La aparición de un sello del concejo de Puerto Real de 1517, es decir, perteneciente a la etapa en la cual la villa se encontraba sujeta jurídicamente a Jerez de la Frontera, ha permitido desarrollar el estudio sigilográfico del mismo y aportar algunas notas históricas acerca de las relaciones polítIcas entre ambos municipios. ; The discovery of a seal of the city council of Puerto Real from 1517, that is, during the period wich the town was legally subjected to Jerez de la Frontera, has allowed to develop its sigillographic study and a short contribution of some historical notes about the political relationship between both municipalities.
The seals of Sasanian highest military officials, the spahbedan which contain depiction of armoured rider create consistent iconographic group. It is possible however to distinguish five sub-groups within it, which in turn might serve as supplementary argument for their chronology or might suggest differentiation of the role of the office in time. The iconography of the spahbedan is related to 3-5th century, Roman models of imperial adventus which seems adequate for high ranking officers who needed iconographic layout emphasizing power however not entering royal prerogative. Iconography of the sovereigns of the neighboring power suited that goal well. Stylization of the arms and armour depicted on the spahbedan seals and small size of the objects do not allow firm identification of the types however it is clear that the more realistic tendency in depicting armament, typical for Late Sasanian period and contrasting with stylized and symbolic functions of earlier official art, prevailed.
The present paper is based on the report on international colloquium on Rus'-byzantine sigillography (Kiev, 13–16 September 2013). It contains the new scientific information about eleven Byzantine lead seals from the area of the city of Adrianople (Edirne) in 2011–2013. Particular importance attaches to these seals is that their owners are known from written sources. A provenance of this group of lead seals from the region of Adrianople – the main stronghold of the Empire in Macedonia and Northern Thrace convincing evidence of military-political activity, which showed Byzantium for XI–XII centuries in the vicinity of its capital. ; В статье публикуются 11 византийских свинцовых печатей, происходящих из района Эдирне (Адрианополь). Часть этих моливдовулов принадлежала представителями провинциальной военной аристократии, имена которых упоминаются в письменных источниках. Происхождение этой группы печатей из окрестностей Адрианополя убедительно свидетельствует о возрастании военно-политической активности Византия на Балканах в конце XI – начале XII в.
ABOUT LITERACY, HERESY, ICONOGRAPHY AND POLITICAL AMBITION ON THE SEALS OF NIKEPHOROS BOTANEIATES The scarce information of the 11th-c. historians on the long military career of Nikephoros Botaneiates before his ascension to the throne is supplemented to a great extent by 31 lead seals of Botaneiates, today kept in private and museum collections in more than seven countries around the world. The epigraphic and iconographic study of this sigillographic material reconstructs the social ascent and military activities of the future emperor, while at the same time it sheds light on his personality (level of culture, religious sensitivities, political ambition) and the socio-political conditions of his era. ; ABOUT LITERACY, HERESY, ICONOGRAPHY AND POLITICAL AMBITION ON THE SEALS OF NIKEPHOROS BOTANEIATES The scarce information of the 11th-c. historians on the long military career of Nikephoros Botaneiates before his ascension to the throne is supplemented to a great extent by 31 lead seals of Botaneiates, today kept in private and museum collections in more than seven countries around the world. The epigraphic and iconographic study of this sigillographic material reconstructs the social ascent and military activities of the future emperor, while at the same time it sheds light on his personality (level of culture, religious sensitivities, political ambition) and the socio-political conditions of his era.
There are two specimens, strike by one bulotirion. The first specimen is keeping in the Ashmoleon Museum in Oxford. It`s origin is probably from Gaziantep, Turkey. The other one is found during the archaeological excavations in Pliska. The seal is dated after the middle of 11th c. Who is that Theodorocanos and when exactly he was a katepano of Edessa? Is this a person familiar to us? Personal or family name refers? On the metrical texts so offend, the family name is write out. Several deputies of that family are known during the 11th c. unfortunately we cannot identify anyone. It is possible a third person with family or personal name could be presented on our seal. What is the connection between the seal of Theodorocan patrikios and katepano of Edessa and its finding in Pliska? May be he wrote from Edessa to his relative or friend in Pliska. Or he came on the Balkans with his troops for some special military operation. I thing the last is more possible solution. ; В статье публикуются два моливдовула, отчеканенные одним и тем же буллотирием. Один из них хранится в коллекции Ashmoleon Museum (Oxford), предполагается, что его происхождение связано с Газиантепом в Турции. Второй был найден во время раскопок в Плиске. Обе печати принадлежали катепану Эдессы Феодорокану, датируются они 50-ми гг. ХІ в. По письменным источникам и данным сфрагистики известны несколько представителей фамилии Феодороканов, однако точная идентификация кого-либо из них с владельцем печати невозможна.
The paper presents a biography of one of the leading political figures of the Byzantine Empire in the 60s – 80s of the 11th century – Ioannes Doukas, Caesar, the monk Ignatios. Discussed in detail sigillographical the monuments associated with Ioannes – Ignatios. Recent discoveries of two seals of this functionary in Petra (near Batumi) and Matarkha (modern Taman) are linked to certain political events, taking place in these regions in the second half. 70s – early 80s of the 11th century. ; В работе представлена биография одного из ведущих политических деятелей Византии 60–80-х гг. XI в. – Иоанна Дуки, кесаря, в монашестве Игнатия. Подробно рассмотрены сигиллографические памятники, связываемые с Иоанном – Игнатием. Недавние находки двух его печатей в Петре (близ Батуми) и Матархе (совр. Тамань) увязываются с определенными политическими событиями, происходившими в этих регионах во второй половине 70 – начале 80-х гг. XI века.
The article deals with history of regular Byzantine forces in VII – beginning of the VIII c. The author's attention is focused on loss of fighting efficiency of palace guard. Similar detachments of imperial guard were disbanded. The solders and military commanders in scholae palatinae (candidati, scribones, spatharii) replaced themes regular forces. As the result, strength of the regular contingents were increased in mid– VIII c. ; Статья посвящена изучению истории византийских регулярных войск в VII – начале VIII в. Внимание автора сосредоточено на проблеме снижения боеспособности отрядов дворцовой стражи. В результате, некоторые отряды императорской гвардии были расформированы, а солдаты и командиры scholae palatinae (candidati, scribones, spatharii) переведены в фемные контингенты. В результате, боеспособность провинциальных ополчений к середине VIII в. значительно возросла.
The article is devoted to the history of the Byzantine family of the Hexakionitoi, which belonged to the metropolitan civil aristocracy. Following an analysis of narrative and sigillographic sources, the author identifies ten members of this clan, who served in civil administration and the armed forces of the Byzantine Empire between the mid-10th and the second half of the 11th century. The Hexakionitoi reached the greatest power in the 960s. Magistros Nikephoros Hexakionites actively participated in the rebellion in 963, which culminated in the coming to power of Nikephoros II Phokas (963–969). Subsequently, Nikephoros Hexakionites served as a strategos of Thessaloniki, and a post of katepano of Italy should be considered as the highest point of his career. According to the author, the katepanate of Italy was founded in 965, and Nikephoros Hexakionites was its first ruler. After the year of 969 the Hexakionitoi, as well as many other supporters of the family of Phokas, were deprived of the opportunity to serve in the armed forces. And most Hexakionitoi, known from the sources of the 11th century, served in the civil administration of the capital and the provinces for this reason. An example is the cursus honorum of Leon Hexakionites, who held the positions of a protonotarios in the Armenian theme, in the theme Chaldia and Derxene, as well as in theme Opsikion. Protonotarios Leon's career is typical of members of the Hexakionitoi family in the 11th century. The last evidence of the Hexakionitoi refers to the 1060s. The author concludes that the story of this family is contrary to the theory of A. P. Kazhdan about the gradual transition of the provincial military families to civil service. Among the Hexakionitoi, who belonged to the metropolitan civil nobility, there were high-ranking military leaders. ; Статья посвящена истории византийской семьи Эксакионитов, которая принадлежала к столичной служилой аристократии. На основании анализа нарративных и сфрагистических источников автором были выявлены десять представителей этого клана, которые служили в гражданской администрации и вооруженных силах Византии в середине X — второй половине XI в. Наибольшего могущества Эксакиониты достигли в 960-е гг. Магистр Никифор Эксакионит принимал активное участие в мятеже 963 г., который завершился приходом к власти Никифора II Фоки (963–969). Впоследствии Никифор Эксакионит служил стратигом Фессалоники, а наивысшей точкой его карьеры следует считать должность катепана Италии. По мнению автора статьи, катепанат Италия был создан в 965 г., и Никифор Эксакионит являлся его первым правителем. После 969 г. Эксакиониты, как и многие другие сторонники клана Фок, были лишены возможности служить в вооруженных силах. По этой причине большинство Эксакионитов, известных по источникам XI в., служили в столичной и провинциальной гражданской администрации. Примером может служить cursus honorum Льва Эксакионита, который занимал должности протонотария в «армянской феме», в феме Халдия и Дерксена, а также в феме Опсикий. Карьера протонотария Льва является типичной для представителей семьи Эксакионитов в XI в. Последние свидетельства об Эксакионитах относятся к 1060-м гг. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что история этой семьи противоречит теории А. П. Каждана о постепенном переходе провинциальных военных семей на гражданскую службу. Среди Эксакионитов, принадлежавших к столичной гражданской знати, были военачальники высокого ранга.
This article seeks to resume the main conclusions of the author's Ph.D. thesis on the Coimbra See as an institution and a chancery from 1080 to 1318. The institutional approach, examining the evolution of the history of the diocese and its bishops, the organisation of the chapter and the government of the diocese, establishes a context for the study of the cathedral chancery, seeking to discover not only the charters produced at that writing office and their composition, writing and practices of validation, but also the human side of the scribes who worked there. ; Este artigo resume as principais conclusões da tese de doutoramento da autora, na qual é analisada a Sé de Coimbra enquanto instituição e chancelaria, desde 1080 a 1318. A Sé é estudada do ponto de vista institucional, abordando-se a evolução da história da diocese e dos seus bispos, a organização do cabido e o governo da diocese. Esta análise contextualiza o estudo da chancelaria da catedral, que procura conhecer não apenas os actos escritos nela produzidos e as práticas de redacção, escrita e validação seguidas nesse centro de produção documental, mas também o quadro humano dos escribas que nele trabalhavam.
The author has discussed the question of Byzantium's particular interest to the strategically important Crimean region against the background of the seals of Byzantine emperors discovered in Byzantine Taurica. According to the distribution map of these seals, emperors' correspondence was delivered mostly to the south-western area of the peninsula where the main centre of provincial administration, Cherson, was located. The introduction to the scholarship of two new emperors' seals previously not known in the territory of the Crimea, of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, from the early years of his reign, when his mother Zoe (914–918) was regent, and Adronikos III Palaiologos (1328–1341), supplies arguments to reconsider some specific episodes in the Crimean history which still require further research: firstly, the events connected to the usurpation of power by droungarios Romanos Lakapenos in the early tenth century, and secondly, with alarm condition in Byzantium's relations with the Golden Horde khans in the 1330s. The analysis of the finds of molybdoboulla of Byzantine emperors and other rulers of the Black Sea polities known so far has uncovered that the Crimean lands, actually throughout the mediaeval history, continued to be in the zone of Black Sea dynasts' permanent interest: from the fifth to twelfth century, of Byzantine crown; in the thirteenth century, of the Komnenian dynasty of Trebizond and the rulers of Ikonion Sultanate (Sultanate of Rum); and in the fourteenth century, the Trebizond monarchs were joined by at least one representative of restored Byzantine empire, Adronikos III Palaiologos. ; Автор рассматривает вопрос об особой заинтересованности Византии в стратегически важном для нее крымском регионе на основе находок на территории византийской Таврики печатей византийских императоров. Места находок печатей показывают, что императорская корреспонденция поступала преимущественно в юго-западную часть полуострова, где располагался главный административный центр провинции – Херсон. Введение в научный оборот двух новых ранее неизвестных на территории Крыма находок императорских булл – буллы Константина VII Багрянородного, датирующейся первыми годами правления малолетнего императора при регентстве его матери Зои (914–918), и буллы Андроника III Палеолога (1328–1341) –возвращают нас к некоторым отдельным эпизодам крымской истории, очевидно еще требующим дополнительных исследований. В первом случае это, очевидно, события, связанные с узурпацией власти друнгарием Романом Лакапиным в начале Х в., а во втором с тревожной ситуацией во взаимоотношениях Византии с ханами Золотой Орды в 30-х гг. XIV в. Анализ данных известных к настоящему времени находок моливдовулов византийских василевсов и других правителей государств Причерноморского региона показывает, что крымские земли фактически на всем протяжении их средневековой истории находились в зоне постоянного внимания причерноморских династов: с V по XII вв. – византийского престола; в XIII столетии династии трапезундских Комнинов и правителей Иконийского султаната, а в XIV в. к трапезундским василевсам присоединился по крайней мере один из представителей последней византийской династии – Андроник III Палеолог.
The article describes the cursus honorum of Bardas Doukas, a Byzantine commander of the late 10th – early 11th century. He descended from a provincial military aristocratic family of the Thracesian Theme. In 976, his father patricius Andronikos Doukas Lydos joined the rebellion of Bardas Skleros. After the defeat of the rebellion, Andronikos' sons, Christophorus and Bardas, captured the fortress of Plateia Petra in the Thracesian Theme. In 980, Basil II granted them pardon, and Bardas Doukas continued his service in the imperial army. There are data about his seals of the Protospapharius and Turmarchus of Veroia; an anthipatus and patricius. The last record of Bardas Doukas dates back to 1016–1017 when he took part in the suppression of the uprising of Georgius Tzul, an Archon of Khazaria. Out of all written sources, Bardas Doukas is only mentioned in the Synopsis Historiarum of John Skylitzes. According to the author, when compiling his chronicles, John Skylitzes used a text of which no surviving copy is known to exist and which originated from the Thracesian Theme (probably, a work of John the Monk of Lydia). ; В статье восстанавливается cursus honorum византийского военачальника конца X – начала XI вв. Варды Дуки. Он принадлежал к семье провинциальной военной аристократии из фемы Фракисий. В 976 г. его отец, патрикий Андроник Дука Лид, присоединился к мятежу Варды Склира. После поражения восстания сыновья Андроника, Христофор и Варда, захватили во Фракисии крепость Платея Петра. В 980 г. Василий II помиловал их, и Варда Дука вернулся на службу в императорскую армию. Известны его печати: протоспафария и турмарха Веррии; анфипата и патрикия. Последнее упоминание о Варде Дуке относится к 1016/1017 г., когда он принимал участие в подавлении восстания архонта Хазарии Георгия Цулы. Из письменных источников Варда Дука упоминается только в «Синопсисе историй» Иоанна Скилицы. По мнению автора статьи, при составлении своей хроники Иоанн Скилица использовал не сохранившийся до нашего времени текст, происходивший из Фракисия (возможно, сочинение монаха Иоанна Лидийского).
In this article the early history of the two Byzantine palace guards divisions are examined – manglabites and imperial hetereia. On the basis of the historical texts and according to sphragistics data the author concludes that the hetereia was created in the first half of the ninth century, it was not an independent military unit. During this period, the hetereia organisational structure was apparently analogous to the tagma scholae. Up until the midninth century epi tes hetaerias resided in the hetereia commander. The detachment of imperial bodyguards called manglabites was created before of the hetereia. At the end of the eighth century the manglabites are mentioned in the Lives of Saints, also known their lead seals of the beginning of the ninth century. In the author's opinion, the structure, numbers and responsibilities of the manglabites were analogous to the stratores – an early Byzantine detachment of the palace guard. ; В статье рассматривается начальный период истории двух отрядов византийской дворцовой стражи – манглавитов и императорской этерии. На основании данных письменных и сфрагистических источников автор приходит к выводу, что в первой половине IX в. этерия была небольшим по численности отрядом, военного значения это подразделение не имело. Организационная структура этерии в данный период была, по всей видимости, аналогична тагме схол. Командиром этерии до середины IX в. являлся epi tes heterias. Отряд императорских телохранителей, который назы-вался манглавиты, появился раньше этерии. В конце VIII в. манглавиты упоминаются в житиях святых, известны также их печати начала IX в. По мнению автора, структура, численность и обязанности манглавитов были аналогичны страторам – ранневизантийскому отряду дворцовой стражи.
Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, the social and cultural worlds of medieval Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean were transformed by the religious impetus of the crusades. Today we bear witness to these transformations in the material and environmental record revealed by new archaeological excavations and reappraisals of museum collections. This volume highlights new archaeological knowledge being developed by scholars working in the fields of history, archaeology, numismatics, and architecture to demonstrate its potential to change and augment our understanding of the crusades. The 16 chapters in this volume deploy a contemporary scientific approach to archaeology of the crusades to give an up-to-date account into the diverse range of research in this area. They explore five key themes: the implications of scientific methods, new excavations and surveys, architectural analyses, sigillography, and the application of social interpretations. Together these chapters provide a new way of approaching the study of the crusades, and demonstrate the value of taking a holistic view that utilises the full diverse range of evidence available to us.
