Suchergebnisse

SummaryThe weight charts for the six infants of a 20-year-old Aboriginal woman are examined. They all show satisfactory growth whilst being exclusively breast-fed, yet all demonstrate growth failure following the introduction of supplementary feeding. The double benefits of optimal infant growth and delay in the next conception derived from exclusive breast-feeding indicate its desirability for women in these circumstances. The problems associated with supplementary feeding and the non-utilization of family planning methods are demonstrated in the low maternal age at first pregnancy, the lack of adequate family spacing during the mother's teenage years, excessive family size and the impaired growth rate of the children.

Context
Supplementary feeding and baiting of wild ungulates is a common management practice. Wild boar is among the most frequently fed species and its numbers are rapidly increasing throughout Europe. It has been suggested that supplementary feeding throughout the year can have intentional and unintentional impacts on the species as well as on European forests and agricultural landscapes, and biodiversity. It is, therefore, important to identify the dependence of wild boar on supplemental foods to determine and predict its feeding patterns under alternative population and land-use management scenarios.

Aims
We investigated the diet composition of wild boar from stomach contents to identify its dependence on food resources of human origin (i.e. agricultural crops and supplemental foods) throughout the year in the Czech Republic.

Methods
We collected 345 samples from four study sites during spring, summer and winter seasons, over a 3-year period, and from different wild boar ages and sex classes.

Key results
Foods of human origin (mainly cereals) were the dominant food category and constituted the bulk of wild boar diet throughout the year (>50% of total stomach-content biomass), especially in winter, and in all the study sites. Cereals found in the stomachs of wild boar in summer might come from both crop fields as well as supplementary feeding. However, cereals identified in the stomachs in winter and spring come predominantly from baiting and supplementary feeding conducted by hunters. Cereals were consumed in different proportions by different ages and sexes. Males fed on cereals more than did females, whereas juveniles depended on such food less than did subadults.

Conclusions
Our finding of a consistent dependence of wild boar on food of human origin throughout the year in all study sites confirmed that supplementary feeding is important in the diet, which is a potential reason for the rapid increase of wild boar numbers in the Czech Republic.

Implications
Wildlife management agencies need to target feeding practices and design restrictive measures for supplementary feeding and baiting of wild boar in the Czech Republic. This should include defining maximum amounts of food and precise periods for supplementary feeding, and reducing non-target species at feeding sites.

Current European sanitary laws are promoting the concentration of domestic livestock carcasses in lim- ited locations called 'vulture restaurants' or supplementary feeding stations in order to safeguard human health. However, this type of food concentration could lead to monopolization by a few, large dominant species. Management guidelines are urgently needed to ensure that potentially less competitive and more endangered scavengers can also benefit from this resource, considering that once abundant car- casses are now absent from the field. Here, we assess factors affecting the abundance of six avian scav- enger species at 17 feeding stations in northern Spain, considering aspects such as carrion availability, physiographic features, humanization, presence of heterospecifics and densities of scavengers during both winter and summer seasons. Results indicate that conditions for interspecific facilitatory processes are possible at low numbers (<100 individuals) of griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus). Otherwise, the other avian scavengers are excluded. In a few cases, spatio-temporal patterns of segregation become apparent. Differences in the size of carcasses supplied to feeding stations as well as the local characteristics influ- ence the balance of species at these points and, therefore, how species of conservation concern use feed- ing stations. Future legislation should encourage the opening of numerous feeding stations supplied with low quantities of food to mimic the original condition of temporal and spatial unpredictability of car- casses and to maintain ecological relationships within the scavenger guild. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; One of the most widespread tools in the conservation of scavenger species is the provision of supplementary food. However, scientific studies on its effectiveness have been rarely conducted. Here, we present the first results of an experimental specific supplementary feeding programme applied from hatching to 45–60 days, aimed at increasing the breeding success of an obligate brood reducer, the threatened bearded vulture . We tested its effectiveness in the Spanish Pyrenees, the locale of the most important population of this species in the European Union, in which a regressive trend in breeding parameters has been observed in recent years. We compared the breeding success in nests with supplementary food to non-supplemented control nests. Supplementary food did not significantly increase global breeding success (supplemented nests, 0.793 ± 0.193 chicks per pair with eggs hatched vs non-supplemented nests, 0.771 ± 0.185) or the individual breeding performance of the territories (supplemented period, 0.712 ± 0.307 vs non-supplemented period, 0.642 ± 0.311). The similar values obtained suggest that the specific supplementary feeding programme applied during the chick-rearing period is apparently ineffective at increasing breeding success. The results suggest that, at least in the study area, factors that provoke breeding failure after hatching continue to operate independently of the supplementary feeding programme. Although more research on this subject is required, these preliminary conclusions should be taken into account by managers in order to optimise the investment of economic resources and to better prioritise the future establishment of alternative conservation actions.

Understanding space use of free‐living endangered animals is key to informing management decisions for conservation planning. Like most scavengers, vultures have evolved under a context of unpredictability of food resources (i.e., exploiting scattered carcasses that are intermittently available). However, the role of predictable sources of food in shaping spatial ecology of vultures has seldom been studied in detail. Here, we quantify the home range of the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus), a long‐lived raptor that has experienced severe population decline throughout its range and is qualified as endangered worldwide. To this end, six adults were tracked by satellite telemetry in Spain during the breeding season, from 2007 to 2012, recording 10 360 GPS locations. Using Resource Utilization Functions, we assessed the topology of the Utilization Distribution, a three‐dimensional measure that shows the probability of finding an animal within the home range. Our results showed how food availability, and principally, how food predictability, determines ranging behavior of this species. Egyptian Vultures showed consistent site fidelity across years, measured as the two‐ and three‐dimensional overlap in their home ranges. Space use varied considerably within the home range and remarkably, places located far from nesting sites were used more frequently than some areas located closer. Therefore, traditional conservation measures based on establishing restrictive rules within a fixed radius around nesting sites could be biologically meaningless if other areas within the home range are not protected too. Finally, our results emphasize the importance of anthropogenic predictable sources of food (mainly vulture restaurants) in shaping the space use of scavengers, which is in agreement with recent findings. Hence, measures aimed at ensuring food availability are essential to preserve this endangered vulture, especially in the present context of limiting carrion dumping in the field due to sanitary regulations according to European legislation.

Understanding space use of free-living endangered animals is key to inform management decisions for conservation planning. Like most scavengers, vultures have evolved under a context of unpredictability of food resources (i.e. exploiting scattered carcasses that are intermittently available). However, the role of predictable sources of food in shaping spatial ecology of vultures has seldom been studied in detail. Here, we quantify the home range of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), a long-lived raptor which has experienced severe population decline throughout its range and is qualified as endangered worldwide. To this end six adults were tracked by satellite telemetry in Spain during the breeding season, from 2007 to 2012, recording 10360 GPS locations. Using Resource Utilization Functions, we assessed the topology of the Utilization Distribution, a three-dimensional measure that shows the probability of finding an animal within the home range. Our results showed how food availability and principally, how food predictability, determines ranging behaviour of this species. Egyptian vultures showed consistent site fidelity across years, measured as the two and three-dimensional overlap in their home ranges. Space use varied considerably within the home range and remarkably, places located far from nesting sites were used more frequently than some areas located closer. Therefore, traditional conservation measures based on establishing restrictive rules within a fixed radius around nesting sites could be biologically meaningless if other areas within the home range are not protected too. Finally, our results emphasize the importance of anthropogenic predictable sources of food (mainly vulture restaurants) in shaping the space use of scavengers, which is in agreement with recent findings. Hence, measures aimed at ensuring food availability are essential to preserve this endangered vulture, especially in the present context of limiting carrion dumping in the field due to sanitary regulations according to European legislation. ; P. López-López is supported by a "Juan de la Cierva" postdoctoral grant of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (reference JCI-2011-09588).

9 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. ; Sixty Merino ewes during 140 days of pregnancy were naturaliy inf-ected by strongylids a t grazing, but 30 animals were provided a barley supplement furthermore (400 grams per head day-t). Faecal samples were collected every 20 days for analysis and by means of faecal cultures the genera of strongylids present were identified. Body weight and body condition scores were also recorded every 10 days. Results showed that liveweight and body condition scores were higher in supplemented group than unsupplemented one during study. Unsupplemented ewes showed the higher strongylid eggs elimination during early pregnancy and periparturient rise in late pregnancy; and during whole experiment showed higher infection percentages than supplement fed group. However, supplemented ewes showed from 100 days ofpregnancy higher values ofstrongylid eggs output. An increase in parasite establishment resistance of supplemented ewes is suggested and epidemiological implications will be discussed. ; This work was supported by an European union project (AIR CT92-0646). ; Peer reviewed

Malnutrition is one of the most concerning things that happened in Aceh Utara district, because it is a disgrace to the government and society. Based on data from the North Aceh Health Office, the number of sufferers of malnutrition is increasing every year. This study aims to identify and describe the evaluation of the program for handling malnutrition under five and the obstacles to evaluating the program for handling malnutrition under five by the government in North Aceh Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis research type. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation, the data obtained were analyzed using an interactive analysis model. The results showed that government programs exist and have been implemented, namely the Supplementary Food Provision (PMT) program in the form of milk, biscuits, and multivitamins, but the number of sufferers of malnutrition is still increasing every year because the implementation is not comprehensive and uneven, which is an obstacle. In the Supplementary Feeding Program (PMT), there is an inadequate budget and a large area accompanied by a lack of supervision from the Health Office so that this program has not been carried out optimally. Research recommendations, the government can make efforts to prevent malnutrition in accordance with the rules set out in Law no. 36 of 2009 concerning health to improve the nutritional quality of individuals and communities in accordance with advances in science and technology.

International audience ; Among vertebrates, specialization in scavenging has appeared only in "true" vultures, which usually base their diet almost exclusively on carcasses of medium and large-sized mammals, whereas all other scavengers rely on broader ranges of prey. The availability of food for scavengers in Western Europe has not been limited during recent decades permitting the existence and growth of huge vulture populations. From 2000 onwards, however, EU sanitary legislation has progressively limited the abandonment of dead animals in the field resulting in a sudden reduction of food availability with unknown ecological and conservation consequences. Here, we examine the dietary response of a tandem of carrion eaters, the griffon vulture () and the Egyptian vulture (), showing different degrees of dietary specialization. Our results showed that after the reduction in numbers of supplementary feeding stations (vulture restaurants) the niche breadth of the griffon vulture has broadened and now includes significant amounts of wild rabbits () and garbage. The diet of the Egyptian vulture, on the contrary, did not vary substantially. The diet overlap showed patterns probably conditioned by interspecific competition and the progressive exploitation of unpredictable carcasses. On a short-term scale, consequences for smaller scavengers could be negative due to the monopolization of resources by the dominant and much more abundant griffon vulture, however in the long-term all guild species would benefit from the exploitation of unpredictable carcasses, which could enhance the possibilities of coexistence.

The objective of the article is to estimate the effect of supplementary feeding on the prevention of wasting in preschool children in a rural area of Guatemala with a high prevalence of malnutrition. Children aged 6-49 month, receivedeither Atole, a drink with high protein and moderate energy content, or Fresco, a drink with no protein and low energy content. The difference between supplemented children (receiving Atole) and non-supplemented children (receiving Fresco) represented the prevention of wasting attributable to supplementary feeding (attributable feeding). Supplementary feeding of children aged 6-24 month in populations with inadequate dietary intakes can prevent the onset of wasting in a large proportion of children. (InWEnt/DÜI)

Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, feeding on the carcasses of dead animals present in the field. Availability of domestic carrion has been unstable due to rapidly changing agro-grazing economies and increasing sanitary regulations that may require burial or burning of livestock carcasses. Thus, several griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) recoveries are based on European legislation that guarantees the animals' welfare, avoids intense persecution of the vultures and allows the feeding of threatened wildlife in supplementary feeding stations (SFS). However, in recent years, many studies have speculated on the likelihood that avian scavengers may be infected by feeding on pig carcasses at SFS from intensive livestock. In this context, the present study evaluated whether free-living griffon vultures and pig farms share zoonotic Salmonella strains to test the hypothesis that vulture are infected during consumption of carcasses provided at SFS. Here, the occurrence, serotypes and genomic DNA fingerprinting (phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) of isolated strains were carried out in griffon vultures and pig farms authorised to provided carcasses at SFS in Castellón province (eastern Spain). The bacteriological analyses revealed that 21.1% of vultures and 14.5% for pig farms samples tested were Salmonella-positive. Monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- was the most frequently isolated serovar. Comparison of Salmonella strains isolated from vultures and pig farms revealed that monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby and S. Rissen strains were highly genetically homogeneous (similar DNA fingerprint). In conclusion, the current study indicates that free-living griffon vultures and pig farms that provide the carcasses at SFS share several zoonotic Salmonella strains. On this basis, and although transmission could be bidirectional, our result seems to corroborate the pig carcasses-to-vulture transmission and cross-infection at SFS. As an immediate Salmonella control strategy in wild avian scavengers, we suggest the implementation of a programme to guarantee that solely pig carcasses from Salmonella-free farms arrive at SFS. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

[EN] Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, feeding on the carcasses of dead animals present in the field. Availability of domestic carrion has been unstable due to rapidly changing agro-grazing economies and increasing sanitary regulations that may require burial or burning of livestock carcasses. Thus, several griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) recoveries are based on European legislation that guarantees the animals' welfare, avoids intense persecution of the vultures and allows the feeding of threatened wildlife in supplementary feeding stations (SFS). However, in recent years, many studies have speculated on the likelihood that avian scavengers may be infected by feeding on pig carcasses at SFS from intensive livestock. In this context, the present study evaluated whether free-living griffon vultures and pig farms share zoonotic Salmonella strains to test the hypothesis that vulture are infected during consumption of carcasses provided at SFS. Here, the occurrence, serotypes and genomic DNA fingerprinting (phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) of isolated strains were carried out in griffon vultures and pig farms authorised to provided carcasses at SFS in Castellón province (eastern Spain). The bacteriological analyses revealed that 21.1% of vultures and 14.5% for pig farms samples tested were Salmonella-positive. Monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- was the most frequently isolated serovar. Comparison of Salmonella strains isolated from vultures and pig farms revealed that monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby and S. Rissen strains were highly genetically homogeneous (similar DNA fingerprint). In conclusion, the current study indicates that free-living griffon vultures and pig farms that provide the carcasses at SFS share several zoonotic Salmonella strains. On this basis, and although transmission could be bidirectional, our result seems to corroborate the pig carcasses-to-vulture transmission and cross-infection at SFS. As an immediate Salmonella control strategy in ...