Suchergebnisse

The concept of hybrid threats plays an increasingly important role in the security studies agenda, as it raises awareness about the multidimensional nature of contemporary security. Hybrid threats are considered hostile activities that involve the simultaneous use of two or more types of threats and are controlled or coordinated by a specific actor, whether state or non-state. Some experts may argue that hybrid threats are the most prevalent type of threat in the European security landscape at present. As a result, the focus of research has shifted to an investigation into this phenomenon and the vulnerabilities that make a country weaker in the face of emerging hybrid threats. However, much less attention has been paid to the subjective perception of hybrid threats in particular societal and historical contexts, as well as their impact on security policy-making. This article analyses the perceptions of Latvian society in regard to its vulnerability to hybrid threats, as well as how these perceptions are reflected in the main security policy documents. It is concluded that the Latvian population recognises certain hybrid threats as being current in their security agenda. This is especially true of information and cyber threats. On the other hand, the analysis of the key national security documents reveals the lack of a well-defined agenda for preventing and combating hybrid threats.

We discuss in the articles theoretical approaches in social psychology, used for describe representation of social space by subject. It is shown that different social sciences use original theoretical models of social space. In social psychology, these models are used to measure the relationship of the subject with physical (real) world. At the same time, research concepts do not always correspond to the subject's ideas about social space. As a result, image of subjective perception of space can be misrepresented. The decision is seen as a generalisation of the parameters used to explain the subject's space perception in physical, phenomenological, social-interactional and topological approach.They are: elements of space (objects), centre and metric (as a way of organising elements of space, used for evaluate relations between them). In conclusion, need of empirical verification of assumptions made about inner components representation of social space is noted.

Population aging is a demographic trend characteristic of most world countries, it requires attention from various social institutions. The situation of the growing number of older people around the world increases the relevance of studying this issue. The article aggregates data from different sources that determine the boundaries of the onset of old age based on various theoretical and methodological approaches. It also shows the proportion of old people in the demographic structure of the Russian population in accordance with the chosen approaches. It is shown that the most popular age of the onset of old age, reflected in theoretical concepts, is within the range of 60–65 years. The article presents the results of the authors' study, which covered 1198 respondents from more than 65 regions of the Russian Federation (organized by Lomonosov Moscow State University together with ISESP FCTAS RAS in 2022). During the analysis of the data obtained, some inconsistencies were found between the boundaries fixed in scientific discourse and the ideas of the study participants about the moment of the onset of old age. The results obtained showed the absence of significant differences in ideas about the moment of old age for men and women (69.4 and 68.0 years, respectively). There is a tendency to postpone the age of old age with an increase in the age of respondent. A correlation between the actual and psychological age of old age showed that "premature" aging (when a person recognizes himself as old, before he exceeds the age of old age he named) is found in more than half of the respondents who associate themselves with older people.

This paper explores the subjective psychophysiological research of the so-called subjective audition conducted by the Czech physician and endocrinologist Stanislav Vomela in the 1930s. It examines Vomela's attempts to analyze his own peculiar experience of hearing what he called subjective music (music heard only by the subject) and introduces the concept of acousmatics Vomela developed to study this kind of auditory perception. Vomela's methodology is studied against the background of J. E. Purkyně's understanding of the subjective empiricist methodology of self-knowing in the physiology of the senses and in the context of research into eidetic imagery by E. R. Jaensch and Victor Urbantschitsch.

We examine the relationships between objective life-course structures and the subjective sense of timing of adult roles and acquisition of adult identity. Hierarchical latent class analysis is applied to longitudinal data from the Youth Development Study in order to describe roles related to school, work, family formation, and living arrangements from age 17 to 30. The transition to adulthood in this cohort is well represented by five pathways probabilistically mapping the timing and sequencing of these roles and their configurations. Three pathways are characterized by a school-to-work transition with on-time, delayed, or negligible family formation. The two remaining pathways involve early parenthood with either a partner and stable full-time work or the lack of a partner and little labor-force attachment. We then show that the subjective sense of timing with respect to certain adult roles and adult identity acquisition is empirically tied to these life-course structures.