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Part 1: GIS, GPS, RS and Precision Farming ; International audience ; In the background of the digital agriculture advanced step-by-step, Shanghai government is also accelerating the pace of agricultural informationization. "Precision Agriculture" has become a pointcut of "Digital Shanghai". Building the Operating System of Shanghai Agricultural Economy is a meaningful practice in Shanghai digital agriculture engineering. Its powerful function of spatial data analysis and inquiry provides the support system for the realization of "precision agriculture". It can provide the decision support and the information service for the government.

ABSTRACT  As Shanghai strives to build itself into an international center of finance, trade, and commerce, a new retail economy has evolved accordingly. In the past two decades, its retail sector has been transformed from a simple and inefficient distribution system to a much more complex and highly competitive market‐oriented economy. The new retail economy in many ways resembles the contemporary capitalist retail economy in the Western cities, but it also exhibits significant differences with Chinese characteristics. While the affluent consumer market is the necessary condition for sustained retail growth, it is the retail deregulation that has been the fundamental driving force for the structural changes in Shanghai's retail sector. Its liberal policies attracted major international retailers to either choose Shanghai as the gateway city to enter the China market, or locate their China headquarters offices in Shanghai to command their operations throughout the country. Indeed, the retail transformation in post‐reform Shanghai is a clear testimony of the Economic Transition Model. The main data sources for this empirical study are the 1999 Census of Commercial Activity in Shanghai and the Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. They are supplemented by data collected from reputable Web sites and through field work in Shanghai.

The subject of research is the theoretical and practical aspects of accounting and analysis of operating costs of agricultural enterprises, their impact on financial results, as well as proposals for optimization. The purpose of the article is to identify and summarize the features of accounting and analysis of operating costs of agricultural enterprises, establishing their impact on financial performance and development of optimization proposals. The methodological basis of the article is a monograph, system-structural analysis and synthesis, accounting, economic and statistical methods. The results of the article. It is established that the accounting of operating expenses is regulated by the NP (S) BU and its relevant forms. Their information is the main basis for their comprehensive analysis. Its implementation allowed to determine their constant increase and identify its factors. It was found that the cost of production, administrative costs, marketing costs and others are of paramount importance in the structure of operating expenses. They are also the ones who significantly shape the financial results of agricultural enterprises. Therefore, it is their optimization that increases profits as the main financial result. Field of application of results. The results can be used in higher education institutions, agricultural enterprises and other agribusiness entities. Conclusions. It is established that in the structure of operating costs the largest share is the cost of production, labor costs, administrative costs and marketing costs. They have been characterized by a significant increase over the last three years due to the constant growth of their components. Therefore, their optimization, as shown by the analysis of operating activities of agricultural enterprises, is based on reducing the cost of production by increasing the productivity of resources and labor, as well as reducing administrative costs due to improved organization of business and production processes. Changes in operating expenses are a factor influencing the dynamics of financial performance of economic entities, namely gross profit and profit from operating activities.

Daily life is connected life, its rhythms driven by endless email pings and responses, the chimes and beeps of continually arriving text messages, tweets and retweets, Facebook updates, pictures and videos to post and discuss. Our perpetual connectedness gives us endless opportunities to be part of the give-and-take of networking. Some worry that this new environment makes us isolated and lonely. But in Networked, Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman show how the large, loosely knit social circles of networked individuals expand opportunities for learning, problem solving, decision making, and personal interaction. The new social operating system of "networked individualism" liberates us from the restrictions of tightly knit groups; it also requires us to develop networking skills and strategies, work on maintaining ties, and balance multiple overlapping networks. Rainie and Wellman outline the "triple revolution" that has brought on this transformation: the rise of social networking, the capacity of the Internet to empower individuals, and the always-on connectivity of mobile devices. Drawing on extensive evidence, they examine how the move to networked individualism has expanded personal relationships beyond households and neighborhoods; transformed work into less hierarchical, more team-driven enterprises; encouraged individuals to create and share content; and changed the way people obtain information. Rainie and Wellman guide us through the challenges and opportunities of living in the evolving world of networked individuals.

The intent of this chapter is, first, to review how these components of political economy analysis have affected past agricultural policy decisions and, then, to highlight key points for building a broader empirical research agenda around agrifood system transformation. The first three sections of the chapter focus on how a political economy lens previously has been used to understand trade and price distortions, public investment patterns, and agro-industrial policies. Subsequently, the chapter emphasizes that the growing focus on agrifood system transformation implies an expanded array of needed interventions by the public sector that extend beyond the traditional mandates of agricultural ministries. Moreover, as the food system spans rural areas, small towns, and large cities, all of which are governed by different types of local authorities, public sector support for transformation is no longer under the domain of national governments alone. Consequently, the chapter argues that horizontal and vertical coordination— meaning cooperation across sectors and levels of government—will need to be addressed to manage the transformation process. Some examples of public sector restructuring initiatives are therefore discussed before the chapter concludes. ; PR ; IFPRI4; ReSAKSS; CRP2 ; AFR; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Toward an Anarchist Theory of the State -- I. The State and COVID-19 -- II. Understanding the State -- III. Versions of the Operating System -- IV. Characteristics of the System, 1: Ways and Means -- V. Characteristics of the System, 2: Motivations and Drivers -- VI. Characteristics of the System, 3: Distinguishing: Features and Preferences -- VII. Why Are We against the State? -- VIII. Shaking Off the State -- Conclusion: We Create Our Own Reality -- Notes -- Index

Nicaragua has been, and will undoubtedly continue to be, primarily an agricultural country. Of the country's exports, agricultural and forestry products have consistently represented over 88% of the total value. One notable characteristic of Nicaraguan agriculture is its diversification, at least in respect to its other Central American neighbors. The expanded cotton and cottonseed exports since 1951, and the normally consistent exports of coffee are by far the most important agricultural products in terms of foreign exchange. In addition, four other commodities (sesame, cattle and meat, timber, and sugar) each yielded over a million dollars in foreign exchange during the years 1957 and 1958.

Systems and financial statement auditors are often responsible for evaluating compliance with system security controls as part of their annual audit procedures. This assignment provides a practical learning experience that relates your course material to actual tasks practitioners perform. You are provided with simulated data from a realistic company example and are asked practitioner-relevant questions covering a variety of issues related to network operating system access. Monitoring and limiting network operating system access and mitigating the related risk is crucial since any application (including accounting applications) can be accessed, and potentially compromised, through the network operating system.