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As a contribution to the United Nation's "Development Decade" of the 1960s, the UN FAO and UNESCO collaborated to produce a Soil Map of the World. Because of soil's privileged place in mid-twentieth century conservationist thought and its material characteristics, which were extraordinarily resistant to standardized classification, analysis of this project reveals with particular clarity how scientists made knowledge about the global environment in the international community. Producing credible global environmental knowledge required a worldwide network of disciplined observers, but soil scientists understood the Soil Map of the World as a means to produce this transnational community of experts. At a scale of 1:5 million, the units of the map applied to no place in particular; it was a heuristic device. The legend, which presented a new international classification system, was the critical accomplishment because it promised to unify diverse national soil science communities in a single discipline. The rigorously empirical descriptions of soil categories reveal the interplay of the cosmopolitan values of scientific internationalism with the nationalist tensions of the Cold War and decolonization.

Fra Republic of Zambia, Ministry of Agriculture. Rapport for NORAGRIC og Soil survey unit, Zambia. F. N. Muchena (Republic of Zambia). Zambia. ; This report gives the findings of a consultancy on the National soil map of Zambia, scale 1:1,000,000 which is being compiled and to be published by the Soil Survey Unit (SSU) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of the Republic of Zambia. The study was carried out during the period 25 th August to 8th September, 1990 at the SSU at Mount Makulu Central Research Station, Chilanga. Preparatory work and the compilation of the final report were carried out in Kenya. Prior to leaving Lusaka, Zambia a draft Report was handed over to the Soil Survey Unit and NORAGRIC, Lusaka.

10 páginas y 6 figuras ; The first soil maps representing Spain date from the beginning of the century: the Universal Soil Map of Glinka and that prepared by Sibirtzev and Ramman (Mudarra 1989). The first research work carried out on Spanish soil however must be attributed to E. Huguet del Villar, who was already pioneering soil surveys of the Iberian Peninsula in 1927 on the occasion of the first Intemational Soil Science Congress held in Washington (Huguet del Villar 1927). At that time, he collaborated on the world map drawn up by Stremme. Huguet del Villar's work in Spain, curtailed by the Spanish Civil War, culminated with th e publication of a two-language book (Spanish-English) Soils of the Lusitano-Iberian Peninsula in 1937, which included a l:l,500,000 scale soil map. In 1939, after the Spanish Civil War, with Huguet del Villar absent because of his political convictions, a second stage of Spanish soil mapping commenced. ; Peer reviewed

### Titel und Zusammenfassung #### Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einführung 1 1.1 Das Anliegen der Arbeit 1 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 2. Begriffsbestimmung und Stand der Forschung über GIS-gestützte geometrisch-begrifflicher Generalisierung 3 2.1 Begriffsbestimmung 3 2.2 Stand der Forschung 4 3. Die wesentlichen Elemente geologischer und bodenkundlicher Grundlagenkarten 7 3.1 Vergleich Bodenkarte - Geologische Karte 7 3.2 Das Wesen der Bodenkarte 10 4. Die Entwicklung der Bodenkarten in Deutschland mit Sicht auf die Zunahme von Informationsdichte und Komplexität 16 5. Die Erfassung, Beschreibung und Kennzeichnung der Bodendecke 19 5.1 Steuerungsfaktoren der Bodenbildung 19 5.2 Techniken der Bodenkartierung 20 5.3 Standardisierung der Bodenkartierung: Kartieranleitung (KA4) und Bodensystematik 23 6. Generalisierung und Aggregierung, Konzepte in der praktischen Kartographie und der Bodenkunde 27 6.1 Kartografische Generalisierung 27 6.2 Bodenkundliche Aggregierung und Regionalisierung 29 6.3 Beispiele bodenkundlicher Aggregierung 32 7. Geo-Informationssystem (GIS) und Datenbanken in der Bodenkunde, Konzepte, Arbeitsweisen und Aufgaben 34 7.1 Begriffsbestimmung GIS, FIS und BIS 34 7.2 Bodenkundliche Flächendatenbank 35 8. Der Prozess der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung von Bodenkarten mit GIS-Werkzeugen 39 9. Die Methoden zur Unterstützung des Aggregierungsprozesses in der Bodenkunde 43 9.1 Landschaftsanalyse und Entropiemodellierung 43 9.1.1 Indizes zur Kennzeichnung der Diversität / Heterogenität 43 9.1.2 Gestaltindizes 45 9.1.3 Indizes zur Kennzeichnung der räumlichen Struktur 46 9.2 Multivariate Gruppierungsverfahren 49 9.2.1 Gruppierung durch den Experten 49 9.2.2 Hierarchische Clusteranalyse 50 9.2.3 Zweidimensionale Skalierung 51 9.2.4 Bewertung von Gruppierungen, F- und t-Werte 51 9.2.5 Formale Begriffsanalyse 54 9.2.6 Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse 55 9.3 Kontextbasierte Regeln 56 9.3.1 Darstellbarkeitsindizes 56 9.3.2 Grenzlängenindex 57 9.3.3 Abstandsmessung, Verbindungsflächenermittlung und ...

Depuis quelques années, on assiste à un regain d'intérêt sur les sols et leurs propriétés, en relation avec une prise de conscience environnementale accrue. La protection des sols est ainsi devenue l'objet d'initiatives réglementaires au niveau européen. Cette communication propose un bref historique de la cartographie des sols en Belgique et présente les travaux de valorisation et de révision de la Carte des Sols menés au sein de notre équipe de recherche-développement. La Belgique fut un des premiers pays à s'être doté d'une carte des sols à grande échelle (1/20 000) sur la totalité de son territoire. L'article commente les étapes de sa réalisation et ses caractéristiques. S'étalant de 1947 à 1991, ce programme ambitieux délivra divers produits en marge de cette carte. Face à une demande accrue d'informations sur les sols et au développement des systèmes d'information géographiques, la partie wallonne de la carte a été numérisée dans le cadre du Projet de Cartographie Numérique des Sols de Wallonie (PCNSW). La Carte Numérique des Sols de Wallonie et sa légende unique ont ensuite été valorisées au travers d'un certain nombre de produits dérivés dont une sélection est brièvement commentée. Si l'utilisation de la Carte des Sols et les applications dont elle fait l'objet dépassent de loin les objectifs initiaux d'augmentation des productions agricoles, elle ne répond cependant pas toujours aux demandes actuelles, au regard des enjeux environnementaux et des législations actuelles et futures, tant au niveau régional qu'européen. Faisant écho à ce constat, les travaux menés actuellement par l'équipe de révision de la Carte Numérique des Sols de Wallonie sont brièvement présentés, à travers une description de son cadre méthodologique et technique. Le crédo des travaux menés étant que la Carte des Sols, en tant qu'outil d'intégration, de structuration et de cadrage de l'information pédologique, doit devenir de plus en plus le fondement de Systèmes Régionaux d'Information sur les Sols et leurs propriétés. ; Over the past few years, there has been growing concern about soils and their properties, thanks to greater environmental awareness. Consequently, existing documents on soil are valuable in risk assessment and for the research of well-adapted solutions. In this context, this paper reviews the main stages of soil mapping in Belgium and presents current works to valorize the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia and update associated databases. Belgium is among the first countries to be completely covered by a detailed soil map (1:20,000). The origin of the Soil Map of Belgium, its realisation between 1947 and 1991, the principles and characteristics as well as the related products are described. But since its publication, due to the increasing need of soil information and thanks to the development of geographical information systems the Walloon part of the map was digitalised between 2000 and 2003 by the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia (DSMW) Project. From this early action at regional level, a selection of immediately derived products is presented and briefly commented. However, if these products go beyond the initial objective of agricultural production increase, they do not always meet the environmental challenges nor the future legislation at European, national and regional levels. To fill this gap, the recent tasks carried out by the DMSW team are presented through a description of their methodological and technical framework. The long-term objective is to build Regional Soil Information Systems based on the use of the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia as a tool of integration, structuring and referencing of pedological information. ; Peer reviewed

Within the European Union, there is a general interest to prepare joint soil maps at a 1:250000 scale in order to harmonise agricultural and environmental policies. The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) has been adopted as the common soil classification system within the EU. As soil surveys in most member states were conducted independently, the challenge is now to convert the national legends into a common WRB legend. Based on our experiences from converting the legend of the Soil Map of Belgium to WRB, we discuss the strengths and constraints of using WRB for both large scale (1:50000) and small scale (1:250000) maps. By using WRB Reference Soil Groups with one or two main qualifiers, the principal soil information of the original 1:20000 scale Soil Map of Belgium can be represented. Inevitably the conversion to WRB leads to some loss of information as details on soil texture, drainage and substratum get generalised into broader categories in WRB. This generalisation however can be neatly presented on 1:50000 scale maps. Being less complex than the original maps, these maps have the advantage to provide better insights into the regional soil geography. Moreover, as they are built on international classification concepts, the historical soil maps are made accessible to a wider audience. The conversion into WRB units also allowed for a straightforward generalisation and production of small scale maps (1:250000) which should be suitable for producing a soil map at European level. ; Peer reviewed

The study area is located in the East of Missan governorate, southeast of Iraq between (32°'29.52" – 32°37'30") latitude and (46°46'21.16" – 47°58'53.52")longitude. It encompasses an area of (1858 ) with elevation ranges from 8 to 165m. Soil is a natural body that exists as part of the pedosphere and which performs four important functions. It is a medium for plant growth and a means of water storage, supply and purification. The spatial mapping of soil usually involves delineating soil types that have identifiable characteristics. The delineation is based on many factors such as geomorphologic origin and conditions under which the soil is formed. Hydrologic soil group (HSG) refers to the classification of soils based on their runoff , producing characteristics and their infiltration rate. Soils are assigned to 4 hydrologic groups namely Group A - high infiltration rate when wet, low runoff potential, Group B - moderate infiltration, low runoff potential, Group C - slow infiltration, higher runoff potential, and Group D - very slow infiltration rate, highest runoff potential. According to the USDA soil classification system, four hydrological soil groups are recognized: A, B, C, and D with 19%, 48%, 32%, and 1%, respectively, the high percentage extension of moderately infiltration group (B and C).

Soils in Belgium were mapped between 1947 and 1991 and published at a 1:20000 scale. These maps are used in land consolidation projects and for assessing soils' vulnerability to erosion and pollution. Integration of land-use and environmental policies within the European Union however requires a harmonization of different national soil classification systems. With the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) as common classification system within the Union, the authorities of Flanders and Wallonia commissioned a study to elaborate a methodology for converting the Belgian soil legend into WRB. The Belgian legend is based on field properties such as texture, drainage status and profile development. The WRB classification is based on diagnostic features defined by morphological, physical and chemical properties. A key and software programme have been developed to convert the Belgian units into WRB units. However, as many Belgian units could not unequivocally be translated into WRB units, additional guidelines had to be derived based on soil survey data classified according to WRB. The data show that principles of the legend shifted over time or were interpreted differently to take regional specificities into account. To overcome resulting ambiguities it is proposed to establish a database of reference soil profiles. Whereas, overall WRB is satisfactory for classifying soils at national level, the experience also shows that some WRB concepts may benefit from revisions to facilitate its correlation with national soil survey data. ; Peer reviewed

1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Horizons -- Color -- Texture -- Structure -- Consistence -- Reaction -- Boundary -- 3 Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Fertility Tests -- Engineering Soils Tests -- Soil Classification Lab Analyses -- Soil Test Kit -- 4 Soil Classification -- Nomenclature -- Maps -- Groupings of Soils -- 5 Computerized Data Processing -- SCS Form 5 -- 6 Engineering Applications -- Community Development -- Waste Disposal -- 7 Agricultural Land Classification -- Land Capability -- Productivity Index -- Land Economics -- Land Use -- 8 Erosion Control -- Soil-Loss Equation -- Evidence of Soil Erosion -- Canadarago Computer Study -- 9 Yield Correlations -- Estimated Yields -- Soil Correlations -- National Programs -- Crop Responses -- Experiment Design -- Sequential Testing -- 10 Archeological Considerations -- New York -- Mesa Verde -- Phoenix -- Tikal -- Sardis -- Mexico City -- Negev Desert -- Rajasthan Desert -- 11 Planning for the Future -- FAO World Soil Map -- Soil Taxonomy -- CRIES -- Benchmark Project -- Soil Quantification -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 Conversion Factors for U.S. and Metric Units -- Appendix 2 Glossary -- References.

Community service activities are carried out in Depok District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta with preliminary survey stages, field data acquisition, data processing, data interpretation and socialization. The processing of the microseismic method is various, one of this method is the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. Processing of this HVSR method is to determine the natural frequency value and amplification value obtained at the time of acquisition so that it can be used to calculate the value of soil vulnerability. Based on the results of data processing, Depok District has a soft soil type where the soil is susceptible to vibration.Socialization is carried out in order to get more attention in infrastructure development or in accordance with the standards by the government. This is done to avoid the occurrence of severe building damage when hit by an earthquake.Keywords: Disaster-Prone Regional Socialization, Earthquakes, Microseismic, Soil vulnerability maps

Economics; European Union - De serie 'Werkdocumenten' omvat stukken die in het kader van de werkzaamheden van de WRR tot stand zijn gekomen en die op aanvraag door de raad beschikbaar worden gesteld. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud en de ingenomen standpunten berust bij de auteurs.