducing similar assumptions, or producing normative results, in their critiques of this diagnosis.Halberstam, Judith 2005. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives. New York, NY: New York University Press.This book is a significant development from a humanities‐based cultural studies angle that takes a close look at artistic and media portrayals of transgender experience. Halberstam argues for a complex relationship (much closer than otherwise portrayed) between transgender and transsexual identities by looking at various individuals and their experiences – most notably Brandon Teena, who was killed in Nebraska by acquaintances, when it was 'discovered' that Brandon was a female‐bodied person who 'passed' as male. Halberstam's introduction to the book is a great challenge to the privileging of analysis of space in contemporary social theorizing (drawing on criticisms of works such as David Harvey's) and centering a newer analysis of queer uses of time as a challenge to normative assumptions about family and the nation. In a Queer Time and Place seriously engages the relationship between embodiment and representation, and the urban and rural contrasts in trans theorizing.Meyerowitz, Joanne 2002. How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, MA, and London, UK: Harvard University Press. How Sex Changed is an elaborate historical examination of the ways sex, gender, and sexuality are tied together in early sexual science studies through the authority of medical and scientific 'experts'. Meyerowitz offers a broad historical and geographic discussion on transsexuality, ranging from the 19th century to the 1980s United States, and at times draws excellent comparisons between the US and European nations in their (often imprecise) dealings with transsexuality. A significant feature of Meyerowitz's work is the tracing of medical and scientific authority over access to technologies that would allow transsexuals to 'change sex'; transsexual narratives countered this authority with their accounts of self. The book illustrates the complex negotiation between what doctors considered to be the reasons and symptoms of transsexuality and the kinds of stories put forth by transsexuals seeking their help.Rubin, Henry 2003. Self‐Made Men: Identity and Embodiment among Transsexual Men. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. Self Made Men is a sociological study of the experiences of 22 transsexual men from various US cities. Rubin answers questions about the body and identity for his research subjects by weaving two discussions: of genealogy and phenomenology; the former a more discursive argument, the latter, a more grounded one. In this way, Rubin attempts to engage in structure versus agency theorizing in the narratives shared by the female‐to‐male transsexuals he interviewed. Rubin's book has a significant overlap to Meyerowitz, where he discusses the 1970s division between female‐bodied transsexual and lesbian identifications – worth taking a close look at as well. But Rubin's contributions also attest to the embodied experiences of the transmen he interviewed, by weaving experiences of betrayal and misrecognition, identities in progress, and some of the historical determinants for the development of a male transgender identity.Irvine, Janice 1990. Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.This book gives a comprehensive look at the sexological field in the 20th century. As a sociologist, Irvine produces a compelling set of critiques of the ways in which a normative set of perspectives – about what takes place in one's sexual lives, about seeking help for sexual health, and about homosexuality and gender variant men and women – is dissected by the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and medicine. The text gives a comprehensive sense of the professionalization of sexology as a field – discussing Alfred Kinsey's work, the visibility and political mobilization of feminists and gay/lesbian groups, and later sexological scholarship on the physiological reactions to sex, erotic sensations, and pleasure. An award‐winning book, this is a great text to combine with readings on the social construction of sex, gender, and sexuality in contemporary USA.Kessler, Suzanne, and Wendy McKenna 2000. 'Who Put the "Trans" in Transgender? Gender Theory and Everyday life.'International Journal of Transgenderism, 4 (3): July–September. http://www.symposion.com/ijt/gilbert/kessler.htm.This very brief online essay offers a set of reflections on the uses and claims of 'trans' as a prefix that means different things to various populations (including academics and transgender people). The authors link their current reflections to their early work (Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach) in order to politicize the various possible social change results that can come out of radical uses of trans. Their discussion is a refreshing approach that combines sociological and feminist analyses of gender identity in transgender people. Moving through the meanings of trans, and the history of the study of transsexuality and transgender identity nowadays, they evoke a social constructionist perspective to how gender develops, but as well, to how the biological is also a social construction.Mason‐Schrock, Douglas 1996. 'Transsexuals' Narrative Construction of the True Self.'Social Psychology Quarterly, 59 (3): 176–92.This article shows the development of interactive strategies to solidify an identity construction among several identities and experiences expressed in a support group for transsexual, cross‐dresser, transvestites and other gender variant men and women. Through naming, 'modeling', guiding each other through their past histories, and ignoring certain 'facts' about each other's past, the participants in these support groups foregrounded a transsexual narrative, to the detriment of other expressions. The work Mason‐Schrock developed here is an exploration of identity negotiation at its core, and one that merits attention by scholars on gender and sexuality, as well as transgender studies. Centro: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies. Special Issue: 'Puerto Rican Queer Sexualities', Volume XIX, Number 1 (Spring 2007) (Guest Edited by Luis Aponte‐Parés, Jossianna Arroyo, Elizabeth Crespo‐Kebler, Lawrence La Fountain‐Stokes, and Frances Negrón Muntaner).This special issue of the Centro Journal has an introduction that frames the place of Puerto Rican sexualities in social scientific knowledge. I recommend this issue in particular due to several articles that illustrate the lives of an important Puerto Rican transgender woman (Sylvia Rivera, key figure in the Stonewall riots), as well as José Arria, another key Latino individual whose visibility in the gay/trans communities has often been overlooked. The special issue also reproduced the talk that Sylvia Rivera gave at the Latino Gay Men of New York (the largest Latino gay male group in New York City) in 2000, a few years before her death, as well as an interview with Antonio Pantojas – a long‐time female impersonator in Puerto Rico. For the reader interested in literature, the special issue also includes some discussion and analysis of Caribbean fiction that gave visibility to transgender people.Films and documentaries Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria (Victor Silverman, Susan Stryker, writers, directors, producers, 2005). Info at: http://www.screamingqueensmovie.com/.This documentary illustrates a challenge to the notion that a queer revolution started in 1969 in New York City, but instead, was initiated in the Tederloin, a marginalized San Francisco neighborhood. The historical accounts of transwomen that experienced life in the neighborhood where the Compton's cafeteria was located at the time of the riot are presented through interviews and archival documentation. You Don't Know Dick: Courageous Hearts of Transsexual Men (Bestor Cram, Candace Schermerhorn, producers, 1997. Info at: http://www.berkeleymedia.com/catalog/berkeleymedia/films/womens_studies_gender_studies/gay_lesbian_transgender_issues/you_dont_know_dickAlthough old, this documentary shows the stories of several female‐to‐male transsexual men whose lives, their sexual experiences, and their gender negotiations are made evident. A very heartfelt documentary to show students the range of histories of transsexuality in an often ignored group – transgender men.Online materials

Sexuality Research and Social Policy e‐journal. Many articles published in this electronic journal showing the range of trans experiences (see in particular special issues December 2007 and March 2008, co‐edited by Dean Spade and Paisley Currah).
Trans‐academics.org. An excellent website with many resources for scholars.

Suggested syllabiInstead of providing a single (and perhaps, narrower) view of 'trans' studies and issues through a sample syllabus, I urge the reader to go to Trans‐academics.org. There are several syllabi addressing the various perspectives in teaching trans issues (and from various disciplines). The page can be accessed here: http://trans‐academics.org/trans_studies_syllabiProject ideas and suggested exercises1. This exercise explores various issues foundational to discussions of trans experiences by looking at self‐representations, or other representations, as well as potential sociological analyses.Take a look at recent films, documentaries, research articles and books, and first person testimonials from transgender people. Divide the classroom into groups of 4–5, and assign each of them a different cultural text/document to look at. After exploring general reactions in each of the groups, assign each of the groups a collective response to some or all of the following questions:

What are the representations of transsexuality or transgender identity or experience in your assigned text?
What is the relationship between sex and gender as evidenced in the films/videos/documentaries/articles/research reviewed? What, if any, are the discussions of gender and sexuality in the text?
How are first person narratives authorized? What are the underpinnings – the history, the encounters with regulating social institutions, and the community formation as expressed in these texts?
How does your group see sociology and sociological analyses in these texts? (This is important to assess whether the source you are reflecting upon is sociological or not.)

2. This assignment may lead students to think critically about the separation of gender and sexuality as analytical constructs. The document utilized also makes students reflect on migratory experiences and whether (and to what extent) they influence one's own knowledge and perceptions about transgender and transsexual experiences.Look at the Sexilio document (a comic‐book style autobiography) in the AIDS Project Los Angeles website (apla.org). Sexilio (Sexile) is a life history of a male‐to‐female transsexual who was born and raised in Cuba, and migrated with the Marielitos, the massive 1980 migration from Cuba to Miami, Florida. It is but one example of a first person illustration of transgender issues that complicates the relationship between gender identity and sexual orientation, adding migration experiences as yet another layer of analysis. Specific links: http://apla.org/publications/sexile/Sexile_web.pdf (English) http://apla.org/espanol/sexilio/Sexilio_web.pdf (Español)3. This assignment is intended to make students aware of the differences between first person representations, and media representations, of trans experiences.Have students research blogs, newspaper articles, films/documentaries, made‐for‐TV movies, other media coverage, and interviews (when available) of trans people that have been recently on the public eye, such as Calpernia Adams, Gwen Araujo, Tyra Hunter, Fred Martinez, and Brandon Teena. Then, have students explore:

What are trans people saying about themselves? (In the cases in which they have said anything about themselves – there are cases where they became well known after death.)
What are the various media outlets saying about trans people? Trans experience? (And here, pay special attention to the various media outlets and the regional, cultural, and religious differences, as well as other potential differences, in their reporting.)
Are the messages about transsexual and transgender expression/identity clearly separated in these illustrations?
Which (re)presentations link homosexuality to transsexuality? Which separate it? Under what arguments are these fusions and distinctions being made?

4. This is an exercise for smaller classrooms, where there can be significantly more discussion about one's own personal experience.Have students evaluate their own gender presentation and the ways in which others attribute their gender identity. For such a discussion, refer to the reflections on Lucal (1999). Then have the students discuss the different meanings of trans as discussed by Kessler and McKenna (2000), or the gender insignia as discussed by West and Zimmerman (1987).Kessler, Suzanne, and Wendy McKenna 2000. 'Who Put the "Trans" in transgender? Gender Theory and Everyday Life.'International Journal of Transgenderism 4 (3): July–September. http://www.symposion.com/ijt/gilbert/kessler.htm.Lucal, Betsy 1999. 'What It Means to Be Gendered Me: Life on the Boundaries of a Dichotomous Gender System.'Gender & Society 13 (6): 781–97.West, Candace; Don H. Zimmerman 1987. 'Doing Gender.'Gender & Society, 1 (2): 125–51.5. This assignment aims to break away from the transgender versus transsexual discussion, by incorporating cross‐dressing and drag performances.Discuss the meanings of 'trans' beyond the transgender and transsexual as explored in the article. Focus on cross‐dressing and drag queen/king discussions, by taking a comparative approach to cross‐dressing among some of the following scholars:Schacht, Steven P. (ed.) 2004. The Drag Queen Anthology: The Absolutely Fabulous but Customary World of Female Impersonators. New York, NY: Haworth Press.Schacht, Steven P. 2002. 'Four renditions of doing female drag: feminine appearing conceptual variations of a masculine theme.' Pp. 157–80 in Gendered Sexualities (Advances in Gender Research, Volume 6), edited by Patricia Gagne and Richard Tewksbury. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Press.Shapiro, Eve. 2007. 'Research Report: Drag Kinging and the Transformation of Gender Identities.'Gender & Society 21 (2): 250–71.Taylor, Verta, and Leila J. Rupp. 2006. 'Learning from Drag Queens.'Contexts, 5 (3): 12–17.Taylor, Verta, and Leila J. Rupp. 2003. Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Discuss: What are some of the assumptions about gender that those 'doing drag' engage in? Likewise, what are some of the ways in which the researchers apply those assumptions themselves? Is there a difference between cross‐dressing and drag? Have the students exhaust the potential differences, and name what they perceive to be the similarities between the two.If possible, further the conversation by incorporating drag and cross dressing as part of the transgender umbrella term. What are some of the historical implications of drag and cross‐dressing? Where do they see cross‐dressing in relation to sex, gender, and sexuality? And doing drag? Do they see a distinction between doing drag for female‐bodied and male‐bodied individuals? If yes, how so? If no, why not?6. This assignment is intended for a theory or sociology of gender class where theoretical discussions are expected – ideally, an upper‐level sociology course.Discuss the ways in which ethnomethodology, phenomenology, symbolic interactionism, cultural studies, queer theory, and discourse analysis all frame transgender and transsexual experience. Use any of the sociology references in the 'Transgender and Transsexual Studies' article.

A comprehensive and important text for health care professionalsGender variance is widely misunderstood, and few medical texts examine the social, legal, emotional, historical, biological, and economic issues involved. Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery provides medical and health care guidelines and comprehensive information on all aspects of treatment of gender diverse individuals. This one-of-a-kind resource examines a full range of relevant data important to health care professionals. Each chapter addresses a different aspect of care, written by an authority on that sub-special

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction 1 -- Notes -- References -- Introduction 2 -- Becoming the transperson -- Activism and the transgender community: becoming (trans)active -- Post-postmodern trans-theory: into the new millennium -- Part One: Becoming Trans -- 1. The Becoming Man: The Law's Ass Brays -- The transsexual? Sex sights/sites -- A legal position(ing) -- Travelling -- Seeing through Justice's blindfold -- Tackling sex site/sight discrimination -- Living in outer space -- See the word for the trees

AbstractThe article examines the criteria for determining which individuals become legible as transgender in Poland and how expert medical and legal discourses normalize the gender identity, sexuality, and gender performativity of this group. Only those transgender people who fit the outdated model of the "true transsexual" are allowed to (in fact expected to) undergo a physical transition. Once transitioned, they are expected to blend into society and present heteronormative, socially conforming gender roles. In Poland, only those people who have been diagnosed as so-called true transsexuals are counted in the estimated number of transgender people. After describing the convoluted legal and medical processes that individuals are required to follow, the article presents qualitative research describing how transgender people in Poland have responded to these normalizing systems. The article concludes with proposals that would make trans populations more legible to policy makers and the mass media without imposing outdated medical norms on the trans community.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Pathologizing and Prosecuting a (Gender) Traitor -- 2. Transpatriotism and Iterations of Empire -- 3. Blind(ing) (In)justice and the Disposability of Black Life -- 4. Materializing Hashtag Activism and the #FreeCeCe Campaign -- 5. Sex Work, Securitainment, and the Transgender Terrorist -- Coda -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

This paper examines my experiences of anti-dairy activism in New Zealand. Using autoethnographic methodology, I discuss the emotional work and core strategies and tactics of Starfish Bobby Calf Project (hereafter called Starfish). Starfish is a grassroots vegan activist group that I founded in 2013. Its genesis began in my childhood, when I became aware of the plight of bobby calves while living in rural New Zealand. It combines both autobiography and ethnography to analyse the emotional process of becoming an activist and campaigning against dairying. In doing so I uncover the narratives that underpin the dairy industry and the larger ideologies that structure it. This paper also explores the emotional work of animal rights activists in navigating the contradictions of a speciesist culture; including re-representing the animal as an individual with rights and subjectivity. Using Starfish as a case study, it is argued that animal rights politics is shaped by the emotional dynamics of such networks.