Suchergebnisse

The extreme competitiveness in American sports limits the possibility of mass citizen participation. Highly competitive sports are not enjoyable for most participants, except the very best, and sports facilities are often only available to these same select few. In any event, sports participation is often seen as impossible by most citizens since they do not measure up to the image of sports superstars found in the mass media. Also, rampant competition often leads to high levels of sports violence and a dehumanization of both competitors and spectators. Such sports competition based on individual excellence is not found in China where collective, nationwide excellence and breadth of participation are emphasized. The widespread ethic of individual excellence and individual competition in sports seems to be a product of international capitalism, since both international capitalism and the sports empire are dominated by the same groups of people and com petitive sports serve the interests of international capitalism very well.

There is an imbalance in the normative regulation of the duties of the organizers of sports competitions in Russia. In particular, according to the current legislation, the organizer himself decides whether a medical officer is needed during the competition or whether a medical team is needed. There are several methodological approaches that help to make this decision, but discrepancies in the application of these often mean the absence of a full-fledged team of medical workers at the venue. In neither the current legislation, nor subordinate normative legal acts is there any clearly defined list of duties of organizers of sports competitions. In practice, this complicates the work of organizers and creates uncertainty as to limits of their legal responsibility, including an assessment of their actions in case of harm to life, health or property in the course of carrying out competitions and actions. The requirement for obtaining medical personnel is mandatory for all participants of popular races and marathons. In Russia, more than fifty such events took place in September 2019, and all participants were supposed to provide a medical report upon admission confirming good health. Many participants did not realize this. The organization of medical examinations for such reports is objectively difficult due to the large number of participants (sometimes several tens of thousands). Specialized medical institutions cannot cope with the volume of requests, and non-specialized ones do not have the necessary specialists and medical equipment. The issue of the organizational control over the state of health of foreigners has not been resolved, the requirements for admission to certain sports in which the state of a potential participant is not threatened by increased physical activity (for example, chess) have not been differentiated. This article presents the results of discussion on the mentioned and some other problems.

There is an imbalance in the normative regulation of the duties of the organizers of sports competitions in Russia. In particular, according to the current legislation, the organizer himself decides whether a medical officer is needed during the competition or whether a medical team is needed. There are several methodological approaches that help to make this decision, but discrepancies in the application of these often mean the absence of a full-fledged team of medical workers at the venue. In neither the current legislation, nor subordinate normative legal acts is there any clearly defined list of duties of organizers of sports competitions. In practice, this complicates the work of organizers and creates uncertainty as to limits of their legal responsibility, including an assessment of their actions in case of harm to life, health or property in the course of carrying out competitions and actions. The requirement for obtaining medical personnel is mandatory for all participants of popular races and marathons. In Russia, more than fifty such events took place in September 2019, and all participants were supposed to provide a medical report upon admission confirming good health. Many participants did not realize this. The organization of medical examinations for such reports is objectively difficult due to the large number of participants (sometimes several tens of thousands). Specialized medical institutions cannot cope with the volume of requests, and non-specialized ones do not have the necessary specialists and medical equipment. The issue of the organizational control over the state of health of foreigners has not been resolved, the requirements for admission to certain sports in which the state of a potential participant is not threatened by increased physical activity (for example, chess) have not been differentiated. This article presents the results of discussion on the mentioned and some other problems.

Sports broadcasts showing national teams frequently have been found to engage in biased and patriotic coverage. However, little is known about the announcers' discourse in club franchise competitions. This study examines discursive framing of nationality within Slovenian broadcasts of international men's basketball and women's team handball matches. Results show that announcers devote Slovenian-based teams just under 60% of all team-related comments. Team affiliation significantly influences explanations of success and failure, as well as personality and physicality descriptions, and 'rival' teams were devoted significantly more positive attribution. Slovenian sports broadcasters emphasized national identity through differentiating team identification, overt cheering for Slovenian-based teams, and influencing the way results and performances are interpreted. Nation-centric discourse is thus applied even in professional sports involving city franchises, as club teams are perceived as year-round substitutes for national teams. This likely derives from the role attributed to sports franchises in federal Yugoslavia. In Slovenia, televised promotion of nationhood nurtures a sense of national identity in a country that lacks a long-standing tradition of sovereignty. Public service broadcasters inaccurately perceive this approach as universal.

Elite level sport lends itself to a highly competitive environment that encourages players to seek a competitive advantage in order to win. Since competition is an inherent condition that is also considered desirable in this setting, it may at first glance seem as if cooperation does not have any room in elite level sports. Sustainable cooperation can be mutually advantageous for players, but it only has a chance of coming into fruition if it is also in line with individual players' self-interests. In order for morality and self-interests to align with one another, investment in the conditions is required. Alicia Bockel analyzes ways that players can invest in the conditions of sustainable cooperation for a mutual advantage despite a highly competitive sports environment. Contents Cooperation for Mutual Advantage Conditions of Cooperation Investment in the Conditions Target Groups Researchers, students, and teachers of sports ethics, economics, and business ethics. Practitioners and governing bodies in sports, athletes, and sport fans. The Author Dr. Alicia Bockel is a PhD graduate of HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, holds an MBA in Strategic Management from Sacred Heart University, and a B.A. in Religion and Psychology from Saint Leo University