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One of the most demanded and loud problems in telecommunication networks is the development of methodological bases for evaluating the survivability of hierarchical telecommunication systems when they are destroyed and restored. The article reflects the views of the authors on the introduction into practice of the work of the management bodies of the communication of the performance of calculations of functional characteristics, which allow to determine the quality of the communication system. Also, one of the promising methods of a staff model for calculating the survivability of a communication system based on the calculations of system connectivity indicators is proposed, which will solve the problem of ensuring the survivability of telecommunication networks, which is also related to the reliability and accuracy of the information transmitted, the number of possible network reconfigurations, as well as the ability to continue functioning of the network in the event of destruction. ; Одной из самых востребованных и громких проблем в телекоммуникационных сетях является разработка методологических основ оценки живучести иерархических телекоммуникационных систем при их разрушении и восстановлении. В статье отражены взгляды авторов на внедрение в практику работы органов управления связью проведения расчетов функциональных характеристик, которые позволяют определить качество работы системы связи. Предложен из перспективных методов штабной модели проведения расчетов живучести системы связи на основе расчетов показателей связности системы, который позволит решить проблему обеспечения живучести телекоммуникационных сетей, что также связан с достоверностью и точностью передаваемой информации, количеством возможных реконфигураций сети, а также способностью продолжения функционирования сети при получении разрушений. ; Однією з найпопулярніших і важливих проблем у телекомунікаційних мережах є розробка методологічних основ оцінки життєвості ієрархічних телекомунікаційних систем при їх руйнуванні та відновленні. В статті відображені погляди авторів на впровадження в практику роботи органів управління зв'язком проведення розрахунків функціональних характеристик, які дозволяють визначити якість роботи системи зв'язку. А також запропоновано один із перспективних методів штатної моделі проведення розрахунків живучості системи зв'язку на основі розрахунків показників зв'язку системи, що дозволить вирішити проблему забезпечення живучості телекомунікаційних мереж, що пов'язано з достовірністю та точністю передаваної інформації, кількістю можливих реконфігурацій мережі, а також здатністю продовження функціонування мережі при отриманні руйнувань.

One of the most demanded and loud problems in telecommunication networks is the development of methodological bases for evaluating the survivability of hierarchical telecommunication systems when they are destroyed and restored. The article reflects the views of the authors on the introduction into practice of the work of the management bodies of the communication of the performance of calculations of functional characteristics, which allow to determine the quality of the communication system. Also, one of the promising methods of a staff model for calculating the survivability of a communication system based on the calculations of system connectivity indicators is proposed, which will solve the problem of ensuring the survivability of telecommunication networks, which is also related to the reliability and accuracy of the information transmitted, the number of possible network reconfigurations, as well as the ability to continue functioning of the network in the event of destruction. ; Одной из самых востребованных и громких проблем в телекоммуникационных сетях является разработка методологических основ оценки живучести иерархических телекоммуникационных систем при их разрушении и восстановлении. В статье отражены взгляды авторов на внедрение в практику работы органов управления связью проведения расчетов функциональных характеристик, которые позволяют определить качество работы системы связи. Предложен из перспективных методов штабной модели проведения расчетов живучести системы связи на основе расчетов показателей связности системы, который позволит решить проблему обеспечения живучести телекоммуникационных сетей, что также связан с достоверностью и точностью передаваемой информации, количеством возможных реконфигураций сети, а также способностью продолжения функционирования сети при получении разрушений. ; Однією з найпопулярніших і важливих проблем у телекомунікаційних мережах є розробка методологічних основ оцінки життєвості ієрархічних телекомунікаційних систем при їх руйнуванні та відновленні. В статті відображені погляди авторів на впровадження в практику роботи органів управління зв'язком проведення розрахунків функціональних характеристик, які дозволяють визначити якість роботи системи зв'язку. А також запропоновано один із перспективних методів штатної моделі проведення розрахунків живучості системи зв'язку на основі розрахунків показників зв'язку системи, що дозволить вирішити проблему забезпечення живучості телекомунікаційних мереж, що пов'язано з достовірністю та точністю передаваної інформації, кількістю можливих реконфігурацій мережі, а також здатністю продовження функціонування мережі при отриманні руйнувань.

This paper introduces the concept of tie vitality, which indicates the durability and accessibility of team member connections after a team has disbanded as an additional measure of team effectiveness. The authors integrate the team and social network literatures to investigate the effects of team relational capital, team advice density, and dyadic similarities on tie vitality. Two field studies of graduate business student teams show that team relational capital—a psychological team-level state reflecting trust, identification, and mutual obligations among teammates—positively relates to tie vitality. Furthermore, team-level advice network density—a structured behavioral pattern of advice seeking and receiving—amplifies the positive relationship between relational capital and tie vitality. Results also indicate that dyad similarity relates to tie vitality, although it varies depending on which demographic characteristics are considered. Overall, findings indicate that the connections made in teams remain active after teams disband, with the extent of vitality depending on qualities developed during the team experience.

The study reports the findings of a survey undertaken to comprehend the factors that have enabled a group of around 350 Burushos to maintain their ethnic identity including their language after 125 years of their immigration to Kashmir in Jammu and Kashmir State of India. The group has been able to resist the assimilatory forces and has maintained itself as a distinct entity vis-a-vis the dominant Kashmiri host society. The study has drawn upon the empirical tool of ethnolinguistic vitality as a reflection of the group's sustainability as a collective entity in terms of their ethnic as well as linguistic identity. The study also reveals the attitude of native Kashmiris towards the group as perceived by group members. This perceived attitude of the group members has been explained in terms of its bearing on the vitality and identity of the group. The study is based on 50 semi-structured questionnaires and four unstructured interviews. The questionnaire has been partly developed on the basis of six factors identified by UNESCO (2003) in the evaluation of ethnolinguistic vitality. The paper concludes that an ethnically small immigrant group can survive the assimilatory forces and maintain their ethnic identity even if the ethnolinguistic vitality of the group is quite low on most of the measurable factors.

Abstract
Language vitality and endangerment theorizing and research have been focused mainly on whole languages, relegating their individual dialects to the background, on the one hand; and on using single scales in assessing vitality and endangerment, on the other. In this paper, however, we advocate a paradigm shift for more, better successes in this undertaking. Therefore, we aim to examine the degree(s) of vitality and endangerment of Gombe dialect of Fulfulde using multiple evaluative scales, both western and non-western. Prior to placing the dialect on these scales, we collected data from Fulfulde speakers of varied age ranges, all Gombe radio stations and listeners of their Fulfulde programs, using 'insider' participant observations, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a proficiency test component (after which both the respondents and the researchers agreed on the proficiency levels of the former) and online surveys. Analysis of the data reveals that the vitality of this code is better viewed relatively rather than absolutely. Its subsequent placement on the evaluative scales only helps to corroborate this. Finally, while our analysis shows that dialects are just as place-able on these evaluative scales as whole languages are (notwithstanding the hitches characterizing the scales), we argue that, with sustained collective efforts, a dialect-focused evaluative framework is likely to be born in the foreseeable future.

With the rapid growth of information technology and geographic information science, many map-based visualization applications for decision-making have been proposed. These applications are used in various contexts. Our study provides empirical evidence of how domain experts utilize map-based data visualization for generating insights into vitality with respect to health-related concepts. We conducted a study to understand domain experts' knowledge, approach, and experience. Nine domain experts participated in the study, with three experts each from the fields of government, business, and research. The study followed a mixed-methods approach involving an online survey, open-ended tasks, and semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, a map-based data visualization application containing various vitality-related datasets was developed for the open-ended tasks. Our study confirms the importance of maps in this domain but also shows that vitality is strongly geographical. Furthermore, we found that map-based visualizations require multiple data sources and dimensions to enhance the utilization of them in the context of vitality. Therefore, our study suggests the necessity of a combination of multiple datasets as 'vitality themes' to efficiently communicate this particular subject to experts. As such, our results provide guidelines for designing map-based data visualizations that support the decision-making process across various domain experts in the field of vitality.

Some deliberative theorists advocate for increased public participation to improve the health and vitality of democracy, but skeptics warn that public deliberation may fall prey to multiple decision‐making pathologies. We describe a research program based on structured public deliberations about science and technology policies that was designed to explore the validity of critics' worst fears. In this research, we specifically test the complaint that group deliberations often bias toward the original majority preferences because of cognitive and affective errors in decision making, such as deference to the numerical majority opinion held within a group. Our results, based on data collected from a set of small‐group public deliberations about nanotechnology, offer weak support to the polarization hypothesis. We explain this finding as the likely consequence of manipulating two key variables of deliberations: task facilitation and the quality of the argument pool. As a result, we argue that it is possible to structure public deliberations about policy to mitigate known decision‐making problems. We conclude by also warning scholars of the dangers in assuming that opinion change consistent with polarization effects is inherently the result of undesirable decision‐making qualities.

Despite the great potential of data platforms to help solve societal issues, the actual usage of data platforms is still limited due to the lack of consideration of socio-technical aspects. To understand requirements from multiple actors on a vitality data platform, semi-structured interviews were conducted with three groups of actors: representatives of organizations involved in vitality (N=8), government officials (N=10), and citizens (N=20). From these interviews, we got an understanding of the multidimensionality of vitality data and got an insight into the different expectations on the vitality data platform among those actors. Citizens strive to gain general information such as advice for healthy living. On the other hand, the two other groups of participants generally expect low-level data. Our findings suggest that data has to be presented in multiple formats and social discussion features are required to connect those different actors on data platforms.

There is no literature on outlier‐robust parametric mixed‐effects quantile regression models for continuous proportion data as an alternative to systematically identifying and eliminating outliers. To fill this gap, we formulate a robust method by extending the recently proposed fixed‐effects quantile regression model based on the heavy‐tailed Johnson‐ distribution for continuous proportion data to the mixed‐effects modeling context, using a Bayesian approach. Our proposed method is motivated by and used to model the extreme quantiles of the vitality of cushion plants to provide insights into the ecology of the system in which the plants are dominant. We conducted a simulation study to assess the new method's performance and robustness to outliers. We show that the new model has good accuracy and confidence interval coverage properties and is remarkably robust to outliers. In contrast, our study demonstrates that the current approach in the literature for modeling hierarchically structured bounded data's quantiles is susceptible to outliers, especially when modeling the extreme quantiles. We conclude that the proposed model is an appropriate robust alternative to the current approach for modeling the quantiles of correlated continuous proportions when outliers are present in the data.

Background: During the coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic various containment strategies were employed. Their impact on individuals with neurological conditions, considered vulnerable to COVID-19 complications, remains to be determined. Objective: To investigate associations between physical activity and health-related quality of life outcomes in individuals with a neurological condition during government mandated COVID-19 restrictions. Methods: An e-survey assessing fear of COVID-19, physical activity level and health-related quality of life outcomes (functional disability and pain, anxiety and depression, loneliness, fatigue, and vitality) was distributed to individuals with a neurologically-related mobility disability living in the United Kingdom. Open-ended questions were also included to contextualize barriers and facilitators to engage in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gamma-weighted generalized linear models and tree-structured regression models were employed to determine the associations between physical activity and health-related quality of life. Results: Of 199 responses, 69% reported performing less physical activity compared to pre-pandemic. Tree-structured regression models revealed that lower leisure-time physical activity was significantly associated (p ≤ 0.009) with higher depression and fatigue, but lower vitality. The closure of leisure facilities and organized sport (27%) was the most commonly cited barrier to engage in physical activity, while 31% of participants mentioned concerns around their physical and mental health as a facilitator. Conclusion: Our analysis identified homogenous subgroups for depression, fatigue, and vitality based specifically on leisure-time physical activity cut points, irrespective of additional demographic or situational characteristics. Findings highlight the importance of and need to safely promote leisure-time physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in this at-risk population to help support health-related quality of life. ; ISSN:1664-2295

. Looming new developments of unprecedented scale now present for Northerners both significant opportunities and challenges, especially if long-term cultural vitality and a sustainable environment are to be maintained. Northern Canada is also a key archive and bellwether for global climate change, and understandably it has become increasingly the focus of foreign researchers, whose resources vastly exceed those of Canadians. In light of this northern transformation, this article revisits Canada's ongoing unpreparedness in northern science and technology ., contrasts Canada's inactivity with proactive steps being taken by other countries with well-structured polar agendas, and recommends recently proposed solutions as a long-awaited remedy. .

SummarySocial scientists emphasize the importance of elucidating the factors that influence the quality of life of elderly people, especially those in need of social assistance. Aim: to present findings of an empirical theory-grounded research on the factors of the quality of life of socially dependent elderly people living in long-term care institutions. Methods: The data were collected in half-structured interviews and analysed by the constructivist version of the grounded theory methodology by K. Charmaz. Elderly people (aged 60–92), living in residential care institutions, were interviewed.Results and conclusions. While analysing 21 semi-structured interviews with assisted elderly people, the following main factors of the quality of life were identified: (1) independence and self-sufficiency;(2) re-creating the important life moments; (3) sustaining lively social connections with important social actors; (4) acceptance of assistance services; (5) vitality (both physiological and psychological). Also, two latent factors were identified: (6) eventuality which manifests as a catalyst of all processes; (7) financial decisions which are fundamental for sustaining the desired level of the quality of life.

Studies of religion and politics have begun to force their way into the mainstream of the discipline thanks to their increasing methodological sophistication and theoretical ambition in addition to the push of real-world events. In comparative politics, puzzle-driven structured comparison has yielded new insights into the rationality of religious behavior, the weight of path dependence in shaping religious values, and the play of socioeconomic factors in shaping religion's vitality. In international relations, recognition of the importance of religious identities and values in the play of international affairs has spelled an advance over realist caricatures that long discounted ideas as epiphenomenal and focused on the quest for wealth and power as the sole driver of international politics. But notable lacunae remain. The comparative subfield still needs to reckon with the noninstrumental aspect of religious behavior, the power of religion as an independent variable, and the differential appeal, persuasiveness, and political salience of religious ideas over time. The IR subfield must move beyond "paradigm wars" focused on whether religion matters in international politics in favor of more empirically grounded, structured comparison to illuminate when and why religion matters in international affairs.

Written by an international team of leading scholars, this groundbreaking reference work explores the nature of language change and diffusion, and paves the way for future research in this rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field. Features 35 newly-written essays from internationally acclaimed experts that reflect the growth and vitality of the burgeoning area of historical sociolinguistics Examines how sociolinguistic theoretical models, methods, findings, and expertise can be used to reconstruct a language's past in order to explain linguistic changes and developments Bridges the gap between the past and the present in linguistic studies Structured thematically into sections exploring: origins and theoretical assumptions; methods for the sociolinguistic study of the history of languages; linguistic and extra-linguistic variables; historical dialectology, language contact and diffusion; and attitudes to language.

This is the UK City LIFE1 data set for the city of Birmingham, UK. UK City LIFE1 is a new, comprehensive and holistic method for measuring the livable sustainability performance of UK cities. The Birmingham data set comprises 346 indicators structured simultaneously (1) within a four-tier, outcome-based framework in order to aid in their interpretation (e.g., promote healthy living and healthy long lives, minimize energy use, uncouple economic vitality from CO2 emissions) and (2) thematically in order to complement government and disciplinary siloes (e.g., health, energy, economy, climate change). Birmingham data for the indicators are presented within an Excel spreadsheet with their type, units, geographic area, year, source, link to secondary data files, data collection method, data availability and any relevant calculations and notes.