Suchergebnisse

Identity in work groups : the beneficial and detrimental consequences of multiple identities and group norms for collaboration and group performance / Naomi Ellemers, Floor Rink -- The effects of status and group membership modeled in a graph-theoretic setting / Christopher Barnum -- Politicized collective identity : collective identity and political protest / Bert Klandermans -- Recognition of gender identity and task performance / Allison K. Wisecup, Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin -- Uncertainty, social identity, and ideology / Michael A. Hogg -- Social identities and social context : social attitudes and personal well-being / John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Adam R. Pearson, Blake M. Riek -- New directions in identity control theory / Jan E. Stets, Peter J. Burke -- Identity maintenance, affect control, and cognitive performance / Michael J. Lovaglia, Reef Youngreen, Dawn T. Robinson -- Making good on a promise : the impact of larger social structures on commitments / Sheldon Stryker, Richard T. Serpe, Matthew O. Hunt -- Preface / Shane R. Thye, Edward J. Lawler

When do ethnic cleavages increase the risk of conflict? Under what conditions is a strong common identity likely to emerge, thereby reducing that risk? How are patterns of social identification shaped by conflict? We draw on empirical results regarding the nature and determinants of group identification to develop a simple model that addresses these questions. The model highlights the possibility of vicious and virtuous cycles where conflict and identification patterns reinforce each other. It also shows how processes of ethnic identification amplify the importance of political institutions and traces the effects of national status and perceived differences across ethnic groups. Finally, we demonstrate how a small but sufficiently potent group of ethnic radicals can derail a peaceful equilibrium, leading to the polarization of the entire population. We reexamine several historical cases as well as empirical correlates of civil wars in light of these results.

For Social Identity Theory (SIT), identification with the ingroup category is a necessary condition for discrimination. In contrast, the Behavioral Interaction Model (BIM) proposes that self-interest and interdependence are at the root of discrimination. Using the minimal group paradigm, 96 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions. In the `interdependent' condition, participants received money depending on allocations made by ingroup and outgroup others in the experiment. In both the positively and negatively autonomous conditions, participants' personal self-gain was independent of the allocations made by ingroup and outgroup others in the experiment. Contrary to the BIM, autonomous individuals discriminated as much as interdependent respondents, and discrimination was unrelated to expectations of ingroup reciprocity. In line with SIT, correlational analyses indicated that only degree of ingroup identification measured prior to discrimination was associated with discriminatory behavior. Results also showed that both degree of social identification and quality of social identity measured after the resource allocation task were positively linked to discrimination.

We measure ingroup bias in the context of real social groups operating in a slum and investigate which ingroup members' features affect it. We find that higher homogeneity within the group and stronger relationship with the super-categorized group (the community of people living in the slum) significantly reduce the gap between outgroup versus ingroup donations.

Because of the historic separation of western and eastern Ukraine under Polish and Russian spheres of influence, respectively, regional subpopulations have been seen as an important factor in Ukrainian politics. Arel and Wilson argue that the division on the all-important "Russian question" in Ukraine (relations with Russia and with the Russian-speaking minority) is increasingly regional: east and south versus the center and west. Hesli calculated the level of russification and industrialization in the various regions of Ukraine and concluded that both, together with geographic location, although interrelated, have their own bearing on variation in public opinion. Markus, however, has argued that despite economic, political and ethnic differences among Ukraine's regions, these differences pose less of a threat to reform than has sometimes been suggested. She further points out that speculation that the Donbass wants to unite with Russia "stems more from Russian claims to the area than from genuine indigenous sentiment." Miller and colleagues, on the other hand, dispute the notion of regional differences independent of the socio-demographic characteristics of the local populations, challenging the conventional wisdom that there are regional political cultures that supersede any underlying demographic differences. They argue that national, political, economic and class identities represent the important cleavages in post-communist societies. The regional divide in Ukraine is thus not a foregone conclusion but a factor that bears closer examination.

After exploring the relationship between group identification & underlying psychological processes of self-categorization, ways that such identification contributes to collective mobilization & action are discussed. The process by which a group of individuals selects a social identity is modeled, using the theory of optimal distinctiveness to portray how group characteristics interact with individual assimilation & differentiation needs to create group identification. The psychological consequences of social identification with a group as a form of depersonalized self-categorization are described, extending the discussion to demonstrate how the senses of loyalty -- engendered by shared goals &/or perceptions of deprivation or injustice -- & collective efficacy that result form the basis for collective action. Empirical data from various laboratory experiments & a survey of 323 college students in OH support the theoretical propositions. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 31 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Abstract. Social identification predicts many important phenomena; however, its determinants have received comparably little research attention. We argue that people are more likely to socially identify with others who engage in risky behavior that implies trust than with those who act cautiously, and test this in four experiments with over 900 participants. The experiments found support for the hypotheses across diverse risk contexts – specifically, risk of physical injury, disease risk, and financial risk. These findings indicate that others' risk taking can strengthen shared psychological group membership.