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Presented at the 2001 USCID water management conference, Transbasin water transfers on June 27-30, 2001 in Denver, Colorado. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; To utilise the waters of the rivers Sutlej, Beas and Ravi flowing through Punjab, and which come to the exclusive share of India, as per the Indus Waters Treaty-1960 between the Governments of India and Pakistan, a number of projects have been planned, constructed or are under construction on these rivers. These projects have helped in gainfully diverting the waters of river Beas in Sutlej and of river Ravi to Beas, in addition to providing multi-purpose benefits. The projects have brought an agricultural and industrial revolution to the states of Punjab, Haryana and the desert areas of Rajasthan and transformed them into granaries of India. The paper briefly describes the various projects and their salient features. The impacts of the projects on the economy, environment, health, tourism and recreation etc. have been highlighted. Since these projects have enabled the diversion of surplus waters of one river to another, studies for integrated operation and management of waters of these rivers have been carried out for deriving optimum benefits. The paper also describes the real time integrated operation techniques, factors necessitating their adoption, and computer models used for integrated operation of the Bhakra Beas system of reservoirs. It is recommended that for effective utilization of the available waters, and implementation of the real time integrated operation techniques, an automatic data collection and transmission system be installed.

22 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017025.-- Data Availability Statement: Argo float casts and positions are available from http://www.coriolis.eu.org, the float metadata and parking depths come from https://www.usgodae.org/cgi-bin/argo_select.pl and the NOAA and L.M. Gould SADCP data sets are obtained from https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/NCEI-UH-JASADCP and http://adcp.ucsd.edu/lmgould/, respectively ; Southern Ocean waters enter the South Atlantic Ocean through the Scotia Sea along pathways constrained by the bathymetry of the northern Scotia Sea passages. We use the Argo profiling-float data set to calculate the water transports in and out of the region, focusing on the water balances down to the deepest isoneutral sampled in all passages (γn = 28.0 kg m−3, located between about 500 and 2,000 m in the Drake Passage and even shallower in the Northern Passages). Down to this reference level, the water inflow through the Drake Passage is 140.8 ± 7.4 Sv and the water outflow through the deeper portions of the Northern Passages is 115.9 ± 8.3 Sv, implying a leakage of about 25 ± 11.1 Sv over topography shallower than 1,000 m. Below the reference isoneutral and down to 2,000 m, an additional 23.4 Sv enter through the Drake Passage; when added to reported inputs of about 20 Sv through the South Scotia Ridge, this accounts well for the observed 43.4 Sv outflow–from 28.0 kg m−3 to 2,000 m–through the Northern Passages. Relative to the 2,000 m reference level, the mean barotropic contribution always represents over half the total transports. We also observe substantial seasonal and moderate interannual variations in the water transports and composition (peak differences occur seasonally in the Drake Passage, with a range of 111–174 Sv), associated with changes in water exchange across the frontal systems. Two independent measures set the water mean-residence time in the Scotia Sea at about 6–8 months ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Government through project SAGA (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, ref. no. RTI2018-100844-B-C33). AOA is grateful to the FPU program, funded by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, reference FPU17/03796). [.] The authors also recognize the institutional support of the Spanish Government through the Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

The importance of the customary regimes of internal waters for the delimitation of the other coastal state maritime zones is analyzed. The rules of baselines in the 1958 and 1982 Conventions on the Law of the Sea are not exhaustive. They are supplemented by the customary regimes of internal waters. These regimes contain few and very vague restrictions on coastal state sovereignty to delimit areas of adjacent sea as internal waters. No definite maximum mile limit has been agreed upon. The outer limits of the customary regimes are baselines for the other maritime zones. Consequently the coastal state can extend the 12, 24, and 200 miles zones based on these customary regimes with wide-ranging legal consequences.
The practical result of constructive application of these regimes is-shown by possible extensions of the present Danish maritime zones.

A derivative of the Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Biogeochemistry of Inland Waters examines the transformation, flux and cycling of chemical compounds in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, combining aspects of biology, ecology, geology, and chemistry. Because the articles are drawn from an encyclopedia, they are easily accessible to interested members of the public, such as conservationists and environmental decision makers. This derivative text describes biogeochemical cycles of organic and inorganic elements and compounds in freshwater ecosystems.

Inland aquatic habitats occur world-wide at all scales from marshes, swamps and temporary puddles, to ponds, lakes and inland seas; from streams and creeks to rolling rivers. Vital for biological diversity, ecosystem function and as resources for human life, commerce and leisure, inland waters are a vital component of life on Earth. The Encyclopedia of Inland Waters describes and explains all the basic features of the subject, from water chemistry and physics, to the biology of aquatic creatures and the complex function and balance of aquatic ecosystems of varying size and complexity. Used