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Ireland's demography in the world context is unique. Its population count remains the same as it was some 200 years ago and yet it has experienced profound movements. This paper contrasts Ireland's changing demography with that of Japan since the 1840's, for these the two offshore nations, located off either end of the Eurasian land mass. Historic urban literature identifies that governmental policies towards cities and city-based industry and services appears to explain many of these contrasts. In Ireland's case such policy both prior to and since the formation of the State has been an ambivalent one that has not favoured the growth of its provincial cities. Ireland's forthcoming National Planning Framework provides a policy opportunity to change policy direction and opt for intensive city growth. Urban economic and new economic geography advances show that Ireland is no different from similar nations and the principal question for the future is: will the focus of development be in favour of its secondary cities or will Dublin by default become Ireland's city state of the 21st century? The choice is to remain with the failed policies of the last spatial plan, premised on balanced regional development, which has created many additional villages, small towns and one-off housing while Ireland's provincial cities get left further behind compared with 'primate' Dublin. The paper provides interesting insights into the preliminary 2016 census figures to portray the contrasting populations and regional growth differences. Celebrated world urban experts, including Japan's Masahisa Fujita and Nobel Prize winner Paul Krugman and also Jacques-Francois Thisse, all emphasise the wealth creation benefits of cities, driven by the move from physical to cerebral types of work and to the concentration of economic activity. The paper reviews some of the major players on the world stage of Urban Economics and the New Economic Geography. It points to future demographic possibilities and concludes that the adoption of urban-agglomeration policies of densification, centripetal rather than centrifugal growth and a positive land-use/ transportation interface with the objective of reducing commuting times, all will enhance competitiveness and which should inform Ireland's spatial policy direction.

The "Future Directions of Spatial Demography" specialist meeting (Santa Barbara, 2011) brought together 41 specialists from multiple disciplines to discuss the future of spatial demography. Whereas the majority of attendees were geographers and sociologists, many other disciplines were represented, including anthropology, economics, epidemiology, health economics, and political science. This report outlines the primary outcomes of the meeting, including recommendations about training-related activities and cross-site collaborations, and activities that promote spatial demography within the wider academy. The report follows the structure of the meeting, focusing on: 1. The state of the science in spatial demography2. Emergent geospatial data and measurement issues3. Spatial statistical methods4. A synthesis of challenges

This collection of essays aims to better understand what researchers do when they practice research. The team of contributors – which includes human geographers, urban planners and environmental scientists – expose various epistemological, ontological and methodological challenges to pin down what practices "are". The essays showcase how practice theory can help spatial scientists generate new and future-oriented insights on debates such as mobility, relationality, and forms of critical spatial practice. In this way, the book reinforces a specifically geographic and spatial account that is needed for the development of practice theory while also shining new light on current debates within practice theory on power, politics and space. The book positions practices as the point of departure to study and conceptualize socio-spatial life.

This book considers the major forces that have emerged to reshape planning following 2010, including national infrastructure project delivery, the Localism Act (2011) and neighbourhood planning. This period also saw the introduction of the replacement of regional plans by new strategic sub-regional approaches in combined local authorities for functional economic areas. All of this is set within the UN's New Urban Agenda, Brexit, the changing programme for the EU post 2021 and the likely effects that these will have on UK planning practice. There is also a discussion on the evolving planning policies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the ways in which the UK nations are beginning to work together more closely and with Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man through the spatial planning group in the British-Irish Council. Although primarily focused on the UK, the text sets some of the policy discussions in a wider international context including agreements on the environment and the emerging alignment of governance and economies in newly recognised sub-regional spaces. It follows Effective Practice in Spatial Planning (2011), which addressed the developments in planning in the UK between 2004 and 2010, and discusses the major changes in all aspects of planning policy in the following period.

This article considers major trends in the spatial and sectoral structure of national production and analyses the patterns of transformation of industrial systems into integrated industrial complexes, which show higher efficiency in transit condiétions. The author presents a new approach to studying the structural transformation of industrial systems during the transition of the national economy, which will make it possible to identify major trends in national production. The article seeks to draw attention to the methodology of developing and implementing industrial policy and devising an algorithm of effective transition of Russian industries in the modern conditions of international division of labor. The modernization and transnationalization of national production rests on a number of methods that make it possible for the corporate management to react rapidly to changes in the global market situation. These methods include strategic segmentation, analyzing the ability to adapt to the expected conditions, devising a company's entrepreneurial strategy, and changes in the spatial and industrial structure of production. The transformation of national industry is associated with the introduction of mechanisms of industrial integration structures using single organizational production modules capable of rational combination and transformation of the elements of national production structure to create competitive transnational production associations, such as clusters and other production forms serving as 'growth poles' and becoming elements of the emerging framework for national production. This methodology makes it possible to develop new approaches, methods, and principles for analyzing the transformation of the national spatial and industrial system during economic transition. Current factors, features, patterns and trends in the transformation of national industrial systems are identified; a mechanism for devising and implementing a more structured industrial policy in Russia is developed

The aim of the article is to analyze spatial issues in 36 towns belonging to the Polish network of Cittaslow, the most dynamically developing network of all 33 countries in the world and second in terms of size, after the founding Italian network. The main spatial analyses were preceded by an analysis of the literature on the Cittaslow network, especially in the context of research on Polish towns. The analyses concerned (1) certification criteria in the context of the spatial directions of the town's development; (2) spatial structure of member towns and (3) local spatial development plans in force, which, as a rule, are the main spatial planning documents in Poland.

As part of a study of spatial information transfer, eight subjects judged the directions of displayed targets relative to a fixed reference position in the center of each of 640 perspective images. The stimulus images subtended 18 deg of the observer's visual field, while the images were constructed with geometric fields of view ranging from 30 to 120 deg. Target elevation is consistently overestimated, especially in "telephoto" images. Azimuth error varies sinusoidally with the azimuth direction of the target, alternating between clockwise and counterclockwise errors from one direction quadrant to the next. The direction of this azimuth error gradually reverses in each quadrant as the perspective is varied between "telephoto" and "wide angle" views, so that clockwise azimuth error becomes counterclockwise error, and vice versa. The amplitude of the sinusoidal azimuth error is least in the images with a 60-deg field of view. We propose a geometrical model of an interpretive behavior associated with viewing perspective displays in which the sinusoidal pattern of azimuth errors is induced by the difference between the 3D stimulus and its 2D projection, and by the consequences of the geometric differences between the station point and the observer's actual eye position.

The study of the Middle East is experiencing an explosion in the dimensions through which scholars study space. The five new books reviewed in this essay stand out for pushing the boundaries of how we conceptualize the production of space and mobilize it as a methodological intervention. Through remarkably sensitive ethnography, creative use of sources, and an array of vibrant theoretical and methodological tools, they expand upon an earlier pioneering literature that centered spatial analysis in the study of the Middle East. In this essay, I focus on three dimensions they have opened up: analyzing space intime; drawingconnectivitiesacross spaces; and reframing theagencyof spatial tactics and the nonhuman.

The step of accelerating and expanding economic development is one of the government's steps in connecting between the interests of the center and the regions that must synergize and aspire to be stated in the 1945 Constitution. Policies in the area of developing regional governance or relating to national level RTRW and supervision. Regarding the problems that occur from the regional level to the central level or more familiarly the urban level is a crucial problem that is difficult to solve with a very short time.Keywords: Development, Policy and Spatial Planning