Suchergebnisse

To deal with boundary and transboundary water issues along their border, the United States and Mexico established the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) in 1889. Initially dealing only with surface water flows, its flexibility permitted changes such that groundwater and water quality issues could be addressed. In 1994, the U.S., Mexico, and Canada adopted the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) primarily to facilitate trade, but which can govern water as an article of commerce. Both NAFTA and the IBWC have been instrumental in promoting peaceful solutions to water issues. The article examines three cases: (1) Mexico's protesting of a U.S. plan to line the All-American Canal on the Mexico-California; (2) the underdelivery of Mexican Rio Grande water to the U.S. state of Texas; and (3) the case of an aquifer entirely within Mexico whose supply is being stressed because of a shift in agricultural production prompted by NAFTA. The article concludes that both countries should: (1) develop a more formal system for groundwater issues and (2) exercise vigilance with respect to NAFTA's ability to treat water solely as an economic good.

One of the most challenging aspects of climate change has been the increased pressure on water resources limited by droughts and new rain patterns, which has been exacerbated by rapid modernization. Due to these realities, disputes across national borders over use and access to water have now become more commonplace. This study analyzes the history and adjudication of transboundary water disputes in five international courts and tribunals, two US Supreme Court cases, and boundary water disputes between the United States and Canada and the United States and Mexico. Explaining the circumstances and outcomes of these cases, Kornfeld asks how effective the courts and tribunals have been in adjudicating them. What kind of remedies have they fashioned and how have they dealt with polycentric and sovereignty issues? This timely work examines the doctrine of equitable allocation of transboundary water resources and how this norm can be incorporated into international law

This book examines India's transboundary river water disputes with its South Asian riparianneighbours -- Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. It explores the history of disputes and cooperation over the transboundary river water in this region as well as discusses current disputes and future concerns. It analyses how and why existing transboundary river water sharing treaties between India and its South Asian riparian neighbours are confronted with challenges. The book indicates that India's transboundary river water disputes with its South Asian riparianneighbours are likely to escalate in coming years due to the widening of the demand-supply gap in the respective countries. It further shows the impact of bilateral relations on the resolution of transboundary river water disputes, even as cordial relationships do not always guarantee the absence of river water disputes between riparian states. The book looks at some key questions: How political are India's transboundary rivers water disputes in South Asia? Why do the roots of India's river water disputes with Bangladesh and Pakistan lie in the partition of the British India in 1947? Why are there reservations against India's hydroelectricity projects or allegations of water theft? Is it possible to resolve transboundary river water disputes among these South Asian countries? This book will greatly interest scholars and researchers working in the areas of river management, environmental politics, transnationalism, water resources, politics and international relations, security studies, peace and conflict studies, geopolitics, development studies, governance and public administration, and South Asian studies in addition to policymakers and journalists.

Cooperation over transboundary environmental resources, water in particular, has been analyzed from various perspectives. Each study identifies the problems of cooperation differently and suggests different mechanisms to enhance it. Yet, the role of ambiguity, particularly significant in treaty design to resolve environmental disputes, has thus far been overlooked. Such a focus is warranted, since many international agreements regulating the use of natural resources are ambiguous in their schedule of resource delivery during crisis events or in their cost-sharing arrangements and may even include contradictory resource-allocation principles while remaining vague on how to settle the contradictions. This study aims to examine why, when, and how ambiguity is applied in agreements pertaining to natural resources, and water in particular. The Israeli—Jordanian peace agreement, which includes an annex on water-use regulation, is used as a case study. It was found that, under asymmetric power relations, when both sovereignty costs and uncertainty are high, several types of deliberate ambiguity were intentionally incorporated into the treaty. Some ambiguities allowed each side to present the treaty differently at home, thereby defusing domestic opposition, while others provided leeway to adjust the resource allocation during a future crisis without the need to renegotiate the treaty.

Chapter 1: Inland Water Issues and Challenges- Afghanistan -- Chapter 2: Water and National Security Challenges of Bangladesh -- Chapter 3: From Water Disputes to Opportunities in Bhutan -- Chapter 4: Water Conflict in China: Management and Transformation -- Chapter 5: Mapping the Water Disputes in India: Nature, Issues and Challenges -- Chapter 6: Multi-stakeholder Hydropower Disputes and Its Resolution in Nepal -- Chapter 7: Reconciled but Unresolved: The Interprovincial Water Distribution in Pakistan -- Chapter 8: Domestic water issues and Transboundary Tensions.

The management of water resources across boundaries, whether sub-national or international, is one of the most difficult challenges facing water managers today. The upstream exploitation or diversion of groundwater or rivers can have devastating consequences for those living downstream, and transboundary rivers can provide a source of conflict between nations or states, particularly where water resources are scarce. Similarly, water based-pollution can spread across borders and create disputes and a need for sound governance. This book is the first to bring together in a concise and accessible.

Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Using a Common Language for Transboundary Waters -- A Tool for Navigating the Book -- Common Terminology -- References -- Part I Why Is a Consistent Definition to Measure Transboundary Water Cooperation Needed? -- 2 Presenting the Two Challenges: Defining Transboundary Water Cooperation and Measuring Its Effectiveness -- Transboundary Surface and Groundwaters -- Cooperation in the Context of International Water Law -- Presenting the Two Challenges -- Challenge 1: Multiple Understandings of Transboundary Water Cooperation -- Challenge 2: How Can Transboundary Water Cooperation Be Effective? -- Conclusion and Book Overview -- Notes -- References -- 3 Demonstrating the Challenges: SDG Indicator 6.5.2: Measuring Operational Arrangements for Transboundary Water Cooperation -- Sustainable Development Goals -- Conceptualizing SDG Indicator 6.5.2 -- Case Study Locations -- Water Resources and Transboundary Water Cooperation in Bangladesh -- Overview of Water Resources -- Overview of Transboundary Cooperation -- Water Resources and Transboundary Water Cooperation in Honduras -- Overview of Water Resources -- Overview of Transboundary Cooperation -- Water Resources and Transboundary Water Cooperation in Uganda -- Overview of Water Resources -- Overview of Transboundary Cooperation -- Method 1: Methodology for SDG Indicator 6.5.2 -- Discussion of Method 1 -- Method 2: Flexibility in Levels of Operational Cooperation -- Discussion of Method 2 -- Method 3: Typology of Cooperation Promoting Effective Water Management -- What Can We Learn From Comparing These Three Interpretations of Transboundary Water Cooperation? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References.

Dünyada gerek küresel ısınma nedeniyle azalan su kaynakları gerekse de su sarfiyatının artması sonucu kişi başına düşen su miktarı görece azalmıştır. Bu durum önemli bir doğal kaynak olan suyun önemini ve stratejik değerini artırdığı gibi özellikle de sınıraşan suları ülkelerin dış politikalarında önemli bir enstrüman hâline getirmiş, paylaşımını da ülkeler arasında ihtilaflı bir alan konu hâline getirmiştir. Sınıraşan sular konusunda en büyük sorun bu suların paylaşımıdır. Türkiye'nin başta Fırat ve Dicle olmak üzere sınıraşan sular kapsamında komşuları ile önemli sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Bu makalede sınıraşan sulara ilişkin kavramsal çerçeve, sınıraşan suların yönetiminde yaşanan gelişmeler, Türkiye'nin sınıraşan suları ve politikası irdelendikten sonra genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak bazı sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Türkiye, Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından beri SA (uluslararası su) su havzaları konusunda komşuları ile dış politikada gerek diplomasi yoluyla gerekse de UA (uluslararası su) hukukun araçlarını kullanarak (müzakereler yürütme, antlaşmalar yapma, geçici / sürekli komiteler kurma gibi kurumsal yapıları içeren) çıktılar üretmiştir. Türkiye'nin farklı siyasi kamplarda yer aldığı komşularıyla bile SA su konusunda uyuşmazlıklarını ele alırken, UA teâmül hukukunun ve BM (Birleşmiş Milletler) Şartı'nın öngördüğü biçimde barışçıl yollardan çözüm yöntemlerini tercih ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. SAS (sınırı aşan sular) bilhassa 1980'lerden itibâren dış politikanın önemli bir unsuru hâline gelmiştir. Bu süreçte Türkiye de bu konuda küresel gelişmeleri izleyen ve bölgesel siyasî şartları da dikkate alan gerçekçi ve tutarlı dış politika ilkeleri belirlemiş, bu ilkeleri belirlerken de UA teâmül, antlaşmalar hukuku, doktrin ve yumuşak hukuk kurallarından etkilenmiştir. Dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarındaki SA su havzalarındaki anlaşmazlıklarda uzlaşı sağlanabilmesi ve iş birliğine gidilebilmesi ile su kaynaklarının daha iyi yönetilmesi ve tahsisi için evrensel kuralların sağlanabilmesi konusunda UA su hukuku önemli bir potansiyeli barındırmaktadır.

"Climate change, population growth and the increasing demand for water are all capable of leading to disputes over transboundary water systems. Dealing with these challenges will require the enhancing of adaptive capacity, the improving of the quality of water-resources management and a reduction in the risk of conflict between riparian states. Such changes can only be brought about through significant international cooperation. Christina Leb's analysis of the duty to cooperate and the related rights and obligations highlights the interlinkages between this duty and the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and the prevention of transboundary harm. In doing so, she considers the law applicable to both international watercourses and transboundary aquifers, and explores the complementarities and interaction between the rules of international water law and the related obligations of climate change and human rights law"--