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International audience ; The forces that drive much of the transformation of Defense Innovation Systems are manifold. The economic structure and institutional organization supporting defense innovation have been altered by technological as well as political changes. Increasing competitive pressures, together with the growing complexity of knowledge and technology have also shaped how defense companies, military services and procurement agencies adapted their core business models, competences, and strategies in order to be capable of providing their customers with the innovative products and services they need. This contribution builds on a ISTE-Wiley edition's recently published book untitled Disruptive Technology and Defence Innovation Ecosystems ([BAR 19b]) that aimed at improving our understanding of the transformation ofdefense innovation systems, by focusing on three interrelated dimensions. The first dimension is concerned with changes affecting defense-related knowledge bases, in particular the development of dual-use knowledge and the increasing complexity of defense-related knowledge structures. The second dimension is related to technology itself with a particular emphasis on the disruptive impacts of certain technological trajectories emerging from the outside of traditional boundaries of the defense industrial base. The third dimension is connected to the evolution of military customers' doctrines and capabilities towards netcentricity and multi-domains command and control (C²), the latter having a structuring effect on defense innovation systems.

The feasibility and effectiveness of teaching performance skills using a computer-based training (CBT) methodology were investigated. Graphic simulations of the appearance and functions of a system in an anti-submarine aircraft were presented to students within an instructional framework. Programmed logics controlled the dynamic representations of the equipment in response to student input made through a touch panel. The objective was to determine whether CBT could be used for low cost, part-task training. The performance of CBT students, as measured on a high fidelity simulator, was compared to that of students who had gone through conventional training consisting of workbook study and hands-on practice in the simulator. Results showed that CBT students performed the necessary skills as well before practice in the simulator as conventionally trained students could after this practice. The theoretical and cost implications are discussed.

"The paper is divided into three parts: (a) The first part deals with what operational research is. (b)The second part gives what we mean by Weapon Systems and discusses considerations that determine the choice of a particular weapon system from a class weapon systems. (c)The third part deals with some aspects of weapon replacement policy.The effectiveness of a weapon system is defined as E=D/C where E is weapon effectiveness (a comparative figure of merit); D is total damage inflicted or prevented and C is total cost, D and C being reduced to common dimensions. During the course of investigations, criteria regarding to choice of weapon or weapons from a set of weapon systems are established through production function and military effect curves. A procedure is described which maximizes the expectation of military utility in order to select a weapon system from the class of weapon systems. This is done under the following simplifying assumptions: (a) Non- decreasing utility function; (b) Constant average cost for each kind of weapons; and (c) Independence of the performance of each unit of weapon. Some of the difficulties which arises when any of these restrictions is relaxed are briefly mentioned. Finally, the policy of weapon replacement and the factors governing the same are described."

Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy -- 1 Early Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy -- Early Philosophical Approaches -- Dualistic Approach: Emotion and Reason -- Augustinian Approach -- Structural Theory -- Perfectibility Theory -- Nineteenth-Century Thinking -- Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) -- Impact of World War I -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Pre-Theories of Decision-Making -- Approaches During World War II -- Response to the Cold War -- Birth of Behavioral Foreign Policy Analysis -- Anti-Behavioral Attack -- Post-Cold War Foreign Policy Analysis -- Twenty-First Century Developments -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Quantifying Alternative Pre-Theories -- Concepts -- Prestimulus Concepts -- Stimulus Concepts -- Information-Processing Concepts -- Outcome Concepts -- Database -- Factor Analysis -- Causal Analysis -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Decision-Making Cases -- References -- Part II Operational Code Analysis -- 4 Omnipresence of Codes -- Defining "Operational Code" -- Leites' Operational Code of the Soviet Union -- J. David Singer's Approach: Basic Issues -- Ole Holsti's Approach: Belief System -- Alexander George's Revival of the Operational Code -- Myth Systems -- Geopolitical Codes -- Lucian Pye's Approach -- Epistemic Communities and the Liberal International Order (LIO) -- Further Development of the Concept of Operational Code -- References -- 5 Developments and Problems in Operational Code Research -- Psychological and Sociological Focus -- Role Theory -- Methodological Problems -- Theoretical Confusion -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III Professionalization Through Options Analysis -- 6 Parameters of Decision-Making and Options Analysis -- Basic Criteria -- Transformation of Operational Codes.